Fundamentals of Safety

Management
 Philosophy and Approach:

Good safety performance is always the result of well planned and co-
ordinate efforts.

There are two important components in the way of efficient

production –
• The machines, equipment and plant
• The persons performing the jobs

Safety management in industry demands a comprehensive

approach to improve work as a whole – including working
conditions, systems and procedures of work, the persons
doing the work and the overall management of work.
 Objectives:

• Improve the overall standard of safety and health at work

• Integrate the concept of safety and health in the overall

management of the enterprise

• Develop good manufacturing practices with emphasis on

efficiency and safety
Issues affecting the objectives of safety management:

•Regulatory Environment

•Risk Assessment

•Management Commitment

•Safety Culture

•Employee Training and Competency

•Process Design and Engineering Controls

Issues affecting the objectives of safety management:

•Maintenance and Inspection

•Emergency Response Planning

•Change Management

•Communication

•Technology and Automation

•External Factors

•Incident Investigation and Learning

In order to convert the above objectives into
achievements at the enterprise level, the following
actions are required -

• Identification and evaluation risk

• Providing safe conditions of work

• Controlling and directing

Circumstances which can causes of accidents, health
hazards, discomfort to the persons working -

• unsafe physical working conditions (eg. Unguarded machines, poor

illumination, exposure to chemicals, defectives wires etc.)

• Unsafe work methods (eg. Exceeding safe speed limit, unauthorized

operation, unsafe postures, not wearing goggles etc.)

• Maladjustment between machine and men (physical strength,

intellectual demands etc.)

• Poor supervision
Risk, Injury and Hazard
 Risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs,
has an effect on at least one [project] objective.
 Accident is an unfortunate incident that happens
unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically resulting in
damage or injury.
 Injury is physical harm or damage to someone’s body
caused by an accident or an attack.
 A hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to
humans, property, or the environment.
 Risk is defined as the probability that exposure to a hazard
will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a
hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that
hazard.
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 Hazards/Danger
Observable or predicted from knowledge

Risk
Not directly observable - probability of harm to system elements
being realised from exposure to hazards and danger.

Harm
Damage to system elements - long or short term

Accidents

Injuries Ill-Health Damage
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 Reasons for preventing accidents

 There are three main reasons for preventing accidents and

ill-health.
 Moral / Humane

 No-one comes to work to be injured or killed

 Cost

Accidents cost organisations money.

e.g. Piper Alpha – 167 people killed – estimated to have cost over £2 billion
including £746 million in direct insurance payout.
 Legislations

Organisations have a legal obligation.

National Occupational Safety and Health Policy 2013

&
Domestic Workers Protection and Welfare Policy 2015
Accident Costs “Iceberg”
Insurance Costs
Covering Injury, ill
£1 health, damage

Uninsured Costs
£8-36 Product and material
damage.
Plant & building damage
Tool & equipment damage.
Legal costs
Expenditure on emergency
supplies.
Clearing site
Production delays
Overtime working and
temporary labour
Investigation time.
Supervisor’s time diverted
Clerical effort.
Fines
Loss of
expertise/experience
 Safety

Safety is the state in which the risk of harm to persons or of property

damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level
through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk
management.
 Safety management system

 The reduction of risk level as low as possible which is practicable.

 To reduce the risk in occupational position and health element.

 A safety management system (SMS) is an organized approach to

managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures,
accountabilities, policies and procedures. As a minimum, such SMS shall:

a) Identify safety hazards;

b) Ensure that remedial actions necessary to mitigate the risks/hazards are
implemented; and
c) Provide for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the safety
level achieved.
The concept of acceptable level of safety is expressed by two
measures/metrics i.e. safety performance indicators and safety performance
targets and implemented through various safety requirements.
Safety performance indicators are a measure of the safety
performance of a department. Safety indicators should be easy to
measure and be linked to the major components of a company‘s SMS.
Safety indicators will therefore differ between departments.

Safety performance targets (sometimes referred to as goals or

objectives) are determined by considering what safety performance
levels are desirable and realistic for individual departments, operators,
concessionaires or service providers. Safety targets should be measurable,
acceptable to stakeholders, and consistent with SMS.

Safety requirements are needed to achieve the safety performance

indicators and safety performance targets. They include the operational
procedures, technology, systems and program's to which measures of
reliability, availability, performance and/or accuracy can be specified.
The relationship between acceptable level of safety, safety performance
indicators, safety performance targets and safety requirements :

acceptable level of safety is the overarching concept; safety performance

indicators are the measures/metrics used to determine if the acceptable
level of safety has been achieved; safety performance targets are the
quantified objectives pertinent to the acceptable level of safety; and safety
requirements are the tools or means required to achieve the safety
targets.
 Four pillars of SMS

SMS is composed of four functional

components:

 Safety Policy

 Safety Risk Management

 Safety Assurance

 Safety Promotion
 Safety Policy

 The SMS policy designates top management as the authority

responsible for ensuring that safety rules are observed by employees
at all levels of the company's structure.

 Safety policies establish procedures and risk controls to evaluate to

what extent safety rules are implemented as designed.

 Safety policy requires managers to give designated people the

responsibility and authority to see these policies carried out. Safety
policy also deals with the financial resources allocated to monitor
employees' activities in terms of risk-free procedures and improve
controls where necessary.
 Safety Risk Management (SRM)

 The risk management component consists of a set of procedures to

identify, analyze and evaluate risks and to develop controls that can prevent
them.
 The system analyzes the interaction among different components of an
organization (people, facilities, technology) and the environment.
 This analysis may lead to identifying risks that can be prevented or
eliminated by risk controls that may involve changes in equipment, training
and staffing arrangements, or additions in equipment, technology,
procedures and supervisory controls. If the modified system gives positive
results, it should be implemented and monitored to ensure its effectiveness.
 Safety Assurance (SA)

 Safety assurance uses efficient auditing, analysis and review

systems to ensure that risk controls are still effective over a certain
period of time and in a changing environment.
 The purpose of this SMS component is to constantly improve the
quality of the products and processes involved while maintaining
acceptable risk levels.
 Safety assurance includes feedback on performance, so it can be
considered a means of identifying the areas to be improved. It also
includes procedures to develop preventive or corrective actions
and to monitor their effective implementation.
 Safety Promotion

 Promoting safety procedures refers to managers' capability to

positively influence the employees' way of thinking and acting
toward a safe workplace environment.
 Safety promotion consists of informing people at all company
levels about the safety practices in effect at a certain time. An
important element of safety culture is the openness of
communication between management and employees.
 Employees should be informed of how and where to report a safety
hazard so that the manager can take measures to correct or prevent
it.
 Why SMS?

 The proactive identification of hazard and maximize the

development of better safety culture.
 Reducing the loss of human resources and financial elements.
 Helping the manager to identify and access the risk and building a business
case to protect the problem.
 Define how the organization is set up to manage risk.
 Identify workplace risk and implement suitable controls.
 Implement effective communications across all levels of the
organization.
 Implement a process to identify and correct non-conformities.
 Implement a continual improvement process.
 What are the key process of SMS?

 Hazard identification: a method for identifying hazards related to your

organization.
 Occurrence reporting: a process for the acquisition of safety data.
 Risk management: a standard approach for assessing risk and for
applying risk control.
 Performance measure: management tools for analyzing whether the
organizations safety goals are being achieved; and
 Quality/Safety assurance: processes based on quality management
principles that support continuous improvement of the organizations safety
performance.
 Work Related Injuries

The workplace is generally a safe environment, but there are

instances when you may be injured despite using all safety
guidelines.

Effectively there are as many types of workplace injury claims

as there are types of work. Although, the majority of claims
can be broken down into specific areas – the main being:
 Driving based injuries

Areas where compensation claims based on work related driving

injuries could be composed are:

 Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents

 Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents

 Injuries due to poor maintenance of vehicles

 Injuries due to long hours of labor

 Factory based injuries

Factory based injuries include those which take place in

workplaces where heavy machineries are used. The common
types of factory based injuries are as follows:

 Injuries due to repetitive strains

 Injuries due to lifting, carrying, or handling objects that are

too heavy

 Injuries with general tissue trauma due to large cuts and

wounds

 Injuries due to falling from height

 Injuries caused by heavy machinery.

Heavy machinery/Equipment based
injuries
The construction industry has the highest rate of workplace
fatality compared to work from other sectors. This could also
overlap with those kinds in the factory based injuries.
Compensation claims have been made in this area due to:

 Loss of limbs after a major heavy machinery accident

 Injuries due to defective machinery or poor maintenance of

machinery

 Injuries or fall from height due to dangerous equipment

 Trips and falls due to dangerous equipment.

 General tissue trauma including cuts and burns.

 Office based injuries
Compensation for office based injuries are grouped into the
following main categories:

 Trips or falls in the office due to lack of warning or poor

maintenance of the workplaces

 Injuries which result to general tissue trauma like large cuts,

wounds, and burns

 Injuries due to defective seating Injuries due to poor

maintenance of electrical equipment

 Injuries due to repetitive stress to certain joints or body parts

 Poorly maintained office electrical equipment causing injury.

 Lifting heavy items using an incorrect lifting technique.

 Retail based injuries

Compensation claims based on injuries sustained in shops are

grouped mainly into falls and lifting injuries, specifically:

 Retail based injuries are those from shops or stores.

 Injuries due to slipping on spilled liquid

 Injuries due to incorrectly positioned stocks

 Injuries due to repetitive strain

 Warehouse based injuries

Injuries sustained in a warehouse environment can be wide ranging

depending on the warehouse circumstances, but the main category of

injuries that employees have claimed for injury compensation are:

 Incidents involving Fork Lift accidents.

 Incidents involving Pallet Truck accidents.

 Trips or slips causing injury.

 Injuries caused by items falling from shelving or the employee

falling from height.

 Handling, carrying and lifting injuries.

 Accident:

Accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled, unexpected and undesired event

in which employees may be injured or, fatal or, property or equipments
may be damaged.

Hazard:
Such a physical situation that would be potential for human injury, damage
of the property or, the environment.
 Causes of accidents:

Causes of accidents due to individual factors –

1. Accident proneness

2. Personal factors (Vision, experience, perceptual style)

3. Fatigue & boredom

4. Attitude to safety
Causes of accidents due to situational factors –

1. Improper working condition

2. Job nature

3. Work schedule

4. Atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure etc.)

Means of preventing accident

•Safety Training

•Regular Inspections

•Maintenance.

•Emergency Drills

•Safety Equipment

•Hazard Identification

•Safety Policies.

•Reporting Systems
 Means of preventing accident

Safety Culture

Risk Assessments

Safety Audits

Regulatory Compliance

Training Updates.

Documentation.

Safety Committees

Communication