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Basics of Computer Science

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22 views

Basics of Computer Science

Uploaded by

川世宪
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of Computer Science

1. Understanding Computer Science


Definition: Computer Science is the study of computers and computational systems,
encompassing both theoretical foundations and practical applications.
Importance: It plays a crucial role in various industries, driving innovation and
efficiency in technology.
2. Key Concepts in Computer Science
Algorithms: A set of step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing
a task.
Types of Algorithms: Sorting algorithms (e.g., QuickSort, MergeSort) and search
algorithms (e.g., Binary Search).
Data Structures: Organized ways to store and manage data to enable efficient access
and modification.
Common Data Structures: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, and Hash
Tables.
Programming Languages: Formal languages used to write instructions for computers to
execute.
Examples: Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, and Ruby.
3. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Phases of SDLC:
Requirement Gathering: Identifying and documenting what the software needs to
accomplish.
Design: Planning the architecture and user interface of the software.
Implementation: Writing the actual code to create the software.
Testing: Verifying that the software works correctly and meets requirements.
Deployment: Releasing the software for use by end-users.
Maintenance: Ongoing updates and bug fixes after deployment.
4. Basic Programming Concepts
Variables: Containers for storing data values.
Control Structures: Direct the flow of execution in a program.
Conditional Statements: if, else if, else.
Loops: for, while loops for repeated execution.
Functions: Reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm based on the concept of
"objects," which can contain data and methods.
Key OOP Concepts: Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Encapsulation.
5. Computer Hardware Basics
Components:
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that executes
instructions.
Memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data being used.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage for system firmware.
Storage Devices: Hard drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD), and external storage.
Input/Output Devices: Keyboard, mouse (input), monitor, printer (output).
6. Operating Systems
Definition: Software that manages hardware and software resources and provides
services for computer programs.
Types of Operating Systems:
Windows: A widely used operating system for personal computers.
Linux: An open-source operating system popular for servers and development.
macOS: The operating system for Apple's computers.
7. Networking Basics
Definition: Connecting computers and devices to share resources and information.
Types of Networks:
Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects computers within a limited area
(e.g., home, office).
Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that covers a broad area (e.g., the internet).
Protocols: Rules that govern data communication.
Common Protocols: TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP.
8. Introduction to Databases
Definition: An organized collection of data that can be easily accessed, managed,
and updated.
Types of Databases:
Relational Databases: Use tables to store data (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL).
NoSQL Databases: Handle unstructured data (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra).
Basic SQL: A language used to manage and manipulate relational databases.
Common SQL Commands: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

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