Physics Proj

INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPALS AND CONSTRUCTION
THEORY
WORKING
LIMITATIONS
USES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my physics
teachers Bindu Panicker and Divya L ,
whose
Valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and
make if full
proof success their suggestions and
their instructions had served as the
major contributor
towards the completion of the
project .Then I would like to thank my
parents
and friends who have helped me with
their valuable suggestions and guidance
has been
helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project .Last but not
the least I would
like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
INTRODUCTION
A CYCLOTRON is a particle accelerator
invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1934 in
which particles accelerate Outwards from
the center along a spiral path. The particles
Are held to a spiral trajectory by a static
magnetic field and accelerated by a rapidly
varying electric field
PRINCIPLES AND
CONSTRUCTION
PRINCIPLE:-
Cyclotron works on the principle that a
charged particle moving normal to a
magnetic field experiences magnetic
Lorentz force due to which the particles
move in a circular path .
CONSTRUCTION :-
As in Fig, a cyclotron consists of the
following main parts
1. It consists of 2 small ,hollow,
metallic half cylinders D1 and D2,
called Dees as they are in the shape
of D
2. They are mounted inside a
vacuum chamber between the poles
of a powerful electromagnet.
3. The Dees are connected to the
source of high frequency alternating
voltage of few hundred kilovolts.
4. The beam of charged particles to
be accelerated is injected into the
Dees near their center , in a plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
5. The charged particles are pulled
out of the Dees by a deflecting plate
(which is –vely charged) through a
window W.
6. The whole device is in high
vacuum(pressure ~ 10-6 mm of Hg)
so that the air molecules may not
collide with the charged particles
THEORY
The +ve ion P to be accelerated is
placed between the 2 dees. If at any
instant, D1 is at –ve potential and D2
is at +ve potential, then the ion gets
accelerated towards D1 but since its
perpendicular to b , it describes a
circular path of radius r and Lorentz
force provides the centripetal force .
Time taken to describe a semicircle
is
If this time is equal to the time

during which D1 and D2 change their
polarity, the ion gets accelerated
when it arrives in between the gaps.
The electric field accelerates the ion
further. Once the ion is inside the
dees D2
, it now describes a greater
semicircle due to the magnetic field.
This process repels and the ion goes
on describing a circular path of
greater radius and finally acquires a
high energy. The ion is further
removed from a
window W. The maximum energy
acquired by the ion source is This
process repels and the ion goes on
describing a circular path of greater
radius and finally acquires a high
energy. The ion is further removed
from a window W. The maximum
energy acquired by the ion source is
The frequency of cyclotron is given
WORKING
When a positive ion of charge q and
mass m is emitted from the source, it
is accelerated towards the Dee
having a negative potential at that
instant of time. Due to the normal
magnetic field, the ion experiences
magnetic Lorentz force and moves in
a circular path. By the time the ion
arrives at the gap between the Dees,
the polarity of the Dees gets
reversed. Hence the particle is once
again accelerated and moves into
the other Dee with a greater velocity
along a circle of greater radius. Thus
the particle moves in a spiral path of
increasing radius and when it comes
near the edge, it is taken out with
the help of a deflector plate (D.P).
The particle with high energy is now
allowed to hit the target T.
LIMITATIONS
Cyclotron cannot accelerate
uncharged particles like neutrons.
Cyclotron cannot accelerate
electrons because of its small
mass.
It cannot accelerate positively
charged particles with large mass
due to relativistic effect.
Only when the speed of the
circulating ion is less than 'c' the
speed of light, we find the
frequency of revolution to be
independent of its speed.
At higher speeds, the mass of the
ion will increase and this changes
the time period of the ion
revolution. This results in the ion
lagging behind the electric field
and it eventually loses by
collisions against the walls of the
dees.
The cyclotron is suitable for
accelerating heavy charged
particles.
It is not suited for very high
kinetic energy
USES
The high energy particles
produced in a cyclotron are used
to bombard nuclei and study the
resulting nuclear reactions and
hence investigate nuclear
structure.
The high energy particles are
used to produce other high
energy particles, such as
neutrons, by collisions. These fast
neutrons are used in atomic
reactors.
It is used to implant ions into
solids and modify their properties
or even synthesis new materials.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 @Physics Pradeep class 12
 @Google
 @Wikipedia
 @Science for all
 @Brainkart.com
CYCLOTRON
Mithun Preju
XII B
09

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INDEX

PRINCIPALS AND CONSTRUCTION

If this time is equal to the time

The frequency of cyclotron is given

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