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Chapter 8 Earthquakes and Earth's Interior

Section 8.1 What Is an Earthquake?

This section explains what earthquakes and fa ults are and what e1111ses
earthquakes.
1. Circle the letter of the approximate number of major earthquakes
that take place each year.
G)about 50 b. about 75
C )bout 3000 d . about 30,000
Earthquakes
Match each description with its earthquake feature.
Description Earthquake Feature
2. Earth vibration caused by rapid \ epicenter
C..
energy release ~- focus
- - 3. energy that radiates in all directions c\ seismic wave
from the earthquake origin
d\_fault
4. fracture where movement has
' \ earthquake
occurred
{)v 5. surface location directly above
• where an earthquake originates
\o 6. location within Earth where an
earthquake originates
The Cause of Earthquakes
7. Is the following sentence true or false? It was not w1til after the
1906 San Francisco earthquake was studied that the actual cause of
earthquakes was understood. 4-C\l:W
8. Complete the flowchart to show the sequence of events that occur
- when·rocks are deformed along a fault.

A. Forces in Earth act on rocks B. R()Ci JP,£= o--f' 1'07

on both sides of a fault. 0±o'<\~ « i ~

I
J

C. hrt~ y..; / ni~1\Jft~ D. Energy is released.

I

9. The f?'r.Jlz\.:,t ,-e1e

tl 1111.l hypothesis states that when rocks are
deformed, they bend and then break, releasin stored energy.

10. (:": .
11. ls the following sentence tru~QrJ als~? Most earthquakes occur
\
along existing faults. - 1.+'f
.!-v--=
\{,./
___
12. Cirde the letter of small Earth movements that occur following a
mAjor earthquake.
a. foreshocks
b. slippage
@ aftershocks
' d. foci
13. The ~~'O is one of the most studied fault systems
in the world. 9ldW -~ ~J lfjn
14. Whatisfaultcreep? ( ~ ~M

Section 8.2 Measuring Earthquakes

This section discusses types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are located
and measured.

Recording Seismic Waves

1. Circle the letter of the type of B
C
seismic wave that shakes particles
at right angles to their direction of !
I
h·avel. I,
a. Pwaves
® swaves
c. surface waves
d. compression waves
2. The figure shows a typical recording
of an earthquake. Select the appropriate letter in the figure that

+
identifies each of the following types of seismic waves.
surface wave
____Jl_ S wave
_/j__ Pwave
I

3· Circle the letter Of h

seismic waves . th _t e name of the recording of the three types of
111
G"\ . . e figure on page 57.
\./seismograph
.
.
\QJ seismogram
c. seismic wave . graph
u,'Ulavel-hme
Measuring Earthquakes
4·
the What
. ftwo types Of measureme 1ts do scientists use to describe,
size o earthquakes? ' . . LP-
Match each descript'.wn WI'th its
. term related to earthquake measurement.
A,,~ Descr~ption Term
- - 5· derived from the amount of -\ . l11
· tens1·ty
f d isplacement that occurs along
V- a fault zone '\ magnitude
6. based on the amplitude of '\, Richter scale
the l t ·
arges seismic wave recorded
'<I-
\.
moment magnitude scale
b on a seismogram
7. measure of the size of seismic
waves or amount of energy released
v · at the earthquake source
8. measure of the amount of
earthquake shaking at a location
based on damage
9. What measurement do scienti ts today use fo
y.t\_ '--

10. Why is the answer to question 9 ,the

for earthquakes? -1.L~U-- ~.1.M;~~~._.__LJ~~-~=~c.___l.L._q:....l..L..~\-"""'-
-\\

Locating an Earthquake
11. Is the following sentence true or false? On a seismogram, the
greater the interval is between the arrival of the first P wave and
the first S wave, the greater the distance to the earthquake source.
\ ~'v~,~
12. <:> Is the following sentence true or false? You can use travel-time
graphs from two seismograp~~ tofind the exact location of an
earthquake epicenter. ~ ,
 Name 111:ct GeoO;' t[ Block 11
8.1 Notes • What is an Earthquake?
What is a vibration of the earth produced by a
rapid release within the lithosphere?
{fN1 t:CAf.\-\ Ll_\f
What are the solid parts of the crust and
mantle? \r\~
Draw a picture of the Lithosphere and I
Asthenosphere in relation to the crust and oc~'te, crv5~ (.DW'it,e f-o- I
mantle.
-
t
11...- U\J'ir:----

lj~ff -.(r1 oy?frt, l&o~ t'N!e

- #f(;~. /
r~~.;:,' av":\'\-t
Define the difference between the layers of The Lithosphere and Asthenosphere are
the Earth defined based on ,r11:ecv1,[fol r"tJ~~, 5
properties while the crust and re
based on l \re,M~O,).-l 0~ e~f position.

What is a fracture in the earth's where

movement has occurred ~40\}S
The· {D~tz is the point where an
earthquake starts. It is located on th~ t
and it is underground. The t'~)l ce~
is the location on the surface di ctly above
the focus. Energy released by the earthquake
travels in all directions called
s~s'Met waves.

What theory states that most earthquakes are

produced by rapid release of energy stored in t,\~1v ~e'oc, uy1 t
rock that has been subjected to great forces.
Tension and pressure building then suddenly,
it breaks. Releasing energy.

Can rocks bend? ")eJ; CWY)

What is a small earthquake that occurs after
a major earthquake? ~~9~.cK
r Name Nic1t~ Block q
8.2 - Notes Measuring Earthquakes

What are two types of Seismic Waves?

What are two types of body waves?

~:W:~ also known as

(o ) ~m-r~JoMOO)~ co pression waves and are the fastest

traveling waves. (a)
. ') \,{JCM/'V shake particles at right
angles to waves directions (b)
(b)

Describe the movement of surface waves.

c; t ottu-r- ~ -e r (J
What records seismic waves? What is a time
record of seismic waves?

What is an outdated system of measuring

earthquake intensity?

What is the current method of measuring

earthquakes that involves more detailed
variables?

How can we find the distance from a location

and the epicenter of an earthquake?

How can we find the specific location of an

earthquake?

(
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