Lecture 6 TXMD 510

MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MALAWI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TEXTILE MACHINE DESIGN
(TXMD-510)
Unit 4: DESIGN OF FASTENING ELEMENTS
Course Lecturer: I.Filisa, Department of Engineering, MUST

1.Joints and their classification.
• Fasteners: It is a Mechanical Joints which is used to become a fixed /
attaches to something or holds something in place.
• The Fastenings may be classified into the following two groups:
1. The Permanent Fastenings are those fastenings which cannot be disassembled without
destroying the connecting components. Examples: Welded joint, Rivet joint.
2.The Temporary or Detachable Fastenings are those fastenings which can be disassembled
without destroying the connecting components.
i. Thread Joints; Bolted Joints, Screws Joints
ii. Keys
iii. Coupling
iv. Pins Joints eg; Cotters joints, Knuckle joints
v. Pipe Joints
2.Types of welded joints
Welded joint:
• Welding can be defined as a process of joining metallic parts by heating
to a suitable temperature with orwithout the application of pressure.
• Welding is an economical and efficient method for obtaining a
permanent joint of metallic parts.Two distinct application of welding
1. Can be used as a substitute for a riveted joint
2. Welded structure as an alternative method for casting or forging.
Following two types of welded joints

1. Lap joint or fillet joint,
2. Butt joint.
Lap Joint
• The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the
plates and then welding the edges of the plates. The cross-section
of the fillet is approximately triangular.
• The fillet joints may be:1. Single transverse fillet, 2. Double
transverse fillet and 3. Parallel fillet joints.
• A single transverse fillet joint has the disadvantage that the edge
of the plate which is not welded can buckle or warp out of shape.
Butt Joint
• The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge as shown in Fig. below. In
butt welds,
• the plate edges do not require bevelling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On
the other hand, if the plate thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be
bevelled to V or U-groove on both sides.
The butt joints may be
1.Square butt joint
2.Single V-butt joint
3.Single U-butt joint,
4.Double V-butt joint,
5.Double U-butt joint.
Other Joints
• The other type of welded joints are corner joint, edge joint and T-joint as shown
in Fig below
The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:

1.The shape of the welded component required,
2.The thickness of the plates to be welded, and
3.The direction of the forces applied.
Welding advantages over riveting
Following are the advantages and disadvantages of welded joints
over riveted joints. Advantages
1.The welded structures are usually lighter than riveted structures.
This is due to the reason, that in welding, gussets or other
connecting components are not used.
2.The welded joints provide maximum efficiency (may be 100%)
which is not possible in case of riveted joints.
3.Alterations and additions can be easily made in the existing
structures.
4.As the welded structure is smooth in appearance, therefore it
looks pleasing.
5.In welded connections, the tension members are not weakened
as in the case of riveted joints.
6.A welded joint has a great strength. Often a welded joint has
the strength of the parent metal itself.
7.Sometimes, the members are of such a shape (i.e. circular steel
pipes) that they afford difficulty for riveting. But they can be easily
welded.
8.The welding provides very rigid joints. This is in line with the
modern trend of providing rigid frames.
9.It is possible to weld any part of a structure at any point. But
riveting requires enough clearance.
10.The process of welding takes less time than the riveting.
Disadvantages
1.Since there is an uneven heating and cooling during fabrication,

therefore the members may get distorted or additional stresses
may develop.
2.It requires a highly skilled labour and supervision.
3.Since no provision is kept for expansion and contraction in the
frame, therefore there is a possibility of cracks developing in it.
4.The inspection of welding work is more difficult than riveting
work.
Design of welded joints
• Strength of Transverse Fillet Welded Joints
We have already discussed that the fillet or lap joint is obtained
by overlapping the plates and then welding the edges of the plates. The
transverse fillet welds are designed for tensile strength. Let us consider a single
and double transverse fillet welds as shown in Fig. (a) and (b) respectively
• In order to determine the strength of the fillet joint, it is assumed
that the section of fillet is a right angled triangle ABC with
hypotenuse AC making equal angles with other two sides AB
and BC.
• The enlarged view of the fillet is shown in Fig. The length of
each side is known as leg or size of the weld and the
perpendicular distance of the hypotenuse from the intersection
of legs (i.e. BD) is known as throat thickness. The minimum area
of the weld is obtained at the throat BD, which is given by the
product of the throat thickness and length of weld.
Strength of Parallel Fillet Welded Joints
➢ The parallel fillet welded joints are designed for shear strength. Consider a double parallel fillet welded joint as
shown in Fig.(a). We have already discussed in the previous article, that the minimum area of weld or the
throat area
A = 0.707 s × l
Example 2
• A plate 100 mm wide and 12.5 mm thick is to be welded to another plate by means of parallel fillet
welds. The plates are subjected to a load of 50 kN. Find the length of the weld so that the maximum stress
does not exceed 56 MPa. Consider the joint first under static loading and then under fatigue loading.

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MALAWI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MALAWI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Unit 4: DESIGN OF FASTENING ELEMENTS

Course Lecturer: I.Filisa, Department of Engineering, MUST

Following two types of welded joints

The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:

1.Since there is an uneven heating and cooling during fabrication,

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