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10 views1 page

TOS1 Reviewer

Uploaded by

Gabriel Cruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The **theory of structures** in civil engineering and architecture focuses on analyzing and

designing structural systems to ensure they are safe and efficient. Here's a reviewer to help
you understand the basic concepts:

### 1. **Types of Structures**


- **Trusses**: Frameworks consisting of straight members connected at joints, typically
used in bridges, roofs, and towers.
- **Beams**: Horizontal members subjected to bending moments and shear forces,
commonly used in building frames.
- **Frames**: Structures with beams and columns that resist both bending and axial forces.
- **Cables**: Flexible members that only carry tension, like in suspension bridges.
- **Arches**: Curved members primarily subjected to compression forces.

### 2. **Fundamental Concepts**


- **Stress and Strain**: Stress is the internal force per unit area (N/m²), and strain is the
deformation due to stress. These concepts help in determining material behavior under
loads.
- **Hooke’s Law**: \( \sigma = E \cdot \epsilon \), where \( \sigma \) is stress, \( E \) is the
modulus of elasticity, and \( \epsilon \) is strain.
- **Axial Load**: Force applied along the axis of a structural member, causing it to
compress or elongate.
- **Shear Force and Bending Moment**: Important for analyzing beams and frames.
- **Shear Force**: The internal force perpendicular to the section.
- **Bending Moment**: The internal moment that causes bending in a beam.

### 3. **Load Types**


- **Dead Load (DL)**: Permanent, static loads, such as the weight of the structure itself.
- **Live Load (LL)**: Temporary or moving loads, like people or furniture.
- **Wind Load (WL)**: Lateral forces exerted by wind.
- **Seismic Load**: Forces due to earthquake-induced ground motion.
- **Thermal Load**: Expansion or contraction due to temperature changes.

### 4. **Equilibrium of Structures**


- A structure is in equilibrium when the sum of forces and moments acting on it is zero. The
equations of equilibrium are:
\[
\Sigma F_x = 0, \quad \Sigma F_y = 0, \quad \Sigma M = 0
\]
- **Stability**: A stable structure resists movement under loads. For example, an unstable
structure may collapse due to insufficient support.
- **Determinacy**: A structure is statically determinate if the equilibrium equations alone
can solve for all reactions and internal forces. If not, it's statically indeterminate and requires
additional analysis.

### 5. **Methods of Structural Analysis**


- **Method of Joints (Trusses)**: Assumes each joint in a truss is a point of equilibrium to
solve for forces in each member.
- **Method of Sections (Trusses

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