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37 views23 pages

Dme

Uploaded by

Tiahne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CASA Instrument Rating

(IREX) –
Ground Based Navigation Systems
(GBNS)
Lesson 03 – Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Introduction References
• Scope; • ATC IREX Text Chapter 6
• Principles of operation,
• DME limitations and errors,
• DME Orientation and DME Arcs,
• The 2-D DME Arrival.
OBJECTIVES

• Describe the principles of operation of the Distance Measuring


Equipment (DME),
• Describe the errors and limitations of DME,
• Demonstrate methods of position fixing and orientation using the
DME and other navigational aids.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Principles of Operation
•Usually co-located with a VOR,
•Can be used with an ILS,
•DME component of TACAN can
be used by military aircraft,
•Uses the secondary radar
principle to providing ranging
(distance) information to aircraft.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Principles of Operation
•The aircraft equipment will send
out an interrogating pulse to the
DME station it is tuned to,
•The station will then send a reply
back to the aircraft,
•The aircraft equipment can
measure the time between
transmission of its signal and
receiving the reply from the
ground station to work out its
distance from the station.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Principles of Operation
•Because DME is line-of-sight it
measures line-of-sight distance or
Slant Distance,
•This will always be slightly greater
than the actual horizontal distance,
•In fact, when you are directly
overhead the station the DME will
read give your height above the
station as a distance,
•The differences between horizontal
and slant distance will not be
significant if the aircraft is 1nm or
more from the station for each
1,000ft in altitude.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Principles of Operation
•The typical DME display will show;
• Distance to the station in NM,
• Groundspeed in KTS;
• Is only accurate when flying directly to
the station,
• Time-To-Go (TTG) to the station;
• Is only accurate when flying directly to
the station.
Distance to the station Groundspeed Time-To-Go
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Rated Coverage
•Jepp Radio Aids AU-1
•Can be subject to terrain
shielding like the VOR,
•As such, can include restrictions
listed in Radio Aids AU-37;
• Eg; TVL DME (ITL)
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Limitations and Errors


•Gives slant range;
• 1nm per 1,000ft altitude,
•Time-To-Go (TTG) and
Groundspeed only accurate when
flying to the station,
•Line of sight and rated coverage,
•Terrain shielding,
•Stations can only handle 100
aircraft at a time.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Position Fixing
•DME distance is a circular
position line,
•As such position can be
anywhere on this circle,
•You need a second source to be
able to provide a position;
• A VOR,
• An NDB,
• Second aid needs to have a
sufficient angle to give a good
position fix.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Unless located close together, using two DME’s is a poor option as it can create ambiguities. Another Nav Aid should be used.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

Groundspeed and Time-To-Go


•The Groundspeed and TTG
functions of a DME are only
accurate when flying directly to
and from a DME beacon,
•Pilot can manually calculate
groundspeed using distance
covered in a particular time
period.
The DME Arc

Flying the DME Arc


•Usually flown as a series of short
legs or segments of the arc,
•Intercept;
• Fly directly to the VOR/DME,
• Turn 90° to intercept the arc,
• Lead distance for turn is
Groundspeed divided by 200;
• 150kt ÷ 200 = 0.75nm,
•Tracking tolerance ± 2nm,
•Keep the needle 10° either side
of the wingtip.
The DME Arc

Flying the DME Arc


•Fly heading until needle is 10°
behind the wingtip,
•Change heading by 20°,
•Fly heading until needle is 10°
behind the wingtip,
•Change heading by 20°,
•Repeat procedure for the
remainder of the arc.
The DME Arc

Flying the DME Arc


•You must apply drift so you aren’t
blown off the arc,
•Take into account any drift you
are holding when interpreting
needle indications.
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES

• Describe the principles of operation of the Distance Measuring


Equipment (DME),
• Describe the errors and limitations of DME,
• Demonstrate methods of position fixing and orientation using the
DME and other navigational aids.
ANY QUESTIONS?
End of GBNS Lesson

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