Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic, Satara

Micro-Project Report
On
“Survey On Guided Transmission Media”
Presented By
Roll No Name of Student
05 BHOSALE ADARSH RAMESH
13 GAIKWAD YASH NAMDEV
14 GUJAR ATHARVA BALASAHEB
63 TRIMBAKE KUMAR DEEPAK

Program: Diploma in Information Technology Engineering

Class: SYIF ( Semester : IV)
Course: Computer Network ( Subject Code: 22417 )

Guided By
Ms. Yadav S.S.

Information Technology Engineering Department

[2023-24]

1
 Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s

Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Polytechnic, Satara

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Mr. BHOSALE A DARSH RAMESH

Mr. GAIKWAD YASH NAMDEV
Mr. GUJAR ATHARVA BALASAHEB
Mr. TRIMBAKE KUMAR DEEPAK.

Of Second Year (Semester IV) have successfully completed the Micro-Project work entitled “Survey On
Guided Transmission Media” in the Course Computer Network of Program Diploma in Information
Technology Engineering of Maharashtra State of Technical Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra State.

Ms. Yadav S.S. Prof. Shinde M.A. Prin Dr.Shaikh K.C.

Guide Head Of Department I/c Principal

Date: / /2024
Place: Satara
2
 Undertaking by Students
We will preserve micro-project and the report in our custody till end of completion of
our program. We assure that we will produce the same whenever we or anybody from our
group will be asked to produce it without fail.

Sr. Roll Name of Student Mobile No. Signature

No. No.
1 05 BHOSALE ADARSH RAMESH 9767483707
2 13 GAIKWAD YASH NAMDEV 8484881150
3 14 GUJAR ATHARVA BALASAHEB 8141033355
4 63 TRIMBAKE KUMAR DEEPAK. 7020635497

3
 Annexure – I A

Part A – Plan (About 2-3 pages)

Format for Micro-Project Proposal (For 1st to 4th Semester)
Title of Micro-Project :- Survey On Guided Transmission Media
1.0 Brief introduction
Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the sender to the
receiver. Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals. The main functionality of the
transmission media is to carry the information in the form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network). It is a
physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication. In a copper-based network, the
bits in the form of electrical signals. In a fiber based network, the bits in the form of light pulses. In OSI(Open
System Interconnection) phase, transmission media supports the Layer 1. Therefore, it is considered to be
as a Layer 1 component. The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics,
atmosphere, water, and vacuum.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project (in about 4 to 5 sentences )

This Micro-Project aims at

a) To enhance Data Transmission Speed .
b) Fiber Optics offer higher Bandwidth.
c) Increasing in Bandwidth.
d) Helps in minimizing latency.

3.0 Action Plan ( Sequence and time required for major activities for 8 weeks )

Sr. Planned Planned Name of Responsible

Details of Activity
No. Start date Finish date Team Members
1 Project Topic Discussion 10/10/2023 11/10/2023 All Team Members
2 Topic Confirmed 12/10/2023 12/10/2023 Adarsh & Atharva
3 Distributed work 16/10/2023 18/10/2023 Yash & Adarsh
4 Collecting Information 24/10/2023 16/10/2023 Kumar & Yash
5 Creating Reports 18/10/2023 18/10/2023 Atharva Gujar
6 Updating & inserting info 23/10/2023 24/10/2023 Yash & Kumar
7 Getting the project finalized 01/11/2023 01/10/2023 Adarsh Bhosale
8 Submitted 02/11/2023 02/11/2023 Group Member

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4.0 Resources Requires ( Major resources such as raw materials, some machining facility, software etc )

Sr.
Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1 Computer System Intel`core i5 4800h - Used
2 Operating System Windows 11 - Used
3 Internet Airtel 5GHz - Used
*********

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 Annexure – II A

Part B – Outcome after Execution

Format for Micro-Project Report (About 6-10 pages)

For 1st to 4th Semester

Title of Micro-Project :- Survey On Guided Transmission Media

1.0 Brief Description: ( Importance of the project, in about 100 to 200 words )

The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics, atmosphere, water, and
vacuum. The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the characteristics of
medium and signal. Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media. In wired media,
medium characteristics are more important whereas, in wireless media, signal characteristics are more
important. Different transmission media have different properties such as bandwidth, delay, cost and ease
of installation and maintenance. The transmission media is available in the lowest layer of the OSI reference
model, i.e., Physical layer.

2.0 Aim of the Micro-Project

This Micro-Project aims at

a) Improve all over network reliability.

b) Low susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.
c) Mediate the propagation of signals.

3.0 Course Outcome Integrated

The theory, practical experiences and relevant soft skills associated with this course are to be taught and
implemented, so that the student demonstrates the following industry oriented associated with the
above mentioned competency.

a) Use basic concepts of networking for setting-up computer networks.

b) Setup a computer network for specific requirements.
c) Configure basic network services.
d) Configure the different TCP/IP services.
e) Implement subnetting for improved network address management.

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4.0 Actual Procedure Followed

o Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the informationfrom the sender
to the receiver. Data is transmitted through electromagnetic signals.

o The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of bits
through LAN (Local Area Network).

o It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.

o In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals.
o In a fiber-based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

(Mention the actual resources used )

Sr.
Name of resource / material Specification Quantity Remarks
No.
1 Laptop Rtx 3050 - Used
2 Google Understanding Concept - Used

6.0 Output of the Micro-Project

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 INDEX
Sr. No. Title Pg.no.
1. Abstract 9

10
2. Introduction

11
3. Definition

12
4. Importance

13-19
5. Design / Diagram on Explanation

20-21
6. Applications

7. References 21

8. Conclusion 22

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 Survey On Guided Transmission Media

Abstract : -
The transmission media that are used to carry the records can be classified as guided
or unguided. guided media offer a bodily direction alongside in which the alerts are
propagated; these include twisted pair, coaxial cable ,and optical fiber. Unguided media
appoint an antenna for transmitting via air, vacuum, or water. Transmission medium is the
manner through which we send our information from one area to some other. The very first
layer (physical layer) of communication networks OSI seven layer model is devoted to the
transmission media. This paper deals with types of transmission media ,and comparison of
those media with that of with the real time application. The main aspect of this paper is to
study different types of the transmission media.

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Introduction : -
Transmission medium is the physical path among transmitter and receiver in a facts
transmission gadget. Transmission media may be categorized as guided or unguided. In both
cases, communique is in the form of electromagnetic waves. With guided media, the waves
are guided along a solid medium, consisting of copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable,
and optical fiber. The atmosphere and outer area are examples of unguided media that offer
a means of transmitting electromagnetic alerts but do no longer guide them; this shape of
transmission is normally known as wireless transmission. The characteristics and excellent
of a records transmission are decided each by means of the traits of the medium and the
characteristics of the signal. Within the case of guided media, the medium itself is extra vital
in figuring out the limitations of transmission. For unguided media, the bandwidth of the
signal produced via the transmitting antenna is more essential than the medium in
determining transmission characteristics. One key belongings of indicators transmitted by
antenna is directionality. In well known, alerts at lower frequencies are omnidirectional; that
is, the sign propagates in all guidelines from the antenna. At better frequencies, it's miles
feasible to awareness the sign directional beam.

Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information from the
sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through electromagnetic signals. The main
functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in the form of bits
through LAN (Local Area Network). It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in
data communication. In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals. In
a fiber-based network, the bits in the form of light pulses. In OSI (Open System
Interconnection) phase, transmission media supports Layer 1. Therefore, it is as a Layer 1
component. The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics,
atmosphere, water, and vacuum.

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Definition : -
In a data transmission system, the transmission medium is the physical path between
transmitter and receiver. Recall from Chapter 3 that for guided media, electromagnetic
waves are guided along a solid medium, such as copper twisted pair, copper coaxial cable,
and optical fiber. For unguided media, wireless transmission occurs through the
atmosphere, outer space, or water. The characteristics and quality of a data transmission
are determined both by the characteristics of the medium and the characteristics of the
signal. In the case of guided media, the medium itself is more important in determining the
limitations of transmission.

The atmosphere and outer area are examples of unguided media that offer a means
of transmitting electromagnetic alerts but do no longer guide them; this shape of
transmission is normally known as wireless transmission. The characteristics and excellent
of a records transmission are decided each by means of the traits of the medium and the
characteristics of the signal. Within the case of guided media, the medium itself is extra vital
in figuring out the limitations of transmission. For unguided media, the bandwidth of the
signal produced via the transmitting antenna is more essential than the medium in
determining transmission characteristics. One key belongings of indicators transmitted by
antenna is directionality. In well known, alerts at lower frequencies are omnidirectional; that
is, the sign propagates in all guidelines from the antenna. At better frequencies, it's miles
feasible to awareness the sign directional beam

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Importance : -
The purposes of telecommunication. Signals are typically imposed on a wave of some
kind suitable for the chosen medium. For example, data can modulate sound, and a
transmission medium for sounds may be air, but solids and liquids may also act as the
transmission medium. Vacuum or air constitutes a good transmission medium
for electromagnetic waves such as light and radio waves. While a material substance is not
required for electromagnetic waves to propagate, such waves are usually affected by the,
by absorption or reflection or refraction at the interfaces between media. Technical devices
can therefore be employed to transmit or guide waves. Thus, an optical fiber or a copper
cable is used as transmission media.
Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted through an optical medium, such
as optical fiber, or through twisted pair wires, coaxial cable, or dielectric-slab waveguides. It
may also pass through any physical material that is transparent to the specific wavelength,
such as water, air, glass, or concrete. Sound is, by definition, the vibration of matter, so it
requires a physical medium for transmission, as do other kinds of mechanical waves
and heat energy. Historically, science incorporated various aether theories to explain the
transmission medium. However, it is now known that electromagnetic waves do not require
a physical transmission medium, and so can travel through the vacuum of free space.
Regions of the insulative vacuum can become conductive for electrical conduction through
the presence of free electrons, holes, or ions.

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Design / Diagram On Explanation : -
Transmission media

o Transmission media is a communication channel that carries the information

from the sender to the receiver. Data is transmitted through the
electromagnetic signals.

o The main functionality of the transmission media is to carry the information in

the form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network).
o It is a physical path between transmitter and receiver in data communication.
o In a copper-based network, the bits in the form of electrical signals.
o In a fiber based network, the bits in the form of light pulses.

Types Of Transmission Media:

13
 1) Guided Media

It is defined as the physical medium through which the signals are transmitted. It is
also known as Bounded media.

Types Of Guided media:

1.1 Twisted pair :

Twisted pair is a physical media made up of a pair of cables twisted with each other.
A twisted pair cable is cheap as compared to other transmission media. Installation
of the twisted pair cable is easy, and it is a lightweight cable. The frequency range for
twisted pair cable is from 0 to 3.5KHz.

A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral
pattern.

The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined by the number of turns

per foot. Increasing the number of turns per foot decreases noise interference.

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Types of Twisted pair:

1.1.1. Unshielded Twisted Pair:

An unshielded twisted pair is widely used in telecommunication. Following are the

categories of the unshielded twisted pair cable:

o Category 1: Category 1 is used for telephone lines that have low-speed data.
o Category 2: It can support upto 4Mbps.
o Category 3: It can support upto 16Mbps.
o Category 4: It can support upto 20Mbps. Therefore, it can be used for long-
distance communication.

o Category 5: It can support upto 200Mbps.

Advantages Of Unshielded Twisted Pair:

o It is cheap.
o Installation of the unshielded twisted pair is easy.
o It can be used for high-speed LAN.

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Disadvantage:

o This cable can only be used for shorter distances because of attenuation.

1.1.2. Shielded Twisted Pair

A shielded twisted pair is a cable that contains the mesh surrounding the wire that
allows the higher transmission rate.

Characteristics Of Shielded Twisted Pair:

o The cost of the shielded twisted pair cable is not very high and not very low.
o An installation of STP is easy.
o It has higher capacity as compared to unshielded twisted pair cable.
o It has a higher attenuation.
o It is shielded that provides the higher data transmission rate.

Disadvantages

o It is more expensive as compared to UTP and coaxial cable.

o It has a higher attenuation rate.

1.2 Coaxial Cable

o Coaxial cable is very commonly used transmission media, for example, TV

wire is usually a coaxial cable.

o The name of the cable is coaxial as it contains two conductors parallel to each
other.
o It has a higher frequency as compared to Twisted pair cable.

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 o The inner conductor of the coaxial cable is made up of copper, and the outer
conductor is made up of copper mesh. The middle core is made up of non-
conductive cover that separates the inner conductor from the outer
conductor.

o The middle core is responsible for the data transferring whereas the copper
mesh prevents from the EMI(Electromagnetic interference).

Coaxial cable is of two types:

1. Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting a single

signal at high speed.

2. Broadband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting

multiple signals simultaneously.

Advantages Of Coaxial cable:

o The data can be transmitted at high speed.

o It has better shielding as compared to twisted pair cable.
o It provides higher bandwidth.

Disadvantages Of Coaxial cable:

o It is more expensive as compared to twisted pair cable.

o If any fault occurs in the cable causes the failure in the entire network.

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1.3 Fiber Optic

o Fiber optic cable is a cable that uses electrical signals for communication.
o Fiber optic is a cable that holds the optical fibers coated in plastic that are
used to send the data by pulses of light.

o The plastic coating protects the optical fibers from heat, cold, electromagnetic
interference from other types of wiring.

o Fiber optics provide faster data transmission than copper wires.

1.3.1 Diagrammatic representation of fiber optic cable:

Basic elements of Fiber optic cable:

o Core: The optical fiber consists of a narrow strand of glass or plastic knownas
a core. A core is a light transmission area of the fiber. The more the areaof
the core, the more light will be transmitted into the fiber.

o Cladding: The concentric layer of glass is known as cladding. The main

functionality of the cladding is to provide the lower refractive index at the
core interface as to cause the reflection within the core so that the light
waves are transmitted through the fiber.

18
 o Jacket: The protective coating consisting of plastic is known as a jacket. The
main purpose of a jacket is to preserve the fiber strength, absorb shock and
extra fiber protection.

1.3.2 Following are the advantages of fiber optic cable over copper:

o Greater Bandwidth: The fiber optic cable provides more bandwidth as

compared copper. Therefore, the fiber optic carries more data as compared to
copper cable.

o Faster speed: Fiber optic cable carries the data in the form of light. This
allows the fiber optic cable to carry the signals at a higher speed.

o Longer distances: The fiber optic cable carries the data at a longer distanceas
compared to copper cable.

o Better reliability: The fiber optic cable is more reliable than the copper cable
as it is immune to any temperature changes while it can cause obstructin the
connectivity of copper cable.
o Thinner and Sturdier: Fiber optic cable is thinner and lighter in weight so itcan
withstand more pull pressure than copper cable.

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Applications : -
1) Local Area Networks (LANs):

Ethernet cables, such as twisted pair cables and fiber optic cables, are widely used in LANs
to connect computers and network devices within a limited geographical area like offices,
schools, or homes.

2) Wide Area Networks (WANs):

Fiber optic cables serve as the backbone for long-distance communication networks,
including undersea cables connecting continents, providing high-speed data transmission
over vast distances.

3) Internet Backbone:

High-capacity fiber optic cables form the backbone of the internet, carrying data between
cities and across continents, ensuring fast and reliable internet connectivity globally.

4) Telecommunications:

Guided transmission media like coaxial cables and fiber optic cables are extensively used in
telecommunications networks for transmitting voice, data, and video signals over long
distances with minimal loss and interference.

5) Cable Television (CATV):

Coaxial cables are commonly used in cable television systems to deliver a wide range of
channels and high-definition content to subscribers' homes.

6) Industrial Applications:

In industrial settings, guided transmission media are used for various purposes such as
control systems, process automation, and monitoring. Ethernet cables, for example, are
used to connect sensors, actuators, and control devices in industrial networks.

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 7) Medical Imaging:

Fiber optic cables are utilized in medical imaging devices like endoscopes and fiber optic
catheters to transmit high-resolution images and videos for diagnostic and surgical
purposes.

8) Security Systems:

Wired transmission mediums are often preferred for security systems like closed-circuit
television (CCTV) systems, where the reliability and security of wired connections are crucial
for continuous surveillance and monitoring.

9) Audio-Visual Systems:

In professional audio-visual installations, such as auditoriums, conference rooms, and

broadcasting studios, guided transmission media like coaxial and fiber optic cables are used
to ensure high-quality audio and video transmission over long distances.

References : -
By consulting these references, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the
principles, technologies, and applications of guided transmission media in various domains.

"Data Communications and Networking" by Behrouz A. Forouzan and Sophia Chung Fegan -
This textbook provides a detailed overview of various transmission media types, including
guided media, along with their applications in data communication and networking.

"Fiber Optic Communications" by Joseph C. Palais - This book focuses specifically on fiber
optic communication systems, covering topics such as optical fibers, components, systems,
and applications in telecommunications, networking, and other fields.

"Local Area Networks: An Introduction to the Technology" by John Davidson and Paul W.
Smith - This book explores the fundamentals of local area networks (LANs), including guided
transmission media such as twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optics, and their
applications in LAN architectures and protocols.

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Online resources such as academic journals, conference proceedings, and industry
publications can also provide valuable insights into the latest developments and applications
of guided transmission media.

Conclusion : -
In conclusion, transmission media play a crucial role in the field of communication,
facilitating the exchange of information between devices and systems. Here's a summary of
key points regarding transmission media:

Classification:

Transmission media are classified into two main categories: guided and unguided (wireless)
media.

Guided transmission media include wired mediums such as twisted pair cables, coaxial
cables, and fiber optic cables.

Unguided transmission media include wireless mediums such as radio waves, microwaves,
and infrared waves.

Characteristics:

Guided transmission media offer high reliability, security, and bandwidth compared to
unguided media.

Fiber optic cables provide high data transmission rates, low attenuation, and immunity to
electromagnetic interference.

Unguided transmission media offer flexibility and mobility but may suffer from signal
degradation due to environmental factors.

Applications: Guided transmission media find applications in various fields, including

telecommunications, data networking, cable television, industrial automation, and medical
imaging.

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7.0 Skill developed / Learning out of the Micro-Project

(in about 150 to 200 words)

Data is transmitted through the electromagnetic signals. The main functionality of the transmission
media is to carry the information in the form of bits through LAN(Local Area Network). It is a physical
path between transmitter and receiver in data communication. In a copper-based network, the bits in
the form of electrical signals

The electrical signals can be sent through the copper wire, fiber optics, atmosphere, water, and
vacuum. The characteristics and quality of data transmission are determined by the characteristics of
medium and signal. Transmission media is of two types are wired media and wireless media

To improve your Computer Networking skills, you can follow these steps:

a) Use basic concepts of networking for setting-up computer networks.

b) Setup a computer network for specific requirements.
c) Configure basic network services.
d) Configure the different TCP/IP services.
e) Implement subnetting for improved network address management.

23
 Annexure – III

Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: _____________________________________ Enrollment No.: __________

Name of Program :__________________________________ Semester: __

Course Title: _________________________________________ Code: ________

Title of the Micro-Project: ______________________________________________

Course Outcomes Achieved:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

Evaluation as per suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro-Project

(Please tick in appropriate cell for each characteristic)

Poor Average Good Excellent

Sr. Characteristic to be
( Marks 1 -3 ( Marks 4 -5 ( Marks 6 -8 ( Marks 9 -
No. assessed
) ) ) 10)
1 Relevance to the course
2 Literature survey /
Information collected
3 Project Proposal
4 Completion of target as
per project proposal
5 Analysis of data and
representation
6 Quality of prototype /
Model
7 Report Preparation
8 Presentation
9 Defense

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 Micro-Project Evaluation Sheet
Process assessment Product assessment Total Marks
Part A Project Part B Individual
Project Methodology Project Report / Presentation / 10
Proposal ( 2 marks ) Working Model Viva
( 2 marks ) ( 2 marks ) ( 4 marks)

Note: Every course teacher is expected to assign marks for group evolution in first 3 columns and
individual evolution in 4th column for each group of students as per suggested rubrics.

Comments / suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal communication (if any):
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Any other Comment:

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Name and designation of faculty member: Ms. Yadav S.S.

Signature: _____________________________________________________________________

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