Stony Brook University.

MAT 127 — Calculus C, Spring 12.

Examples for section 7.3
PROBLEMS

Question 1. Solve the differential equation:

tet du
(a) y ′ = p (b) = 2 + 2u + t + tu
y 1 + y2 dt
Question 2. Find the solution of the differential equation that satisfies the given initial conditions.

x p
(a) y ′ = , y(0) = −3 (b) x ln x = y(1 + 3 + y 2 )y ′ , y(1) = 1
y
Question 3. A vat with 500 gallons of beer contains 4% of alcohol (by volume). Beer with 6%
alcohol is pumped into the vat at a rate 5 gal/min and the mixture is pumped out at the same rate.
What is the percentage of alcohol after an hour?

SOLUTIONS

dy
1a. Write y ′ = dx and
p Z p Z
y 1 + y dy = te dt ⇒ y 1 + y dy = tet dt
2 t 2

For the y-integral, make the substitution u = 1 + y 2 , so du = 2ydy and

Z p Z
1 √ 1 3 1 3
2
y 1 + y dy = u du = u 2 = (1 + y 2 ) 2
2 3 3
For the t integral, recall the formula for integration by parts
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

and choose u = t, dv = et dt, so that

du = dt
Z Z
v= dv = et dt = et

and therefore
Z Z
t t
te dt = te − et dt = et (t − 1) + C

Putting the y and t integrals together,

1 3
(1 + y 2 ) 2 = et (t − 1) + C
3
Solving for y
q
2
y = ± (3et (t − 1) + C) 3 − 1
1
2

1b. Write
du
= 2 + 2u + t + tu = (1 + u)(2 + t)
dt
Then
Z Z Z Z
du
= (2 + t) dt = 2 dt + t dt
1+u
Hence
t2
+C
ln |1 + u| = 2t +
2
R du
where we used 1+u = ln |1 + u|. Take ln in both sides to solve for u
t2 t2 t2
|1 + u| = eC e2t+ 2 ⇒ u = ±eC e2t+ 2 − 1 = Ae2t+ 2 − 1
for some undetermined constant A, i.e., as in class, we relabeled the undermined constant.

2a. Write
Z Z p
y dy = x dx ⇒ y dy = x dx ⇒ y 2 = x2 + C ⇒ y = ± x2 + C

Since y(0) = −3, plugging in we find:

√
−3 = ± 0 + C ⇒ C = 9
and the solution is the one with the negative sign in order to obtain −3. Hence
p
y = − x2 + 9
2b. Write
p dy p
x ln x = y(1 + 3 + y2 ) ⇒ x ln x dx = y(1 + 3 + y 2 ) dy
dx
Integrating
Z Z p Z Z p
x ln x dx = y(1 + 3+ y 2 ) dy = y dt + y 3 + y 2 dy

For the t integral, use integration by parts with u = ln x, dv = x dx, so that

1
du =
Z Z x
1
v = dv = x dx = x2
2
and therefore
Z Z
1 2 1 21 1 1
x ln x dx = ln x x − x dx = x2 ln x − x2
2 2 x 2 4
The first y integral gives 21 y 2 . For the second one, make the substitution u = 3+y 2 , so that du = 2ydy
and hence
Z p Z
1 √ 1 3 1 3
y 3 + y 2 dy = u du = u 2 = (3 + y 2 ) 2
2 3 3
Therefore
Z Z Z p
p 1 1 3
2
y(1 + 3 + y ) dy = y dy + 3 + y 2 dy = y 2 + (3 + y 2 ) 2 + C
2 3
 3

Hence
1 2 1 1 1 3
x ln x − x2 = y 2 + (3 + y 2 ) 2 + C
2 4 2 3
To find the value of the constant C we use y(1) = 1 to get
1 2 1 1 1 3 41
ln 1 − 12 = 12 + (3 + 12 ) 2 + C ⇒ C = −
1 |{z}
2 4 2 3 12
=0
And hence the solution is
1 2 1 3 41 1 1
y + (3 + y 2 ) 2 − = x2 ln x − x2
2 3 12 2 4
Notice that this is an implicit solution.

3. Let’s first find an equation for the amount of alcohol. Denote the amount of alcohol at time t by
q(t). One needs to find an equation for dqdt , which will be given by
dq
= (rate in) − (rate out)
dt
The first thing to notice is that the volume of the vat remains constant and equals to 500 gallons.
Notice also that dq
dt is measured in gallons per minute, so are (rate in) and (rate out). To find rate
in, notice that 6% of 5 is 0.3, hence if a mixture with 6% of alcohol enters per minute we get
(rate in) = 0.3 gal/min
The rate out is going to be the concentration of alcohol times the rate at which the mixture flows
out of the vat. The concentration of alcohol is simply the amount of alcohol, q(t), divide by the total
volume, 500 gallons. Hence
q(t) q(t)
(rate out ) = ×5= gal/min
500 100
Hence
dq q
= 0.3 −
dt 100
Or
Z Z
dq 1 dq 1
= dt ⇒ = dt
30 − q 100 30 − q 100
Computing the integrals we find
− ln |30 − q| = 0.01t + C ⇒ q = Ae−0.01t + 30
To find A we need to use the initial condition. At time zero there is 4% of alcohol, which corresponds
to
4% of 500 gal = 20 gal
Hence q(0) = 20 and
20 = Ae0 + 30 ⇒ A = −10
Therefore
q = −10e−0.01t + 30
Plugging t = 60 minutes gives q(60) = 24.51, or 4.9% of alcohol.