RLC- SERIES CIRCUIT

Exp.No:1 _

Name: Date:

G:~e: -
Class _'.11)~ Batch: Roll no:

Batch Ma~es' Roll no: . / 6,) Labin Charge:

(A) RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the net impedance of the circuit
2. J'o calculate the inductiv: & capacitive reactance and element values.
3. "To detennine the powe.r: factor of the circuit
4. To calculate the active, reactive and apparent powers.
THEORY
A series RLC circuit is shown in figure.

I R L C
.. NV' r'V'V"l
11

~~ VR
JI
VL
~1 Ve•
·I

By Kirchhoffs voltage law, Xs ~ VR + VL +Ve

A A

:.~= IR + jl XL -jl_Xc = l(R+ jXL-jXc)

where Z is the complex impedance.

The current I, through the circuit can be written as, :. I = I

V.
s
vs
vR +IXi -xl
1
z

In a series RLC circuit, we can't definitely say that whether the current leads or lags
the voltage. Since it is a series circuit, the current should be taken as the reference phasor. If
the angle '8' for the current in the above equation is equal to zero, then the current through
 the circuit becomes in phase with the supply voltage. The circuit then behaves _as a purely
.
resistive circuit This c~ndition is ac_hieved when roL = 1/(roC). This condition is known as
... -. - -
'Resonance'.

When roL < 1/(roC), then the angle 'cl>' is positive. It means that the current leads the voltage.
The circuit behaves as a !=apacitive circuit. This condition can be achieved by decr~asing(J),. L
.
ore.

When wL > 1/(roC), then the angle 'cJ>' is negative. This indicates the current lags the voltage
and the entire circuit behaves as an inductive circuit This condition can be achieved by
increasing ro, Lor C.

Taking the current as the reference phasor, the voltage across the resistance is in phase
. . . . . ... . . . . . ........................ .......... •······ ······••·••-· ····· .... ······• ·· ............
, .

with the current, the voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90° and the voltage
across the capacitor lags the current by 900. Phasor diagrams for different values of voltage
drops are shown in ffgure.

IXL

V IR I
IXc

L.v 1 & ·- -~--

Fig. 1 (a) Voltage and Curre~t are in phase. ~~ •

~~ .,~-
IXi;-IXc I
.IR I
IXc

Fig. 1 (b) Voltage leads the current by an angle 4>

0
 : .....
d

}IXc-IX t

IXc

.· -- --. - ...
Fig. 1 (c) Voltage lags the current by an angle <I>

From the measurem ent of voltages across the elements, their reactance s and hence the
··· · ··· · ·· · · · · · -- element v--alues-can -bealculated.-. ..................................................................... ···············••·• · ... .

R= VR_Q
I
X = VL = 2rrfl.:
L I '
_._ L= 2nf
XL H

V 1 1
Xe= / = 27tfC; :.C 2rrfXc F

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

( L
5A

(~250)V, :tJII (0-250)V, MI ~-251J)V,_Ml

l ♦ jO..Hz .
230V,/C :

.N l ~-.,_ ·-_·_
_M,n- . _.____ _.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--I
· ~_
 .11'

INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED

· Name of Instrument - Specification with Range Quantity -

- - - -
Single -Phase Autotransformer 0-240 V, SO Hz ·1

Voltmeter 0-250 V,.MI 4

- - - -
- -
Ammeter 0-5 A, Ml 1

Rheostat son, SA 1

An inductive load & a capacitor (36 µF) 1

PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep the auto transformer at its minimum output position.

2. Keep the rheostat at its maximum resistance po~ition.
3. Adjust the choke coil to set it maximum coupling position.

PROCEDURE

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the supply.
3. Adjust the auto transformer and set a particular voltage like 150V/ 200V.
4. Take the readings of ammeter and voltmeters by changing the settings of the inductive
· load and the rheostat for the following conditions:-
(i) Vi>Vc _
(ii) VL=Vc
(iii) VL<Vc
5. Bring the auto transformer at its minimum output position & switch OFF the supply.
6. Tabulate the readings and compute the net impedance, reactance values, element
values and power factor in each case.

/ 23
 . . Observations & Sample calculatio n:
> ,........

~-
clr 41' ~
·«, ) _
II
V) .0
. t -
. (K
ft\
(SL No:

~ _·VR· Q = •.$-f"::
~
-&
C
... ,........
- <f 1.
I
\t"l':')~
-- - ~
, ,:_ LA
~---
> c<
U)

0 .l)
~~
~ -- f<'
II
O'
- - 1/.'
-&
U)
it: 1.
>
0
u
~ -\

"'
('t' ...... (;/'I· z
II
0..
'---'

-t
..,S)
C"'
.·
~-
"'
-&
U)
0
u £)
• ff R
Impedance Triangle .

,-..
.. C: .......... ------ . ..
'---'
····,,,;,
- ~ i .5-
····· ~ -- .......... .....
·('(\
N ~ '-0
,...... '$;" ...2
X
t.:
C:
'---'
~
(T
- f
0,-
~
er-
~ r

--
,---.
x C:
....... 8' c_('\
<.r fl:
c:::
,...... ~ ~ - ~
s ~ ~ ~
t.:
,......
j 0 ~:
>
> .......
- & ~
> ~
- ~
a - -
0
Q,
~
,0

.
~
\{' Y\ = VI cos<t>= ISo7'ol ~~ nrs"c..o
- a:
> ~ . .
el)
-~ -
~ -&-

~
Cf'
7.Active-Power, P
.
8. Reactive Power, Q = VI sin q> = 0
- ,........
<
.......
--
V' ~

d
-a
I(\
~ -
9. Apparent Power, S =VI = x~ ~ •~f' .
> ~ 8'
__, ~ .;;;,,. ;-33? -.. 5 \/f)
. --:: ~
z
vi
0

- ,..
co ('C\

•
~
~.:_-:._=;:-.:. ::!·•.; ·-~ ....

RESULT

C.. S..\ t-u .\o. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~c..e~

rgic;,c .Qi!IIO -,I&(/ ~~~ ~-, ~~ ~ e-Q~--~-

Ol -~- c.,
..
R\. Z c_. ~).. -,-
ES1'J.QNS

Wha t do you mean by the term 'pow er factor' in A.C circuits?

2. w_hat is the impo rtanc e of the powe r factor?
3. Wha t you mean by leading and lagging power factors?
4. Define the term 'reso nanc e' in AC circuits?
e? What's their mutu al
5. Wha t you unde rstan d by the term s impedance and admittanc
relat ion?
applied voltage if an AC
6. Wha t is the phas e difference 6etw een tlie curre nt and ·tne
ce only?
circu it cont ains (a) a pure indu ctanc e only (b) a pure capacitan