Assignment 022

Necessity of Protective Devices
Protective devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against

a) Short Circuit
b) Abnormal variations in the supply voltagec) c)
Overloading of equipment
d) To protect operator against accidental contact with the faulty equipment, falling which theoperator may
get a severe shock.
Types of Protective Device

Different types of the protective device that are commonly used in electrical and electroniccircuit
1. Fuse Wire or Fuse.
2. MCB – Miniature circuit breaker.
3.ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
.4.ELCB & MCB.
5.Earthing or Grounding.
EARTHING OR GROUNDING
Connecting the metal body of an electrical appliance, machinery or an electrical installationto earth,
through a low resistance wire, is called Earthing or Grounding.
Necessity of Earthing
Earthing is necessary for all domestic, commercial and industrial installation to safeguard theoperator, tall
buildings and machinery against lightning.
Metal body of all the electrical appliances, equipment and machinery, the earth points of all three-pin
sockets and the body of the energy meter are connected to earth through a thick G.I.wire.
Whenever a live wire comes in contact with the body of the appliance, it is directly connectedto earth the
grounding wire and hence the body voltage comes to zero. Therefore the operator does not get any shock,
when he comes in contact with body of the appliance.
Electrical Wiring
What is Electrical Wiring?
Electrical Wiring is a process of connecting cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse, switches,
sockets, lights, fans etc to the main distribution board is a specific structure to the utility pole for continues
power supply.
Methods of Electrical Wiring Systems
1) Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System 2)
Loop-in or Looping System
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System
In this method of wiring, connections to appliances are
made through joints. These joints are made in joint boxes by
means of suitable connectors or joints cutouts. This method
of wiring doesn’t consume too much cables size.
This method of wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is
therefore cheaper. This method is suitable for temporary
installations and it is cheap.
Loop-in or Looping System
This method of wiring is universally

used in wiring. Lamps and other
appliances are connected in parallel so
that each of the appliances can be
controlled individually.
The switch and light feeds are carried
round the circuit in a series of loops
from one point to another until the last
on the circuit is reached. The phase or
line conductors are looped either in
switchboard or box and neutrals are
looped either in switchboard or from
light or fan. Line or phase should never
be looped from light or fan.
Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

It doesn’t require joint boxes and so money is saved
In loop – in systems, no joint is concealed beneath floors or in roof spaces.
Fault location is made easy as the points are made only at outlets so that they are accessible.
Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

Length of wire or cables required is more and voltage drop and copper losses are thereforemore.
Looping – in switches and lamp holders is usually difficult.
Casing and Capping wiring

The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The casing is made up of astrip of wood
with parallel grooves cut length wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. the capping (also made of
wood) used tocover the wires and cables installed and fitted in the casing.
Advantages of Casing Capping Wiring:
 It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring systems.
 If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is easy.
 Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and casing..
 It stays safe from oil,Steam, smoke and rain.
 No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing & capping.
Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

 There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
 Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
 Costly repairing and need more material.

Conduit Wiring
There are two additional types of conduit wiring according to pipe installation
 Surface Conduit Wiring
 Concealed Conduit Wiring
Surface Conduit Wiring
If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit wiring. in this wiring method, they
make holes on the surface of wall on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal
plugs.
Concealed Conduit wiring

If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring.
It is the most popular and common electrical wiring system nowadays.
In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the surface of walls by means of pipe
hooks (surface conduit wiring) or buried in walls under plaster and VIR or PVC cables are afterwards
drawn by means of a GI wire of size if about 18SWG.
Size of Conduit:
The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25,
37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.
Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

 Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
 Repairing and maintenance is easy.
 it is safe from corrosion, risk of fire, humidity, chemical effect and smoky areas.
 No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallicpipes).
Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

 It is expensive wiring system .
 Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
 Installation is not easy and simple.
 Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.

Types of wires, cables used for different current and voltage ratings.
Wires may be classified into two groups:

(i) Ordinary wires and
(ii) Cables.
For different electric work conductors used are usually made of copper, although aluminium
conductors are also used extensively now-a-days.
Wires are used to serve mainly two different purposes:
(i) For the manufacture of armature and field windings of generators, motors, electric bells,electrical
instruments etc.,
(ii) For house wiring and for drawing overhead transmission and distribution lines.
For armature and field coils and for underground cables annealed copper wire or soft aluminium wire is
used; for house wiring and for overhead lines, hard-drawn copper wire or hard aluminium alloy wire is
suitable.
Different types of insulated wires used for house wiring and service connections are below:
i. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (V.I.R.) Insulated Wires:
ii. Tough Rubber Sheathed (T.R.S.) or Cab Tyre Sheathed (C.T.S.) Wires:
iii. Metal Sheathed or Led Sheathed Wires:
iv. Weather Proof Wires:
v. Wires with Thermo-Plastic Insulation (P.V.C. Wires):
Grade of Wires:
For house and industrial wiring at present 250/440 volts grade and 650/1100 volts gradewires are
usually used.
(i) 250/440 volts grade cables may be used where d.c. supply voltage does not exceed 250volt, or
the line voltage of a.c. supply does not exceed 415 volts.
(ii) 650/1100 volts grade cable may be used where the circuit voltage exceeds 415 volts, butthe
pressure between line conductor and earth does not exceed 650 volts.
In India cable manufacturing concerns manufacture cables according to Indian StandardSpecifications
(I.S.S.).
The numbers of specifications laid down by Indian Standard Institution are givenbelow:

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Necessity of Protective Devices

Protective devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against

Types of Protective Device

This method of wiring is universally

Advantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

Disadvantages of Loop-In Method of Wiring

Casing and Capping wiring

Disadvantages Casing Capping Wiring:

Concealed Conduit wiring

Advantage of Conduit Wiring Systems

Disadvantages of Conduit Wiring Systems

Wires may be classified into two groups:

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