Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

For decades, traffic congestion and road safety problems have been a

primary concern, especially in highly-urbanized cities. Factors such as

environmental conditions, traffic incidents, work zones, and human behaviors are

eyed to be the main causes. However, with proper implementation of traffic

management, it can be ensured that traffic congestion and road problems can be

evaded and minimized.

Several articles and studies defined the nature of traffic management.

According to Courage & Wallace (2023), traffic management refers to the

combination of measures that serve to preserve traffic capacity and improve the

security, safety, and reliability of the overall road transport system. These measures

make use of ITS systems, services, and projects in day-to-day operations that

impact road network performance, they also added. Whereas for Law Insider

(2023), traffic management is the recognition of the various situations where traffic

control and guidance are required, and the implementation of effective procedures,

including traffic control, to safely control and guide traffic with minimal

interruptions and delays.

 2

Moreover, Sigua (2008) stressed it is a term utilized to embody the

activities undertaken by a highway transportation agency to improve roadway

system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both providers and consumers of

transportation services.

Traffic management has also a variety of schemes that involves traffic

calming, traffic bans, bypasses and tunnels, cleaner fuel car incentives, and parking

(Mayor, 2005). It contains pillars that aid in the solution of traffic issues that road

users encountered day by day which comprised traffic enforcement, traffic

education, traffic engineering, traffic ecology/environment, and traffic economy

(Hintural et. al., 2016).

Traffic management is associated with several key factors. Wang et. al.

(2010) perused the effectiveness of traffic management plan during the emergency

evacuation. Further, Elsom (1997) highlighted that there are a limited number of

assessments available concerning the air quality effectiveness of specific traffic

management measures.

The most essential factor in ensuring road safety and accident prevention is

the efficiency of traffic management, as it provides a means of preventing fatal

accidents and serious injuries on the highways and reducing the number of traffic

accidents. The control of traffic at road crossings is a significant component that

 3

influences how quickly traffic moves and to enhance the effectiveness of the traffic

flow, that a good traffic management system is necessary.

According to Batrakovam & Gredasova (2015), road safety can be

referred to as a result of safe interactions between road users themselves and the

environment. Accidents have resulted from the interaction of several factors.

Factors that increase risk well explain why accidents happen. Safety is a key

concern for transportation planners and engineers when designing transportation

infrastructure and its uses (Button, 2014). Traffic jams and other traffic-related

problems are also caused by accidents and ongoing road construction. Moreover,

according to Delizo (2014), undisciplined drivers, passengers, pedestrians, poor

traffic control systems, and poor enforcement of traffic rules are the most obvious

causes of traffic congestion.

Vehicle accidents happen frequently in Naval, Biliran and can range in

severity. Unfortunately, sometimes traffic collisions result in fatalities. When

approaching the Naval, Biliran highway, it is challenging and slow-moving

because of the large number of vehicles, narrow roads, absence of traffic enforcers,

and undisciplined drivers. Still, there was no study conducted regarding the

community perceptions of traffic management in Naval, Biliran. In this sense, the

researchers were thus motivated to carry out this study, which focuses on the

effectivity of traffic management in the area's current traffic situation. Upon the
 4

accomplishment of this research, this paper will assist traffic officers in managing

traffic flow, and enforcing traffic laws, ordinances, rules, and regulations without

fear or favor in an effort to lessen, if not completely eliminate, traffic problems and

prevent other contributing factors that result in traffic and vehicular accidents.

Statement of the Problem

This study focused on community perception on traffic management effectivity

in the municipality of Naval, Biliran. Specifically, this study sought to answer the

the following:

1) Determine the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents in terms of the

following:

1.1 Participant

1.2 Age

1.3 Sex

1.4 Civil Status

1.5 Educational Attainment and;

1.6 Type of Vehicle Driven

2) Determine the weighted mean of the community perception in traffic

management plan in Naval, Biliran in terms of;

2.1 Traffic Enforcement

 5

2.2 Traffic Engineering

2.3 Traffic Education

2.4 Traffic Environment/Ecology and;

2.5 Traffic Economy

3) Determine the significant relationship between respondents socio-

demographic profile and community perception in traffic management.

4) Determine the significance difference between the traffic elements in terms

of the following variables:

4.1 Traffic Enforcement

4.2 Traffic Engineering

4.3 Traffic Education

4.4 Traffic Environment/Ecology and;

4.5 Traffic Economy

Definitions of Terms

To make the presentation, study, findings, and other pertinent information of

these studies understandable. The following terminologies are conceptually and

operationally defined.
 6

Traffic Management. Pertains to the systematic planning, coordination,

and implementation of strategies, policies, and measures aimed at efficiently and

safely regulating the flow of vehicles, pedestrians, and other modes of

transportation within a given area. In this study, it is operationally defined as

implementation of various measures and techniques, such as traffic signal control

systems, road signage, lane markings, speed limits, traffic calming measures,

parking regulations, and public transportation planning.

Significance of the Study

This research was conducted with the intention of providing critical

information and knowledge regarding traffic management from respondents, recent

studies or theses, and related sites required for the expected significance to the

individuals as follows:

Traffic Enforcers. Traffic enforcement officers play an important role in

maintaining public order and safety on our roads. A properly trained traffic

enforcer, combined with best practices in traffic law enforcement, will ensure a

safer road for the public, particularly motorists and pedestrians. They would be

able to do their job more effectively with the help of this paper because they have a

better understanding of the traffic situation in the area.

 7

Drivers. Drivers are the individuals operating in the highway. With the aid

of this study, they would be able to have an idea about the current condition in the

locality and can drive more safely and orderly as possible.

Pedestrians. The primary goal of traffic management is to make the

movement of goods and persons as efficient, orderly, and safe as possible. This

applies to everyone who uses the roads including the pedestrians. The completion

of this study is extremely relevant to the pedestrians as they will gain knowledge

about the common problems that could emerge on the road to ensure

their safety.

Scope and Delimitations

This study is mainly focused on determining the perceptions of the

community about the traffic management effectivity in Naval, Biliran. In addition,

200 individuals will be conveniently interviewed and will be given a questionnaire

to answer. In relation to this, only the residents, drivers, and commuters that daily

operate in the area are allowed to participate during the conduct of the study.

Frameworks of the Study

This part of the paper expounded the two frameworks anchored to this study.

Theoretical Framework. This study is anchored on the concepts of social

control theory and human factor theory by Travis Hirschi in 1969. Social control
 8

theory is a criminological theory that expounds on how social institutions regulate

deviant behavior in society. According to this theory, individuals naturally have the

inclination to break norms and laws, but social bonds, such as relationships, values,

and beliefs function as the primary mechanism that constrains individuals from

committing crimes (Hirschi, 1969).

The proponent of social control theory is Travis Hirsch who developed the

theory in 1969 as a response to Strain Theory, from which Robert Sampson and

John Laub extended the theory in their life course theory. According to social

control theory, individuals who lack social bonds to conforming influences are

more likely to engage in deviant behavior. These bonds are built from

socialization, attachment to parents and friends, involvement in conventional

activities, and belief in moral and legal codes that shape behavior.

Social Control Theory can be integrated with the concept of traffic management.

Traffic management aims to promote road safety and prevent accidents through

policies, planning, and engineering. Several studies revealed that social control

theory can be used to understand traffic violations and law compliance (Clarke &

Homel, 1997). For instance, individuals with strong social bonds to family, friends,

or co-workers are less likely to engage in dangerous driving behavior, while low

attachment or involvement in deviant subcultures, such as street racing, increases

the likelihood of risky driving behavior (Carr, 2017). Consequently, enforcing

 9

stringent traffic laws and enforcement mechanisms can bolster social bonds by

aligning the behavior of motorists with legitimate norms and values, leading to

safer driving habits. To infer, social control theory explains how social bonds

constrain deviant behaviors across various contexts, including traffic management.

By integrating social control theory with traffic management, policymakers can

develop more effective strategies to address problem-driving behaviors that could

result in safer road environments.

Human factors theory, on the other hand, is an interdisciplinary field that

studies the interaction between humans and their environment, products, and

systems. It focuses on understanding human capabilities, limitations, and behavior

in order to design systems that are safe, efficient, and effective (Salvendy, 2012).

Proponents of human factors theory include psychologists, engineers,

designers, and other professionals who are interested in improving the usability and

safety of products and systems. One of the key figures in the development of

human factors theory is Alphones Chapanis, who was a pioneer in the field of

aviation psychology and helped to establish the importance of human factors in

aviation safety (Wickens et al., 2004).

In the context of traffic management, human factors theory can be utilized

to design roads, signs, and other infrastructures that are easy to understand and
 10

harness. It can also be used to develop driver education and training programs that

help drivers understand their own limitations and improve their driving skills.

Additionally, human factors theory can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of

traffic management strategies, such as speed limits, traffic signals, and road design,

by considering how drivers interact with these systems.

For instance, a paper authored by Kuo, Chen, and Chen (2005) used the

human factors theory to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of traffic signs

in reducing speed in school zones. Results unveiled that signs that included both

visual and auditory cues were more effective than signs that only included visual

cues. It suggested that incorporating multiple sensory modalities can improve the

effectiveness of traffic management strategies.

To sum up, human factors theory can aid to improve the safety and

efficiency of traffic management by considering the needs and limitations of

drivers and other road users. It is an important factor that continually evolves and

adapts to new technologies and challenges in transportation.

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Conceptual Framework

The concepts and underlying assumptions of this research are enveloped

in this conceptual framework. It gives the researchers a direction in recognizing
and investigating the paper’s limitation. Below is the figure of the conceptual
framework containing the flow of the conduct of the study. After the collection
of the respondents socio-demographic profile, their perceptions about traffic
management activity were analyzed as well as the differences between the pillars
of traffic management.

Social Social
Demographic Differences of
Contro Community
Traffic
Profile
l -Age Perceptions of Management
Theory -Sex Traffic
-Civil Status Elements
& Management When
-Educational
Human Attainment Grouped
Effectivity
Factors -Type of According to
Theory Vehicle Driven Profile
Variables

Figure 1: The Conceptual Framework of the Study

 12

Review of Literature

Transportation plays an important role in a country's economic and social

development. However, due to the increasing number of vehicles and limited road

infrastructure, traffic congestion is a major problem in many urban areas in the

Philippines. Traffic management is an important aspect of transportation planning

aimed at ensuring smooth traffic flow, reducing congestion, and improving traffic

safety. The purpose of this literature review is to focus on the effectiveness of

traffic management strategies and to provide an overview of the relevant literature

on traffic management in the Philippines.

Traffic management is a major challenge in the Philippines due to the

increasing number of vehicles and limited road infrastructure. According to the

Land Transport Office (2018), the total number of registered motor vehicles in the

Philippines will reach over 11 million units in 2020, with an average annual

growth rate of 6.8%. This massive increase in vehicle numbers has resulted in

worsening traffic congestion, longer travel times, and increased air pollution.

One of the main causes of traffic congestion in the Philippines is the lack of

an integrated transportation system and poor road infrastructure. According to the

Department of Transport (2018), the country's road network is inadequate to

accommodate the increasing number of vehicles, causing severe traffic congestion

 13

in urban areas. In addition, the lack of public transport infrastructure and inefficient

public transport system also contribute to the deterioration of the country's traffic

situation. Various traffic management strategies have been introduced to address

traffic problems in the Philippines. These strategies include enforcing traffic rules

and regulations, traffic enforcement, improving road infrastructure, and promoting

sustainable transport modes. However, there is considerable debate in the literature

about the effectiveness of these strategies.

Enforcing traffic rules and regulations is one of the basic strategies in

traffic management. The Land Transportation Act (Republic Act No. 4136) is the

primary law governing transportation in the Philippines. The law establishes

various traffic rules and regulations, including but not limited to speed limits,

traffic lights, and traffic signs. The law also provides penalties for traffic

violations, such as fines and imprisonment.

Several studies have been conducted investigating the effectiveness of traffic

rules and regulations in the Philippines. A study by Alzona et al. (2017) found that

the enforcement of traffic rules and regulations contributed to the reduction of

traffic accidents in the country. The study showed that strict enforcement of traffic

rules and regulations has significantly reduced the number of traffic accidents in

the country.
 14

However, strict enforcement of traffic rules and regulations is also heavily

criticized in the literature. A 2016 study by Oleinik found that strict enforcement of

traffic rules and regulations led to increased traffic ticket issuance and fines,

leading to traffic police corruption. The study showed that the high number of

traffic violations and lack of transparency in the traffic enforcement system led to

increased bribery and corruption among traffic police officers.

Traffic enforcement is another important aspect of traffic management and

involves the use of traffic enforcement officers to ensure compliance with traffic

rules and regulations. Traffic police officers play an important role in controlling

traffic flow, reducing accidents, and ensuring traffic safety.

A study by Eger (2006) found that the deployment of traffic enforcers has

contributed to the reduction of traffic accidents in the country. The study showed

that the presence of traffic enforcers on the road has led to a significant decrease in

the number of traffic accidents in the country. However, the study also highlighted

the need for proper training and equipment for traffic enforcers to enhance their

effectiveness in managing traffic flow.

Another study by Mathibela (2017) investigated the effectiveness of traffic

enforcement. The study showed that the use of traffic cops helped reduce traffic

congestion in the city. The study also emphasized the importance of properly
 15

training and equipping traffic police officers to improve their effectiveness in

managing traffic flows.

Improving road infrastructure is also an important strategy in traffic

management, which involves building and maintaining road networks, traffic

lights, and other road infrastructure to improve traffic flow and reduce congestion.

However, there are limits to the improvement of road infrastructure in the

Philippines, and the existing road network is insufficient to accommodate the

increasing number of vehicles.

A paper published by Gadia and Lantican (2018) investigated the

effectiveness of improving road infrastructure in Cebu City. The study showed that

improvements in road infrastructure, such as road widening, construction of

overpasses and underpasses, and installation of traffic lights, have contributed to

reducing congestion in the city. The study also highlighted the need for proper

planning and coordination among government agencies to ensure effective

implementation of road infrastructure projects.

Another study authored by Mutia et al. (2019) investigated the effectiveness

of road infrastructure improvement in Manila City. The study showed that

improving road infrastructure, including building new roads and upgrading existing

roads, can help reduce congestion in the city. The study also highlighted the need
 16

for sustainable road infrastructure projects that consider traffic flow and long-term

environmental impacts.

Promoting sustainable modes of transport, such as walking, cycling, and

public transport, is also an important traffic management strategy. Sustainable

transport can help reduce the number of vehicles on our roads, reduce traffic

congestion, and improve air quality. However, there are limits to promoting

sustainable transport in the Philippines and the existing public transport

infrastructure is not sufficient to meet the growing demand.

A study by Abiad (2019) investigated the effectiveness of sustainable

transport promotion in the Philippines. The study showed that promoting

sustainable transport modes, such as developing walking and cycling infrastructure

and improving public transport services, can help reduce traffic congestion and

improve road safety. The study also highlighted the need for governments to

encourage sustainable transport use and prioritize the development of sustainable

transport infrastructure.

Bennett (2016) emphasizes the significance of using perceptions as evidence to

improve conservation and environmental management. While this study is not

directly related to traffic management, the concept of using perceptions as

evidence can be applied to understanding community perceptions of traffic

management effectivity. By incorporating community perceptions into traffic

 17

management decision-making processes, urban planners and policymakers can

gain valuable insights into the effectiveness of existing traffic management

strategies and identify areas for improvement.

Strachan et al. (2012) discuss interventions to improve motivation and

retention of community health workers delivering integrated community case

management (iCCM) based on stakeholder perceptions and priorities. Although the

focus of this study is on healthcare interventions, it underscores the importance of

considering stakeholder perceptions when designing and implementing

community-based initiatives. Similarly, when evaluating traffic management

effectivity, considering the perceptions and priorities of community stakeholders,

including residents, local businesses, and transportation authorities, is crucial for

obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of

current traffic management practices.

In summary, traffic management is an important aspect of transportation

planning, and the effectiveness of traffic management strategies is critical in

reducing traffic congestion, improving traffic safety, and improving the overall

quality of life in urban areas is extremely important. This literature review provides

insight into the challenges and opportunities of traffic management in the

Philippines and highlights the need for further research to improve the

effectiveness of traffic management strategies. Enforcement of traffic rules and

 18

regulations, traffic enforcement, improvement of road infrastructure, and

promotion of sustainable transport should be prioritized to address traffic problems

in the Philippines. However, the effectiveness of these strategies will depend on

adequate resources such as funding, equipment, and personnel, as well as the need

for public awareness and cooperation to ensure a successful traffic management

strategy in the Philippines.

 Chapter II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the description and discussion of the research design,

respondents of the study, research locale and sampling, discussion of the research

instrument, data collection procedure, and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will be utilizing quantitative-descriptive research design.

Quantitative research design is a systematic approach to collect and analyze

numerical data through surveys, experiments, or other quantitative methods,

analyzing it using the statistical techniques, and interpreting results to draw valid

inference (Creswell, 2014).

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Naval, Billiran. Naval is a municipality located

in the province of Biliran in the Philippines which consists of 26 barangays and as

surveyed by the 2020 census has 58, 187 population which is 32.45% of the total

population of the Biliran Province (PhilAtlas, 2020). While Naval is not that vast

compared to larger cities, it still faces some traffic management challenges and

congestions due to population density, especially that its national highway road is

not four-laned..
 20

Research Respondents & Sampling

The population of this study were traffic enforcers, commuters, residents, and

drivers that resides in Naval, Biliran and a sample of 200 respondents was selected

through convenient sampling. Convenience sampling is a method of collecting

samples by taking samples that are currently available to a particular research

location (Edgar & Monz, 2017).

Research Instrument

The researchers adapted and modified the instrument used by Hintural et. al.

(2016) to glean the necessary data. The questionnaire included the profile of the

respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment and

occupation. The second part was comprised into sections such as traffic

enforcement, traffic education, traffic engineering, traffic ecology/environment and

traffic economy with statements in Likert-scale responses.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the conduct of the study transmittal letters was sent to the concerned

authorities such as the Office of the Mayor of Naval, and Land Transportation

Office for the permission and approval to conduct the study, entitled “Community

Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in Naval, Biliran”. Moreover, for

the data collection, informed consents were secured.

 21

The participants will be then asked to sign the informed consent to

indicate their voluntary decision in participating the study. After that, the selected

participants were given the survey questionnaire including the socio-demographic

profile, 10 questions each, about the community perceptions in traffic management

in terms of traffic enforcement, traffic education, traffic engineering, traffic

ecology/environment and traffic economy, summing up a total of 50 questions. The

respondents were given enough time to answer the survey. Data gathered will be

treated with high confidentiality and professionalism.

Data Scoring

The gathered data will be tallied, analyzed, interpreted, and presented

according with the variables of this study. Scores and responses obtained in the

questionnaire that required scoring will be interpreted using the following

descriptions. This was adapted ad modified from a study of Hintural et. al (2016).

Scale Scale Range Interpretation

1 0.00 – 1.30 Not Effective
2 1.31 – 2.30 Less Effective
3 2.31 – 3.30 Effective
4 3.31 – 4.30 Moderately
Effective
5 4.31– 5.00 Highly Effective
 22

Treatment of Data

The gathered data was tallied, analyzed, interpreted, and presented according

with the variables of this study. The researchers used the concept of frequency,

percentage, in organizing and tallying the data. MS Excel was used to ensure the

computation of the mean score for the statistical treatment of data. Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if there existed significant differences

on the community perceptions of traffic management effectivity in Naval, Biliran

when grouped according to profile variables.

Ethical Considerations

The respondents of this research were provided informed consent stating the

purpose of this study. The researchers secured the anonymity of the respondents

throughout the research conduct. The researchers properly addressed issues such as

intellectual honesty, respect to the respondents, confidentiality, objectivity of the

study, non-discrimination and others. The data were stored safely and was not

made available to anyone not directly involve with the study. Moreover, all results

were kept and was shredded after. Henceforth, the ethical aspect of research was

followed strictly in conducting the research.

 Chapter III

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This section of the study described and expounded the computed and

interpreted data that was gathered from the research instrument. The socio-

demographic data of the respondents were tallied, grouped, and ranked. The data

collected were presented in tables and figures and they were grouped based on the

order under this study. The mean score results of the community perception of

traffic management effectivity in terms of traffic enforcement, traffic education,

traffic engineering, traffic ecology/environment, and traffic economy were

tabulated and given interpretation.

Table 1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents

Participant Frequency Percentage Rank

Traffic Monitoring Group/ PNP 9 4.5% 3
Motorists/Drivers 89 44.5% 2
Commuters/Pedestrians 102 51% 1
Age Group Frequency Percentage Rank
16-20 14 7% 4
21-25 86 43% 1
26-30 55 27.5% 2
31-35 12 6% 5
36-40 15 7.5% 3
 24

41-45 9 4.5% 6
46-50 5 2.5% 7
50 &above 4 2% 8
Sex Frequency Percentage Rank
Male 114 57% 1
Female 86 43% 2
Civil Status Frequency Percentage Rank
Single 155 77.5% 1
Married 43 21.5% 2
Widow/er 2 1% 3
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage Rank
Elementary Graduate 7 3.5% 5
Highschool Undergraduate 16 8% 3
Highschool Graduate 24 12% 4
College Undergraduate 128 54% 1
College Graduate 25 12.5% 2
Vehicle Driven Frequency Percentage Rank
Private 62 31% 2
PUV’S 36 18% 1
 25

Table 1 revealed the percentage distribution of the respondents according to

their profile.

Participants, most of the respondents were commuters or pedestrians with a

frequency of 102 or 51% followed by motorists which got the frequency of 89 or

44.5%and finally, the traffic management group/ PNP had a frequency of 9 or

4.50%.

Age, it showed that majority of them belonged to 21-25 age group at a

frequency of 86 or 43.00 percent followed by the 26-30 age group at a frequency of

55 or 27.5%. Next was the 36-40 age group at a frequency of 15 or 7.5% while the

age group 16-20 ranked fourth with the frequency of 14 and 7%. Meanwhile, the

age group 31-35 held a frequency of 12 or 6.00 percent. Moreover, the age group

41-45 was the rank six with the frequency of 9 and 4.5 %. Additionally, the age

group with the second lowest frequency was 46-50 with a frequency of 5 or 2. %

and the least is 50 and above age group with a frequency of 4 or 2%.

Sex, majority of the respondents were male with a frequency of 114 or 57%

and the female group accounted to 86 or 43%.

Civil status, the married respondents accounted a frequency of 43 or 21.5%

preceding the single group with a frequency of 155 or 77.5%. The lowest is the

widow/ widower group with a frequency of 2 or 1%.

 26

Educational attainment, majority road users were college undergraduate

with a frequency of 128 or 64% followed by the college graduate group at a

frequency of 25 or 12.5%. High school graduate group accounted to 24 or 12%.

Furthermore, the high school undergraduate group had the frequency of 16 or 8%

and the lowest were obtained by the elementary graduate group at a frequency of 7

or 3.5%.

Vehicle driven, drivers of private vehicles got a frequency of 63 or 31.5%

percent and PUV drivers accounted to a frequency of 26 or 13%.

In 2022, the Philippines Statistics Authority reported that the number of

registered automobiles in the country was 13.83 million. Of these, 6.2 percent are

cars for rental and 93.0 percent are private automobiles. Government, diplomatic,

and exempt cars make up just 0.8% of all registered vehicles. Meanwhile, jeepneys

comprise only around 2% of the total vehicles in the Philippines (Rivas, 2023).
 27

Table 2. Community Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Enforcement
Indicators Weighted Interpretation Rank
Mean
1) Apprehension of traffic 4.10 Moderately 2
offenders. Effective

2) Processing the traffic accident 4.07 Moderately 3

site. Effective
3) Enforcement of traffic 4.01 Moderately 4
regulations and guidelines Effective
regulations and ordinances.
4) The direction and control of 4.31 Highly Effective 1
traffic movement.
5) Coordinate with other traffic 3.97 Moderately 5
agencies. Effective
Composite Mean 4.09 Moderately
Effective

Table 2 unveiled that traffic enforcement is highly effective in terms of the

direction and control of traffic movement which got the highest weighted mean of

4.31. The apprehension of traffic offenders was the second highest with a weighted

mean of 4.10. Processing the traffic accident site got a weighted mean of 4.07

proceeded by enforcement of traffic regulations and guidelines regulations and

ordinances with weighted mean of 4.01. Meanwhile, the lowest weighted mean of

3.97 was obtained by coordinating with other traffic agencies proved to be the least

significant of the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the traffic

 28

management. This indicates that direction and control of traffic movement

constitutes the most important aspect of traffic enforcement according to the

respondents. Apprehension of traffic violators and processing traffic accident site

were considered almost equal contribute to the traffic management. Meanwhile,

enforcement of traffic regulations and guidelines regulations and ordinances. and

coordinating with other traffic agencies are least aspects that contribute to the

effectivity of the traffic management.

Table 3. Community Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Engineering
Indicators Weighted Interpretation Rank
Mean
1) Supervision and maintenance 3.71 Moderately Effective 5
for
the implementation of traffic
control
devices like traffic light
signals,
pavement markings and
traffic
signs.

2) Maintaining the state of 3.84 Moderately Effective 3

traffic signage.
3) Maintenance and repair 4.17 Moderately Effective 2
program for national roads,
highways, and streets.
4) Designation of loading and 4.22 Moderately Effective 1
unloading areas.
5) Construction of creative 3.61 Moderately Effective 4
designs for elevated
walkways, overpasses,
 29

pavements, and shoulders.

Composite Mean 3.91 Moderately
Effective

According to Awduche (1999), traffic engineering is the performance

optimization of operational networks with the goal of making IP traffic

transmission more efficient, reliable, and timely. It seeks to improve traffic

distribution based on a certain performance criterion, which frequently necessitates

changes to current routing protocols and forwarding systems (Sridaharan, 2003).

From the above table, community perceptions of traffic management

effectivity of Naval, Biliran in terms of traffic engineering is being shown, which

got the composite mean of 3.91 rated to be effective. The indicator revealed to be

the most effective is the designation of loading and unloading areas with a

weighted average of 4.22. The mmaintenance and repair program for national

roads, highways, and streets came close with a weighted mean of 4.17 followed by

mmaintaining the state of traffic signage at rank 3 with a weighted mean of 3.84.

Furthermore, although proven to be moderately effective, it was observed that the

indicators supervision and cconstruction of creative designs for elevated walkways,

overpasses, pavements, and shoulders. got the lowest ratings with the weighted

means 3.71 and 3.61, respectively.

 30

Table 4. Community Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Education
Indicators Weighted Interpretation Rank
Mean
1) Promoting traffic safety 3.87 Moderately 3
morality. Effective
2) Integrating traffic safety 4.01 Moderately 2
regulations at the elementary Effective
level.
3) Disseminate traffic 3.76 Moderately 4
information through various Effective
media channels.
4) Providing citizens with the 4.92 Highly Effective 1
most recent traffic and
vehicle statistics.
accidents.
5) Universities and colleges 3.29 Effective 5
offer and conduct traffic
safety training for business
and public agencies.

Composite Mean 3.97 Moderately

Effective

Table 4 showed that traffic education is highly effective in the function of

providing citizens with the most recent traffic and vehicle statistics accidents

which got the highest weighted mean of 4.92. With a gap of 0.81, integrating

traffic safety regulations at the elementary level came in second with a weighted

mean of 4.01 proceeded promoting traffic safety morality with a weighted mean of

3.87 at rank 3. Disseminate traffic information through various media channels is

 31

at rank 4 with weighted mean of 3.76 and the lowest, weighted mean of 3.29 was

obtained by universities and colleges offer and conduct traffic safety training for

business and public agencies which was observed to be the least significant of the

factors that contribute to the effectiveness of the traffic management. The

composite mean of the five indicators was 3.97 which was rated to be moderately

effective.

Ju and Rao (2011) highlighted that schools and colleges play an

important role in offering high-quality training for traffic and transportation

engineering talent, such as moral character, noble personality, and integrated

personality. In line with these, Vuhong (2022) accentuated that many universities

educational programs include traffic safety teaching; however, awareness,

planning, and implementation are inconsistent with overall educational plans,

resulting in low educational efficacy.

Table 5. Community Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Ecology
Indicators Weighted Interpretation Rank
Mean
1) Implementation of R.A. 4.25 Moderately 3
8749, often known as the Effective
Clean Air Act.

2) Directing law enforcement 4.59 Highly Effective 2

agencies to adopt pollution
control measures.
3) Controlling and reducing air 3.68 Moderately 4
 32

pollution caused by motor Effective

vehicles.
4) Examining the impact of 3.71 Moderately 1
scale on urban environments Effective
new urbanization leads to
increased density and
activity.
5) Ensuring safe traffic routes 4.07 Moderately 5
and in the driving Effective
environment.
Composite Mean 4.06 Moderately
Effective

Table 5 revealed that the traffic management functions in terms of traffic

environment/ ecology gathered a composite mean of 4.06, which can be rated as

moderately effective. The indicators considered directing law enforcement

agencies to adopt pollution control measures proved to be highly effective, ranked

the highest with a weighted average of 4.59. Implementation of R.A. 8749, often

known as the Clean Air Act ranked second with a weighted mean of 1.99 followed

by ensuring safe traffic routes and in the driving environment at ranked 3 with a

weighted mean of 4.07. Meanwhile, the indicators that got the least weighted

means were examining the impact of scale on urban environments new

urbanization leads to increased density and activity and controlling and reducing

air pollution caused by motor vehicles with the means 3.71 and 3.68, respectively.
 33

Table 6. Community Perceptions of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Economy
Indicators Weighted Interpretation Rank
Mean
1) Lowering fuel prices for motor 4.14 Moderately 3
vehicles. Effective

2) Analysing the impact of traffic 3.94 Moderately 5

congestion on business and Effective
economic activities.
3) Developing methods to address 4.21 Moderately 2
the impact of traffic congestion Effective
on economic growth.

4) Close collaboration with private 4.02 Moderately 4

operators and business owners. Effective
5) Proposing a simple and fast 4.29 Moderately 1
route for drivers and Effective
commuters.

Composite Mean 4.12 Moderately

Effective

In Table 6, the effectiveness of traffic management was evaluated in

terms of traffic economy using five indicators. Proposing a simple and fast route

for drivers and commuters was the indicator proved to be the highest with a mean

of 4.29 rated to be moderately effective. Developing methods to address the impact

of traffic congestion on economic growth came close with a weighted mean 0f 4.21

followed by lowering fuel prices for motor vehicles at rank 3 which got the

weighted mean of 4.14. At rank 4, close collaboration with private operators and
 34

business owner averaged a weighted mean of 4.02. Finally, analysing the impact of

traffic congestion on business and economic activities was ranked 5 interpreted to

be moderately effective with a weighted mean of 3.94. Overall, the composite

mean of this table was 4.12, interpreted to be moderately effective.

Table 7. Overall Weighted Mean of Traffic Management Effectivity in terms

of Traffic Enforcement, Traffic Engineering, Traffic Education, Traffic

Ecology, & Traffic Economy

Elements Composite Interpretation Rank

Mean
1) Traffic 4.09 Moderately 2
Enforcement Effective

2) Traffic 3.91 Moderately 5

Engineering Effective

3) Traffic 3.97 Moderately 4

Education Effective

4) Traffic Ecology 4.06 Moderately 3

Effective
5) Traffic Economy 4.12 Moderately 1
Effective
Traffic Management 4.03 Moderately
Effectivity Effective
Table 7 shows that traffic management is moderately effective in terms traffic

enforcement, engineering, education, ecology, & economy. However, traffic

economy garnered the highest with mean score of 4.12, seconded by traffic

enforcement with the mean score of 4.09. Meanwhile, traffic ecology is interpreted
 35

to be moderately effective having a mean score of 4.06. On the other hand, the

element traffic education got the mean score of 3.97 which is also observed to be

moderately effective. Lastly, the element who got the least mean score is traffic

engineering with only 3.91. Overall, the effectivity of traffic management got the

mean of 4.03 interpreted to be moderately effective.

Table 8. Difference of the Community Perceptions of Traffic Management

Effectivity in Naval, Biliran When Grouped According to Profile Variable (α
= 0.05)

Profile Variables Fc p-value Interpretation

Participant 0.643 0.670 Not Significant

Age 1.456 0.110 Not Significant

Gender 2.024 0.030 Significant

Civil Status 3.195 0.024 Significant

Educational 2.347 0.012 Significant

Attainment

Vehicle Driven 2.312 0.260 Not Significant

Legend: Significant at p-value < 0.05; S – Significant; NS – Not Significant

Table 8 unveiled the difference of the community perceptions of the traffic

management effectivity of Naval, Biliran when grouped according to profile

variables. Among the six profile variables, it was observed that only the variables
 36

gender, civil status, and educational attainment have a statistically significant

difference with p-values equal to 0.030, 0.024, and 0.012, respectively.

 Chapter IV

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This part of the paper described the inferences and suggestions made based

on the observed results and interpretation.

Summary of Findings

The greatest number of respondents were pedestrians or commuters aged 21-

25, single, male, and college undergraduates. Respondents assessed the traffic

control function of Naval, Biliran as moderately effective. Respondents evaluated

Naval Biliran's traffic management function based on elements such as

enforcement, engineering, environment, education, and economics. Among the six

profile variables, it was observed that only the variables gender, civil status, and

educational attainment have a statistically significant difference with p-values

equal to 0.030, 0.024, and 0.012, respectively.

Conclusion

Based on the indicated findings, the study revealed that traffic management

function in Naval, Biliran is moderately effective. Furthermore, this study found

out that there is an existing significant difference between the profile variables sex,

civil status, and educational attainment. This means that respondents, with

different sex; single, married or widow/widower; and with different educational

 38

background have seen the effectiveness of the traffic management of Naval,

Biliran in different level of perspectives.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, where the assessment of traffic

engineering in the area has been reported to be moderately effective yet the least

among other traffic management elements, it is evident that an immediate focus on

 39

improving the transportation infrastructure and traffic management is

crucial. The researchers suggested that local government unit should

communicate to traffic agencies about investing in the development and

expansion of road networks, intersections, and traffic signaling systems to

accommodate the growing demands of the area. Consider implementing

modern technologies such as smart traffic lights, intelligent transportation

systems, and real-time traffic monitoring to optimize traffic flow and reduce

congestion.
 40

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Introduction to Human Factors Engineering. Pearson Education.

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Clarke, R. V., & Homel, R. (1997). A revised classification of situational

crime prevention techniques. Crime Prevention Studies, 7, 17-30.

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Elsom, D. M. (1997). Effectiveness of traffic management measures in

improving air quality in European cities. WIT Transactions on

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Awduche, D. (1999). MPLS and traffic engineering in IP networks. IEEE

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Bennett, N. (2016). Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation

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http://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12681

Bennett, N. (2016). Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation

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Chang, K. C., Chen, M. C., Hsu, C. L., & Kuo, N. T. (2010, September 28).

The effect of service convenience on post‐purchasing behaviours.

 42

Industrial Management + Data Systems/Industrial Management &

Data Systems. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571011087464

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Safety 2023 in the Philippines. (2023).

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Ju, T., & Rao, S. (2011). Training for Moral Attainment of Traffic and

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Sridharan, A., Guérin, R., & Diot, C. (2003). Achieving near-optimal traffic

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https://doi.org/10.32930/nuances.v33i00.9490.
 44

Appendix A

Republic of the Philippines

Biliran Province State University

(formerly Naval Sate University)

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED

SCHOOL OF CRMINAL JUSTICE DUCATION

October 21, 2024

HON. GRETCHEN STEPHANIE ESPINA

Municipality Mayor

Biliran Province

Dear Honorable Mayor:

Greetings!

We are 4th-year students of the School of Criminal Justice Education at

Biliran Province State University taking up Bachelor of Science in
Criminology. We are currently conducting a study entitled: “Community
Perceptions On Traffic Management Effectivity In Naval, Biliran,” as part
of our requirement in Criminological Research 2 (Thesis Writing and
Presentation). The result of the study would serve as the basis of a proposed
improvement of the current condition of the traffic management in Naval,
 45

Biliran. The intended participants are the traffic enforcers, drivers,

commuters and pedestrian of the municipality.

In this regard, we are asking for your permission to allow us to conduct our
study with the said respondents. All gathered data will be treated with
utmost confidentiality.

Hoping for your favorable response for this matter.

Respectfully yours,

MR. GERALD C. JABUEN

Lead Researcher

Noted by:

MR. RYAN C. DURAN, MSCJ ARCHIE T. RAMIRES, PhD CJ

Chairperson, BS Criminology Dean, SCJE

 46

Appendix B

Part I. Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Name:____________________________(Optional) Age:___________________________

Sex:______________________________ Civil Status:_____________________

Educational Attainment:______________ Type of Vehicle Driven:___________

Part 2. Traffic Management Condition in terms of Traffic Enforcement, Traffic

Engineering, Traffic Education, Traffic Ecology,

Direction: Kindly put a check mark on your desired response.

5 - Strongly Agree 4 - Agree 3 - Neutral

2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly Disagree

 47

A. Traffic Enforcement

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1) Traffic enforcement officials

regularly stop traffic violators.

2) The current penalties and fines

are effective in deterring traffic

violations.

3) Traffic enforcement officers are

efficient in processing and clearing

traffic accident scenes.

4) Communication and

coordination are fast between

traffic enforcement officers and

other emergency responders at

traffic accident scenes.

5) Traffic enforcement officers

constantly enforce traffic laws,

rules, and regulations in your area.

 48

6)Enforcement of local traffic

ordinances is efficient in improving

overall road safety.

7) Traffic laws and regulations help

ensure the orderly flow of vehicles

and pedestrians.

8)Traffic officers and signals play

an important role in directing

traffic and avoiding congestion.

9)Traffic enforcement agencies

work closely with transportation

departments to improve road

infrastructure and traffic flow.

10)Traffic officers coordinate with

emergency response teams like

police, fire fighters and ambulance

to facilitate their access in case of

emergencies.
 49

B. Traffic Engineering

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1) The timing of traffic light signals

meets the needs of traffic flow.

2) Proper procedures are followed

when installing and maintaining

traffic signs.

3) Regular inspection and

maintenance of traffic lights, signs

and road markings are conducted to

ensure their visibility and

effectiveness.

4) Faulty or non-functioning traffic

control devices are repaired or

replaced promptly to avoid

confusion or unsafe conditions for

motorists.

5) Roads and highways are repaired

in a timely manner before they

 50

deteriorate too much.

6) Road surfaces are kept smooth

and even to allow for safe driving.

7) The loading and unloading areas

are adequately sized and located for

their intended use.

8) The loading and unloading areas

are properly marked and signed to

minimize confusion.

9) The designs for walkways and

pavements adequately accommodate

the intended users and traffic

volumes.

10) The designs consider safety,

accessibility, and ease of use for all

users.
 51

C. Traffic Education

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1) People are being educated on traffic

rules and regulations.

2) Traffic education programs are held

to provide road user with practical

skills for safe road use.

3) Teaching traffic safety rules in

elementary school helps children

better understand the rules when they

start driving.

4) Introducing traffic safety rules early

helps build children's confidence to

use the road safely.

5) The use of various media (TV,

radio, internet, billboards, etc.) is

effective for spreading traffic

information.

6) Using multiple media channels

helps reach a wider audience with

 52

traffic information.

7) Access to accurate and up-to-date

traffic statistics can help identify areas

for improvement.

8) Providing traffic and accident

statistics to the public can increase

awareness and caution.

9) It is important for universities and

colleges to offer traffic safety courses

to public and private agencies.

10) Traffic safety courses offered by

universities adequately equip agencies

with the knowledge and skills needed.

 53

D. Traffic Ecology

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1) Stricter penalties for non-

compliance with vehicle emission

standards would help achieve the

objectives of the Clean Air Act.

2) Increased use of public

transportation would be an effective

way to reduce air pollution from

private vehicles.

3) Law enforcement agencies

should be given more authority to

penalize vehicle owners who do not

comply with emission standards.

4) Law enforcement should conduct

more frequent roadside checks to

identify vehicles that do not meet

emission standards.

5) Strict vehicle emission standards

 54

are effective in preventing and

controlling air pollution from motor

vehicles.

6) Regular vehicle maintenance and

emission testing helps abate air

pollution from motor vehicles.

7) Increased air and noise pollution

from traffic is a major

environmental issue in my city.

8) New urban developments in my

city are not sustainable and have

degraded the overall quality of life.

9) The government has taken

adequate measures to ensure safety

of traffic routes and the road

environment in my city.

10) Traffic rules and regulations are

strictly enforced to promote safety

on the roads in my city.

E. Traffic Economy
 55

Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1) Decreasing the price of fuel

through subsidies would

significantly benefit the public.

2) Decreasing fuel costs through

subsidies is an effective way to

stimulate the economy.

3) Traffic congestion leads to

reduced productivity and economic

losses for businesses in my city.

4) Frequent traffic jams discourage

customers and clients from visiting

businesses in my city.

5) Improving traffic flow and

reducing congestion would

significantly boost economic

growth in my city.

6) Investing in better roads, public

transit and traffic management

 56

would minimize the economic

impacts of congestion.

7) Close coordination with private

transport operators would help

reduce traffic congestion.

8) Collaborating with business

establishments can help change

employee behaviors that contribute

to traffic.

9) Improving route signage and

providing directions to commuters

would reduce travel time.

10) Implementing one-way roads

and exclusive lanes would help

motorists move through traffic

more quickly.

Appendix C

Location Map
57