Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

King Khalid University

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Engineering Department

Chapter11
Electricity workshop

By Dr. Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Salem

Production Technology & Workshop (Mech. 221)

 Outlines of Chapter11
 Current types
 Ohm’s law
 Connection of circuit elements
 Voltage and current division
 Measurement of voltage, Measurement of
current
 Electric machines, Classification of electric
machines
 Single -phase transformer
 Single -phase induction motor
 Current Types
Electric circuits are classified into two main categories depending on the current types: Direct
Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC). In the first type, all currents and voltages within
the circuit have fixed values (as long as the circuit parameters are kept constant), i.e. they are not
function of time. In the second type, currents and voltages are functions of time.
i(t) i(t) i(t)

Components of Electric Circuits

Active elements of any electric circuit t t
may be defined as those elements that give t
(in general) energy to the electric circuit
they are connected with. They are called Sinusoidal AC Square AC DC
voltage sources, e.g. battery.
Passive elements are defined as those
elements that absorb or store energy from
the electric circuit they are connected
with. Examples of passive elements are Vs Vs R C
L
resistor, inductor and capacitor

Voltage source Resistor Inductor Capacitor

 Ohm’s Law I
For the circuit shown, Ohm’s law is given by:
+
V = I*R
Referring to Ohm's law, we have the following facts:
For a given resistance, voltage is directly proportional to current. R
For a given current, voltage is directly proportional to resistance. V
For a given voltage, current is inversely proportional to resistance. _
Utilizing Ohm's law, the power may be obtained as follows
P = V * I = I 2 * R = V2 / R I1
I2
Kirchhoff ’s Current Law “KCL” states that ”The algebraic sum of the
A
currents entering any node is equal to the algebraic sum leaving that
node”. I4 I3
KCL

Kirchhoff ’s Voltage Law “KVL” states that ”The algebraic sum of the
voltages around any closed path is zero”. A B
As an example, applying KCL at node “A” :
I1 + I 3 + I 4 = I 2 + +
+ V1 -

V3 V2

According to KVL, starting from node A and going clockwise direction -

D C
-
V1 + V2 -V3 = 0 KVL
 R1 R2
I

There are two ways to connect circuit elements

together; series connection and parallel VS R3
connection. Resistances are said to be
connected in series if they are connected in
cascade and have the same current as in the
single loop. In this case, the equivalent
resistance is given by:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3
On the other hand, resistances are said to be A
connected in parallel if one terminal of all
resistances are connected to one node and the
second terminal of all resistances are connected VS R1 R2
to another node. In this case, the voltage across
the resistances is the same and is equal to VS,
and the equivalent resistance is given by: B
Req = (R1 * R2 )/(R1 + R2 )
 Voltage and Current Division
In the series circuit, the supply voltage
is divided between the resistances R1 +
and R2. V1 R1
R1 -
V1  VS VS
R1  R 2
+ R2
R2 V2
V2  VS -
R1  R 2

Voltage division.

IT
In the parallel circuit, the total
(IT) current is divided between I1 I2
the resistances R1 and R2.
R1 R2
R2
I1  IT
R1  R 2

R1
I2  IT
R1  R 2
Current division.
 Measurement of Voltage

V1 R1
To measure the voltage across a resistance,
the voltmeter should be connected in VS
parallel with that resistance.
V2
R2

Voltage measurement

Measurement of Current
IT
To measure the current through a
I1 I2
resistance, the ammeter should be
connected in series with that R1 R2
resistance.

Current measurement
 ELECTRIC MACHINES
Classification of Electric Machines
Regarding function, electric machines may
be classified into generators and motors. A Electrical
generator transforms the mechanical energy
output
mechanical
into electrical energy, while a motor
transforms the electrical energy into input

mechanical energy. The electric machine has (a) A generator

two members: a stationary member called the
stator and a rotating member called the
rotor. The transformer is a special type of mechanical

electric machine which has no rotating part. Electrical

output

The function of the transformer is to input

transform the voltage from one level to
another.
(b) A motor
 Classification of Electric Machines
Regarding current type, electric
Armature core
machines may be classified into DC
Leading pole tip
machines and AC machines. In a DC Armature winding
machines, the currents and voltages
Field coil
are of a DC type, while in an AC
machines, the currents and voltages
are of a sinusoidal AC type.
Pole axis
A schematic diagram of a typical DC
machine and its elements are shown. Pole core

As shown, the stator contains the field Trailing pole tip

winding which is responsible for Pole face Field yoke
producing the main required flux of
the machine
 Single -phase Transformer
The 1-phase transformer consists of
an iron core and two coils. The
first coil is called primary and it is
connected to an AC voltage source,
while the second coil is called Iron core
secondary and it is connected to a
load. The primary coil has a number
of turns N1, while secondary coil AC voltage Electrical
has a number of turns N2. As source load
mentioned earlier, the function of
the transformer is to transform the Secondary
Primary
voltage from one level to another. coil coil
Therefore, if the source voltage is
V1, then, the load voltage V2 is A 1-phase transformer.
given by:

V1 N1

V2 N 2
If V1 > V2, the transformer is called a step down transformer, while if V1 < V2,
the transformer is called a step up transformer.
 Single -phase Induction Motor
The 1-phase Induction Motor (IM) is the
most commonly used motor in our daily
life. It is used to run the fans and pump the
water to the reservoir in our houses. Stator coils

Therefore, it is an AC motor. The most

common type is called split-phase IM.
The stator contains 2 coils, while the rotor
Rotor bars
contains copper bars. It runs only in one AC source

direction even the terminals of the

motor are reversed. The speed of the
motor can be controlled by varying the
supply voltage using a suitable controller.
End of Lecture