Class 11 in 1

I. I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The period before the introduction of writing ........................... It is called.
a) Prehistoric period
b) Historic period
c) Paleolithic period
d) Neolithic Age
Answer:
a) Prehistoric period

Question 2.The
oldest period of history.................... It is.
a) Paleolithic Age
b) Neolithic
Age c) Copper Age
d) Iron Age Answer:
a) Paleolithic

Question 3.
Paleolithic tools were first ................... Identified in .
a) 1860
b) 1863
c) 1873
d) 1883 Answer:
b) 1863

Question 4.
Pagor-1 and Pagor-3 in the Sun Valley in Madhya Pradesh
...................... The places where civilization existed
were a) Lower Paleolithic
b) Mesolithic
c) Upper
Paleolithic d) Neolithic
Age Answer:
c) Upper Paleolithic

Question 5.
Mehrgarh ........................ Related to culture.
a) Paleolithic
b) Neolithic
c) Mesolithic
d) Chalcolithic
Answer:
b) Neolithic

Question 6......... Epigraphic references refer to trade contacts between

Mesopotamia and Harappa.
a) Cuneiform
b) Hieroglyphics
c) Devanagari
d) Kharoshthi
Answer:
a) Cuneiform

Question 7.
Barsahom .......................... The place where it existed
was a) Neolithic culture of Kashmir
b) Neolithic culture of Gangetic plain
c) Neolithic culture of East India
d) Neolithic culture of South India
Answer:
a) Neolithic culture of Kashmir

Question 8.
The Early Harappan period was ...................... It is.
(a) A.b.
 3000 – 2600BCb.
2600-1900c) c.b.
1900-1700 d) CEb.1700-1500Answer:(a
) P.b.3000 – 2600 BC

Question 9.
........................ was an important means of livelihood for the Harappan
people.It was.
a) Agriculture
b Pottery
c) Handicrafts
d) Fishing
Answer:
a) Agriculture

Question 10.
Indus Civilisation Approximately ..................... Fell from .
(a) A.b.M. 1800
b) A.D.b.M. 1900
c) c. b.
1950d) A. b.M. 1955 Answer:
(A) b.M. 1900

Additional Questions

Question 1.
The period following the Chalcolithic Age .........................
a) Old Stone Age
b) Neolithic
Age c) Iron
Age d) Mesolithic
Age Answer:
c) Iron Age
Question 2.The
port city of the Harappan culture........................
a) Kalibangan
b) Lothal
c) Banawali
d) Rupar
Answer:
b) Lothal

Question 3.
He understood the importance of Harappa and its civilization and was
instrumental in conducting research there...........................
a) Charles Mason
b) Alexander Franz
c) Sir John Marshall
d) Alexander Cunningham
Answer:
c)Sir John Marshall

Question 4...................... The Harappans used knives made of crystalline

stone.
a) Quartzite
b) Crystal
c) Rorichard
d) Jasper
Answer:
c)Rorichardt

Question 5.The
ancestor of the human race ....................... first They appeared and then
moved to different parts of the world.
a) America
b) Australia
c) India
d) Africa
Answer:
d) Africa

Question 6............
in Harappan culture Nope.
a) Cow
b) Dog
c) Horse
d) Sheep
Answer:
c) Horse

Question 7.
Harappan people .................. I didn't know.
a) Copper
b Iron
c Bronze
d) Gold
Answer:
b Iron

Question 8.
The longest script found in Harappa is ...................... Contains symbols.
a) 26
b) 36
c) 16
d) 46Answer:
a) 26

Question 9.
The human ancestor who had the closest appearance to modern
man........... They are called.
a) Narmada man
b)
Hominin
c Homo sapiens
Answer:b) Hominin

Question 10.
Harappan Civilisation................... It is civilized.
a) Iron Age
b) Paleolithic
c) Bronze Age
d) Neolithic
Age Answer:
c) Bronze Age

Question 11.
The period of food production was
a) Paleolithic b
) Prehistoric period
c) Neolithic period
d) Mesolithic Age
Answer:
c) Neolithic Age

II. Answer briefly

Question 1.
What is the evidence that helps in the study of prehistory? Answer:

• There is no written evidence to know about the prehistoric

period
• Geological stratigraphy, stone tools, pottery sherds, bone tools,
metal tools, rock paintings, handicrafts etc., are useful evidence
for the study of prehistoric times.
Question 2.
How is the Paleolithic divided? Answer:
The oldest period in history is called the Paleolithic. It is divided
into three. They are

1. Lower Paleolithic
2. Mesolithic
3. Upper Paleolithic

Question 3.
3. Write a short note on hominins. Answer:

• The human ancestors who had a very close origin to modern

man are called hominins.
• Traces of their existence are abundant in Africa.
• They are rare in India.
• The location of a hominin fossil discovered by Robert Bruce
Foote on the Athiram side is unknown.

Question 4.
Mesolithic Culture : Write short notes. Answer:

• Sites associated with medieval culture are found in large parts of

India.
• Their main occupations were hunting animals, gathering plant
foods and fishing.
• Modern people used fire. They buried the dead.
• The most important characteristic of the Mesolithic people was
to keep migrating in search of animals and plants in search of
food.

Question 5.
How is the Harappan civilisation divided into different stages? Answer:
The
Harappan civilization can be divided into different phases as follows.

• Early Harappabo.b.M. 3000-2600

• Mature Harappan c.b.M. 2600 – 1900
• Later Harappabo.b.M. 1900-1700 The elements of an urban
culture matured during the Harappan period.

Question 6.
Perunkulam : Write short notes. Answer:

• The most important public space of Moqndaro is the large

bathing pool with a courtyard.
• The pond has walkways and steps on all four sides.
• There were dressing rooms, and drainage system for water to
come in, sewage outlets.
• The tank may have been constructed for ritual bathing.

Question 7.
2. State the causes for the decline of Indus Civilisation. Answer:
Various theories have generally been put forward for the decline of
the Indus Civilisation.

• Climate change, the decline of trade with Mesopotamia, and a

series of droughts led to the decline of this civilization.
• Disasters such as floods and occasional earthquakes also
contributed to the falls.
• The invasion of foreigners like the Aryans also contributed to the
decline of the Indus civilisation.
• In course of time, these people migrated southwards and
eastwards from Sind.
• The reasons for this were the decline of the Indus Civilisation.

Additional Questions
Question 1.
Homa erectus : Write notes. Answer:

• The ancestors of the human race first originated in Africa and

then migrated to different parts of the world.
• Homo erectus was the first human species to migrate out of
Africa.
• They do not have as advanced language as Homo sapiens.
• Some may use language based on sounds and gestures.

Question 2.
1. Write a note on Narmada Man. Answer:

• The best-known hominin fossil in India was found at Hathnora

near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh.
• It was the top of a skull.
• Archaeologists refer to it as the Narmada Man.
• It is considered to be a symbol of the existence of the human
species Archic Homo sapiens.

Question 3.
Name the places where the Meaolithic civilization spread. Answer:
The Mesolithic civilizations were spread over the plains of rivers
including Narmada, Godavari, Krishna and Yamuna.

Question 4.
2. Write a note on the artistic and entertainment of the Harappan
people. Answer:
Artistry:

• The terracotta figurines, pottery paintings and bronze figures

found in the Harappan civilisation show the artistic talent of the
Harappan people.
• The priest in steatite, the dancing girl in copper, the stone
sculptures found in Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Dholavira are
the art works of Harappa.
Recreation:
Toy carts, rattles, wheels, masts, pieces used in chess, grids-drawn
boards are examples of the recreational games of the Harappans.

III. Answer briefly

Question 1.
2. Write about Acheulian Sohanian tool technology. Answer:
The earliest culture of the Paleolithic people based on the stone tools
they used
1. Acheulian dynasty
2. It is divided into two traditions and
the Socanian tradition.
Acheulian Tradition:

• The Acheulian tradition of hand axe type tools.

• It is divided into three types: Early, Medieval and Late Acheulian.
• The early Acheulian tradition included the multifaceted spherical
objects axes, cutters and carving tools.

Sokanian Legacy:

• The Socanian tradition of today's pebble carving tools.

• The Sohanian tradition consists only of shredders and related
tools.
• It is called the Sohani dynasty because it existed in the basin of
the Sohan River in present-day Pakistan.

Question 2.
2. Write the salient features of the Mesolithic Age of India. Answer:

• Mesolithic people lived in open spaces, caves and rockbeds.

• They were hunters and gatherers.
• They used small tools. The use of an axe decreased.
 • Chert, Jasper, Calcideni and Quartz were used as raw materials in
the manufacture of stone tools.
• Drills and scrapers were widely used to handle wood and
animal skin.

Question 3.
Name the places where Mesolithic Civilization existed. Answer:

• The sites of the Mesolithic Civilization in India are found in large

parts of India.
• Coastal regions, sandy plains, drainage areas, forest areas, lake
areas, rock shelters, hilly and hilly areas, estuaries, etc., were
covered by this civilization.
• Bhaisra in Bihar, Langnaj in Gujarat, Bhakar II in Uttar Pradesh,
Sobani Manto in Uttar Pradesh, Raj Mahadaka of Sarai Nagar,
Tama Tama Sanagana Kallu in Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam
and Gibbanahalli in Karnataka are some of the sites of Mesolithic
Civilization.
• Pagor, Dilwara in Rajasthan, coastal areas of Mumbai,
• In Tamil Nadu, Theri Hills (Red Hills) in the eastern part of
Thoothukudi district were also sites of Mesolithic Civilization.

Question 4.
What are the notable features of Mesolithic cultures? Answer:

• Mesolithic people lived in semi-permanent and temporary

settlements.
• They lived in caves and open fields.
• Modern people used fire. They buried the dead.
• Their artistic talent is also evident from the evidence available at
places like Bimbitka.
• Their micro tools helped them hunt small animals and birds.
• People decorated themselves with flowers and leaves.
Question 5.
2. Mention the boundaries of the region where Indus Civilisation
prevailed. Answer:
Indus Civilization and its Contemporary Cultures 1.5 million
sq. ft.They are spread over an area of kilometres.
Limits:

• Satkagendor, located on the Pakistan-Iran border to the west,

• North Shortukhai (Afghanistan)
• Alampurjhar (Uttar Pradesh) in the East
• In the south, Timabad (Maharashtra) is defined as the
boundaries of the Indus Civilisation.

Question 6.
2. Write about the handicrafts that contributed to the Harappan
economy. Answer:

• Handicrafts were an important part of the Harappan economy.

• Craft activities included bead and ornament making, conch
bangle making, and metal work.
• Carnelian (bell), jasper, crystal (rhinestone), steadite foamstone,
• Copper, bronze and gold
• They also made ornaments of shell, porcelain and terracotta.
• These were made with innumerable designs and embroidery.
• These were exported to Mesopotamia.

Question 7.
What do you know about the 'beliefs of the Harappans'? Answer:

• The Harappans worshipped nature and the peepal tree.

• The terracotta figurines found there resemble the mother
goddess.
• There are sacrificial altars at Kalibangan.
• The Harappans buried their dead. The procedures for burial
were extensive.
 • Evidence of burning of dead bodies has also been found.
• Pottery, ornaments, copper glass and beads have been found in
the Harappan burials.
• They express their belief about life after death.

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Neolithic Revolution – Define:Answer:Early
Neolithic Culture

• The fertile soil deposited by the rivers improved agriculture and

gradually increased the amount of surplus in grain production.
• Surplus food production was the main reason for the rise of
ancient civilisations.
• Large villages sprang up.
• The industry of pottery developed.
• Permanent dwellings were built. Hence the cultural
developments are collectively called the Neolithic Revolution.

Question 2.
2. Write about the livelihood and economic production of the
Harappan people. Answer:

• Agriculture was the main source of sustenance for the Harappan

people.
• They cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, beans,
chickpea, sesame and different millet.
• The surplus income from agriculture was a source of many
important activities and economic growth.
• The Harappans practised double cropping. They used canals and
wells for irrigation.
Question 3.
2. Mention the political systems of Harappan culture. Answer:

• The uniformity of pottery, seals, weights and bricks indicates

the functioning of the political system.
• The powerful polity may have been under the administrative
system of the city states of Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
• The uniformity of cultural objects and measurements
emphasizes the idea that Harappan society must have
functioned under a firm central administration.

IV. Answer in detail :

Question 1.
2. Explain prehistoric India. Answer:

There is no written evidence to know about the prehistoric period.

Archaeological evidences such as stone tools, pottery tiles, artefacts,
metal tools etc., from various parts of India help us to know the
history of this period.
In the case of India, the prehistoric period can be defined
as 1. Paleolithic 2
. Mesolithic Age
3. Neolithic
Age 4. It can be classified as the
Metal Age.
Paleolithic Age:
This is
1. Lower Paleolithic period (up to 60,000 years ago)2. Mesolithic
period c.b.M. 3,85,000 – 40,000)3. Upper Paleolithic Ageb.M. 40,000-
10,000)

• Most of the places where Paleolithic humans lived are near water
bodies.
• During the Paleolithic period, people hunted animals and
gathered edible plants and tubers to find their food. They are
 also known as food gatherers
.
• Nothing is known about the language and communication of
the Paleolithic people .

Mesolithic Age :

• This is P.b.It appeared in 10,000 BC. The paintings found in the

rock caves reveal the social life and economic activities of the
Mesolithic people.
• Maximum 5 cm for gathering food and hunting.Stone tools of
length were used.
• Bow and arrow were used for hunting, and the trend of staying
in one place for long periods of time began to develop.
• Cultivation and cattle rearing began.

Neolithic Age :

• It is between 7000 and 5500 years before the Common Year.

• Agriculture, domestication of animals, polishing of implements
and wheel making of pottery were new features of modern
culture.
• They formed village communities. Huts made of grass were
replaced by huts made of clay and stone.
• They buried the dead. They wore cotton and woollen clothes.
• Wheat, barley, paddy, millet etc. are grown.

Metal Age :

• Copper and bronze were used during this period. They invented
the technique of smelting metal.
• The Chalcolithic culture developed in different parts of India. The
Harappan culture was a part of the Chalcolithic culture.
• Bronze and copper objects, terracotta figurines and pottery have
been found at Paiyampalli in Tamil Nadu.
 • In South India, the Copper Age and the Iron Age are
contemporaneous. Black and red pottery, iron spades and
sickles are found in the graves.

Question 2.
Compare Lower and Mesolithic cultures
Answer:

Lower Paleolithic Mesolithic

It is estimated to have existed between 3,85,0
It is estimated to have begun two million years ago.
40,000.
The people who lived during this period lived in a type
Homo erectus lived during this period as w
called Homo erectus
They also lived in central India, southeastern part of India The plains of the rivers Narmada, Godavari
and near Chennai Yamuna are home to habitable areas.
They lived by hunting and gathering tubers, nuts and
They lived as hunters and gatherers.
fruits.
They lived in open fields, river plains and caves. They lived in open fields, caves and rocky b
They carved stones and made axes, small axe carvers, These tools became smaller. The technolog
splitters and shredders mulakkal was used in the manufacture of s

Question 3.‘The Upper Paleolithic was an innovation in tool

technology. Answer:

• The enhancement of the cognitive abilities of humans can be

seen in the people of the Upper Paleolithic.
• Stone cutters developed during this period.
• They innovated in equipment technology.
• The stone tools were made of bone and cut like knives and
swords.
• Tools made of small stones were introduced during the Upper
Paleolithic.
• Silicon-rich materials were used in different ways to make them.
Question 4.
2. Explain the significant features of Early Neolithic cultures. Answer:
The beginning of the Neolithic Age:1. The Neolithic Age marked the
beginning of agriculture and animal domestication.

Diffusion: The
earliest evidence of Neolithic culture is found in the Prosperity Region
of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Sind, Gangetic Valley, and China.
Time Period : P.A.b.M. 10,000 – 5,000

Agriculture :

• The domestication of plants and animals increased the

production and distribution of food grains and animal feeds.
• The reddish soil deposited by the rivers improved agriculture
and gradually increased the amount of surplus in grain
production.

Neolithic Revolution :

• Large villages sprang up. The industry of pottery developed.

Surplus food production was the main reason for the origin of
ancient civilizations. Permanent dwellings were built.
• Hence, the cultural developments during this period are
collectively called Neolithic Revolution.

Question 5. "
The Neolithic culture of Kashmir dates back to the Harappan
civilisation". Establish the statement. Answer:

• The Neolithic culture and the Harappan civilisation in Kashmir

were contemporaneous.
• Bursahom, an important research site of this period, is in
evidence.
• They lived in oval pit houses. Sheep and goats were
domesticated animals in Kashmir during the Neolithic period.
 • The Neolithic people of Barshahom engaged in trade with the
Harappans.
• Seeds of wheat, barley, peas and pulses were found during
excavations.
• The use of pulses suggests their connection to Central Asia. It is
possible that they may have any connection with the Harappan
civilisation.

Question 6.
Where did the Neolithic culture prevail in South India? Mention its
important components. Answer:
Neolithic Age in South India:Spread
Places:

• The Neolithic culture is found to have existed in Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka and the northwestern parts of Tamil Nadu.
• The Neolithic culture prevailed in the Godavari, Krishna, Pennar,
Tungabhadra and Cauvery plains and in Changanagallu,
Thekkalagoda, Brahmagiri, Maski, Bilikkal, Vadkal, Heminge and
Kallur in Karnataka.

Main components :

• Some early Neolithic sites have ash dunes.

• More than 200 sites have been identified as part of the Neolithic
complex.
• Utnur and Palvoi in Andhra Pradesh, Kodeckal, Kupkal and
Padikkal in Karnataka have such ash mounds.
• Thin ash and layers of cow dung decomposed by microbes are
found in these areas.
• Houses and burial grounds around the ash mound are evidence
of human habitation.

Question 7.
Why is Indus Civilisation called Harappan Civilisation? Answer:
 • In the northwestern part of India and Pakistan. b.M. The
civilizations and cultures that arose around the age of 3000 years
are collectively known as the Indus Civilisation.
• Since Harappa was the first place where this civilization was
identified, it is also called Harappan Civilisation.
• The Harappan civilization is divided into different stages. It is
divided into three stages, early Harappa, mature Harappa and
later Harappa.
• The elements of an urban culture existed during the mature
Harappan period.
• Though the Indus Valley was excavated in and around the Indus
valley, it is called Harappan Civilization as it was first found at
Harappa.

Question 8.2. Write about

the planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro. Answer:
Harappa:

• The preserved nature of fortifications, well planned streets, lanes

and sewage facilities were notable features of Harappan cities.
• The Harappans used baked and unbaked bricks and stones for
construction.
• Cities had a frame design. The drains were constructed with
definite order.
• The houses were built of muddy bricks and the drains were
made of baked bricks.
• The houses had more than one floor.

Mohenjodaro :

• MohenjoDaro was a wellplanned city on a high platform. It

consisted of a fortified area and a low town.
• The houses had baths paved with baked bricks and a proper
drainage.
• Some houses have stairs to indicate the existence of an upper
floor.
 • The houses had several rooms. Many houses had courtyards with
rooms all around.
• A building in Mohenjodaro has been identified as a warehouse.

Question 9.
Write a short note on the following with reference to Indus
Civilisation. Answer: (a) Pottery,
(b) Trade and Exchange
, (c) Weights and Measures
, (d) Stamps and Letters
, (a) Making of Pottery

• The Harappans used a variety of baked pottery for their daily

needs.
• The pottery was painted dark red and black.
• Wide vessel holder, colour for storing water, container with
holes and a cup with a narrow handle for holding it.
• Pottery is of various kinds, such as cups, plates, bowls, etc., with
small tips and broad supports.
• The paintings depict fish scales, intersecting circles, crooked
stripes, lateral bands, geometric elements, plants and animals.
• The pottery of the Harappan civilisation is well baked and
intricately carved.

(b) Trade and Exchange :

• Trade and exchange played an important role in the economic

activities of Harappa.
• The Harappans had close trade contacts with Mesopotamia.
They also came into contact with people of other cultures in
India.
• Harappan seals and objects have been found in Oman, Bahrain,
Iraq and Iran where the Sumerian civilisation prevailed.
• Cuneiform Inscriptions Describe the trade contacts between
Mesopotamia and Harappa.
 • Harappan jars have been found in Oman and Harappan seals,
weights, talismans and beads have been found in Mesopotamia.
• Carnelian, sapphires, copper, gold and a variety of timber were
exported from Harappa to Mesopotamia.
• The Harappans came into contact with other parts of India,
obtained raw materials and subjected them to further processes.
Nickel objects found in the Harappan sites are also a testimony
to their contacts with Mesopotamia.

(c) Weights and Measures :

• Correct weights and measuring houses were used in Harappa for

commercial transactions.
• Crystalline cubic weights have been found from the sites of the
Harappan civilisation.
• Weights represent the binary system.
• The ratio of weight to double is followed as 1:2:4:8 and 16:32.
• This method may have been used to weigh ornaments and
metals.
• The smallest weight measurement in today's measurement is
one inch = 1.75 cm.They have also used a scale to make it m.

(d) Seals and Script :

(a) Seals :

• Seals made of steadite, copper, terracotta and ivory have been

found in large numbers in the Harappan sites.
• Seals may have been used to symbolize objects subject to traffic.
• They may have been used to indicate the owner of things.

(b) Script:

• The Harappan script is still not understood by us.

• More than 5000 scripts have been documented.
• The inscription, considered to be the longest inscription found in
Harappa, consists of 26 symbols. Many scholars believe that it
may belong to the Dravidian language family.
Question 1.
Compare Indus Civilization and Tamil Civilization :Answer:

• The Indus Civilisation was the first manifestation of urbanization

in Indian history.
• While the Indus Civilisation was an important cultural system in
northwestern India, a large number of cultures existed in
different parts of India.
• The meaning of the Indus script is yet to be ascertained.
• The inscriptions on the large urns found in South India and the
names of some places are presented as evidence to establish the
relationship between the Indus Civilization and Tamil culture.
• There are many archaeological evidences to show continuous
inhabitation of Tamil Nadu and South India from the medieval
period.
• Some of these communities may have migrated from Sindh.

Question 2.
During the Harappan period, India was a mixture of different cultures.
Answer:

• Many groups of pastoralists inhabited the Sindh region, such as

pastoralist people, cultivators, hunter-gatherers, and
merchants.
• Such people may have spread from Kanyakumari to Kashmir and
from Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh during this period.
• While the Indus civilisation was flourishing in the northwestern
part of India, various cultures were developing in other parts of
the country.
• They hunted and gathered in the southern part of the Indian
subcontinent (Kerala) and Sri Lanka.
• The Harappans with their knowledge of ferry transport may have
come into contact with South India. But there is no clear
archaeological evidence for it.
• The northern part of South India, particularly Karnataka and
Andhra Pradesh, were engaged in pastoralism and mixed based
agriculture along with Neolithic cultures.
• While the Neolithic culture spread over the Kashmir-Gangetic
plain of northern India, central India and eastern India, the
Chalcolithic culture prevailed in the Deccan and western India.
• Thus, during the Harappan period, India was a mixed land of
various cultures.