Chapter 1machine

Electrical Machines (1)
Course Code EEN 340
By:
DR. Mohammed Elshahat Dessouky Abo Elmorsy
E-mail: dessouky_m@yahoo.com
Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 1

Text book:
Chapman, S. J., "Electric Machinery fundamentals", 5th
,McGraw Hill Co., 2011
Supplementary references :
1-P .C. Sen. ”Principles of Electric Machines and
Applications” 2nd Ed., New York: Wiley
2- M. Abdussalam. “Fundamentals of Electrical Machines”
Alpha Science, 2005.
3-Fitzgerlad, kingsley and Umans, "Electric machinery", 6th
edition, McGraw-Hill, 2006
Other Information Resources
Grading:
Quizzes 20%
Reports 10%
Mid Term 30%
Final Exam 40%

Contents
Time table for distributing theoretical course contents
Theoretical course contents Remarks
* Single and multi- Excited Magnetic circuit Systems
Single phase Transformer Construction, principle of operation, equivalent circuit,

*
efficiency, voltage regulation and phasor diagram
* Transformer Testing, Parallel Operation

Principles of electro-mechanical energy conversion
*
The generation of e.m.f., Work, Power, Force torque
* Construction of DC Machine, The magnetic circuit of the dc machine
* Armature windings
Methods of excitation, Load characteristics of dc generators and motors,
*
Efficiency, Testing of dc machine
* Armature Reaction
Final Exam
Part 1_1
Magnetic Circuit
And
Magnetic Materials

Important Note
The PPT files are Guide for You
Read Much More…..
Understand
Practice
Discuss
Electromagnetism
Presence of a “magnetic fields” can be
produced by:
Use of permanent magnets
Use of electromagnets
Magnetic field around a bar magnet
Two “poles” dictated by direction of the field

Opposite poles attract (aligned magnetic
field)
Same poles repel (opposing magnetic field)

Electromagnetism
Magnetic Flux/ Flux Line Characteristic
1. Outside - Leaves the north pole (N) and enters

the south pole (S) of a magnet. Inside - Leaves
the south pole (S) and enters the north pole (N)
of a magnet.
2. Like (NN, SS) magnetic poles repel each other.
3. Unlike (NS) magnetic poles attracts each other.
4. Magnetic lines of force (flux) are always
continuous (closed) loops, and try to make as
shortest distance loop.
5. Flux line never cross each others

Electromagnetism
Magnetic materials (ferromagnetic):
Iron – Steel – Cobalt - Nickel
and some of their alloys.
Non magnetic materials:

water, wood, air, quartz, silver, copper etc.

Electromagnetism
The basic source of the magnetic field is electrical
charge in motion. In magnetic materials, fields are
created by the spin of electrons in atoms. These fields
aid one another, producing the net external field that we
observe. In most other materials (non magnetic
materials), the magnetic fields of electrons tend to
cancel one another.
In a current-carrying wire, the moving electrons in the

wire create magnetic fields around the wire.

Electromagnetism
Iron bar
Magnetic molecules
In an non-magnetized state, the molecular magnets lie in random

manner, hence there is no resultant external magnetism
exhibited by the iron bar.
wood
Non-magnetic molecules
Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki 11
Course Code EEN 340
Electromagnetism
S N
N S
Iron bar
Magnetic molecules
When the iron bar is placed in a magnetic field or under the

influence of a magnetizing force, then these molecular magnets
start turning their axes and orientate themselves more or less
along a straight lines.
Electromagnetism
S N
N S
Iron bar
Magnetic molecules
When the iron bar is placed in a very strong magnetic field, all
these molecular magnets orientate themselves along a straight
lines (saturated).

Production of a magnetic field
Any current carrying wire will produce magnetic

field around itself.
Magnetic field around a wire (right hand rule)

Thumb indicates direction of current flow
Finger curl indicates the direction of field

Right-hand rule
out of page/board Into page/board

Ampere’s Law
i-H relation
Ampere’s law: the line integral of magnetic field
intensity around a closed path is equal to the
sum of the currents flowing through the surface
bounded by the path
H
 H  dl   i I1 I2 
dl
Recall that the vector dot product is given by


Hdl  Hdlcos() in which  is the angle
between H and dl.
Ampere’s Law
If the magnetic intensity has constant magnitude
and points in the same direction as the incremental
length dl everywhere along the path, Ampere’s law
reduces to
Hl   i
in which l is the length of the path.

Examples of such cases: (i) Magnetic field around a
long straight wire, (ii) Solenoid

Current loop

Even more loops

Flux Density
Number of lines of magnetic force (flux)
passing through unit area

Field Intensity
The effort made by the current in the wire to setup a
magnetic field.
Magnetomotive force (mmf) per unit length is
known as the “magnetizing force” H
Magnetizing force and flux density related by:

Permeability
Permeability  is a measure of the ease by which a
magnetic flux can pass through a material (Wb/At.m).
The higher the better flux can flow in the magnetic
materials.
Permeability of free space o = 4 x 10-7 (Wb/At.m)
Relative permeability, r :

Reluctance
Reluctance, which is similar to resistance, is the
opposition to the establishment of a magnetic field, i.e."
resistance” to flow of magnetic flux. Depends on length
of magnetic path , cross-section area A and
permeability of material .

Magnetomotive Force
The product of the number of turns and the
current in the wire wrapped around the core’s
arm. (The ability of a coil to produce flux)

Ohm’s Law For Magnetic Circuits
cause
effect 
opposition
For magnetic circuits, the effect is the flux.

The cause is the magneto motive force (mmf) F, which
is the external force (or “pressure”) required to set up the
magnetic flux lines within the magnetic material.
The opposition to the setting up of the flux is the
reluctance .

Magnetic Equivalent Circuit

i
lc
+
N F 
-
Analogy between magnetic

circuit and electric circuit E R

Analogy between magnetic circuit and electric circuit
Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap
l c

i c
+
N lg F
-
g
lc lg
c  ; g 
cAc 0Ag
Ni
  Ni  H c l c  H g l g
C  g
Flux density
c g
Bc  ; Bg 
Ac Ag
For reluctance in series :
eq  1   2  3

For reluctance in parallel :
1 1 1 1
  
eq 1 2 3

Part 1_2
Examples on
Series Magnetic Circuit
Parallel Magnetic Circuit

Series Magnetic Circuit
Total Re luc tan ce   1  2  3   g
l1
Where  1 
μ0 μr1a1
l2
2 
μ0 μr 2 a2
l3
3 
μ0 μr 3a3
lg
g 
μ0 ag
 B1l1 B3l3 Bg lg 
mmf   φ11  φ22  φ33  φg  g   
B2l2
   
μ μ
 0 r1 μ μ
0 r2 μ μ
0 r3 μ0 
Total mmf  H1l1  H 2l2  H 3l3  H g lg

Exercise
The iron ring shown in Fig. 1, is made up of a material having a relative
permeability of 1000 and has a flux density of 2 T in the air gap. For the given
dimensions of l1 = 0.15 m, l2 = 0.1 m, l3 = 0.2 m, lag = 1 cm, A1 = A3 = Ag = 2*10-4 m2,
A2 = 3*10-4 m2, if the current through the coil is 1.5 A, compute the number of
turns required. Neglect leakage flux and fringe effect.

Parallel magnetic circuit
F A D
Φ1 Φ2
RB R RA
N Φ
+-
V
E B C
l l2 l1
AB  ; ADCB  ; AFEB  ;   1  2
μ 0μ r a 1
μ 0μ r2 a 2 μ 0μ r3a 3
Total mmf required  Path AB mmf  (Path AFEB or ADCB mmf)
MMFTotal    AB  ( 1 AFEB or 2 ADCB ),
Where 1 AFEB  2 ADCB
F A C
Φ1 Φ2
Φ
E D
B
Ra
RA
+
RB V
-
Equivalent electrical circuit Rb

Exercise
The core shown has a relative permeability of 4000. Find the
current required for the exciting coil to produce a flux of
10 milli Wb in the central limb. Take total number of turns of
the coil as 500 turns.
20 Cm 4x4 cm2
20 Cm 20 Cm 0.02 Cm airgap
20Cm
CCC
m

Electrical Machine (1)
Part 1_3
Magnetic Circuit
And
Magnetic Materials

We will cover the following points
Leakage Flux
Fringing Effect
Faraday’s Law
Lenz’s Law
Magnetization Curves
Hysteresis losses
Eddy current loss

Leakage Flux
Part of the flux generated by a current-carrying
coil wrapped around a leg of a magnetic core
stays outside the core. This flux is called leakage
flux.

Fringing Effect
The effective area provided for the flow of lines
of magnetic force (flux) in an air gap is larger
than the cross-sectional area of the core. This is
due to a phenomenon known as fringing effect.
Air gap
– to avoid flux
saturation when too
much current flows
- To increase
reluctance

Example 1
Refer to Figure below, calculate:-
1) Flux 2) Flux density 3) Magnetic intensity
Given r = 1,000; no of turn, N = 500; current, i = 0.1 A. cross

sectional area, A = 0.0001m2 , and means length core lC = 0.36 m.
lc
i
1. 1.75x10-5 Wb
N
2. 0.175 Wb/m2
3. 139 AT/Wb

Electromagnetic Induction
An emf can be induced in a coil if the magnetic flux
through the coil is changed. This phenomenon is known as
electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s Law
First Law.
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf
(voltage) is always induced in it.
Or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an emf (voltage) is
induced in that conductor.

Faraday’s Law
Second Law.
The magnitude of the induced emf (voltage) is
equal to the rate of change of flux-linkages.
d
e
dt
where   N
d ( N ) Nd
e 
dt dt
Direction of Induced emf
The direction (polarity) of induced emf (voltage)

can be determined by applying:
1- Lenz’s Law.
Lenz’s law is equivalent to Newton’s law.

Lenz’s Law
An induced current has a direction such that the magnetic field due
to the induced current opposes the change in the magnetic flux that
induces the current.
B B
S
+ B-field from induced

B-field from induced +
I current
current
N
v v
the fall produces

an induced current
the B-field produced

by the induced current
tries to impede the fall
2- Right hand rule

Relative motion
When a wire is moved across a magnetic field,
S
there is a relative motion between the wire and
the magnetic field.
When a magnetic field is moved past a
N
stationary wire, there is also relative motion.
S
In either case, the relative motion results in
an induced voltage in the wire.
N
Induced voltage
The induced voltage due to the relative motion between the

conductor and the magnetic field
vind = Blv sin(ϴ)
B = flux density in T
l = length of the conductor in the magnetic field in m
v = relative velocity in m/s (motion is perpendicular)

Faraday’s law
Faraday experimented with generating current by

relative motion between a magnet and a coil of wire.
The amount of voltage induced across a coil is
determined by two factors:
1. The rate of change of the

S N magnetic flux with respect
to the coil.
- V+ Voltage is indicated only

when magnet is moving.
Faraday’s law
Faraday also experimented generating current by relative

motion between a magnet and a coil of wire. The amount
of voltage induced across a coil is determined by two
factors:
1. The rate of change of the magnetic

flux with respect to the coil.
S N
2. The number of turns of wire in
the coil.
- V+ Voltage is indicated only

when magnet is moving.
Magnetization Curves
Behavior of flux density compared with magnetic field strength,
if magnetic intensity H increases by increase of current I, the flux
density B in the core changes as shown.
B(T)
Saturation
B  0  r H
H(A/m)
 current (I)
Magnetization curve (B-H characteristic)

Magnetization Curves (2)
saturation
B knee
B
Linear
H H
Magnetization curve Magnetization curve

(linear) (Ideal) (non-linear) (Actual)

Magnetization Curves(3)
•One can linearize magnetic circuits by including air-gaps
•However that would cause a large increase in ampere-turn

requirements.
Ex: Transformers don’t have air-gaps. They have very little

magnetizing current (5% of full load)
Induction motors have air-gaps. They have large magnetizing

current (30-50%)

Magnetization curve and permeability
of ferromagnetic materials

1
Hysteresis losses
f i
T
f =frequency
of sine source
B
i
B-H or Hysteresis loop
Br saturation
3
knee point
4 5
0
1 2 0 1 2 3 t
Hc H
4 5
Br = Retentive flux density (due to property of retentivity)

Hc= Coercive field intensity (due to property of coercivity)

When we want to minimize the core loss( as in transformer or motor)
we choose a material having a thin a hysteresis loop (soft material Fig. a).
On the other hand, for a permanent magnet, we should choose a material with a wide
loop(hard material Fig. b)

Hysteresis losses (2)
•The lagging phenomenon of B behind H is called hysteresis
• The tip of hysteresis loops can be joined to obtain the

magnetization characteristics
•In each of the current cycle the energy lost in the core is
proportional to the area of the B-H loop
•Energy lost/cycle = Vcore  HdB

• Ph = Hysteresis loss = f Vcore  HdB = kh B n
maxf
kh = Constant, n = 1.5-2.5, Bmax= Peak flux density

Eddy current loss
Because of time variation of flux flowing through the magnetic
material as shown, current is induced in the magnetic material,
following Faraday’s law. This current is called eddy current.
The direction of the current is determined by Lenz’s law. This current
can be reduced by using laminated (thin sheet) iron structure, with
Insulation between the laminations.
– Empirical equation

Core Loss / iron loss(Pi / Pc)
Core Loss
Pc  Ph  Pe
where Ph  hysteresis loss
Pe  eddy current loss

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Electrical Machines (1)

Course Code EEN 340

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 1

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 3

Theoretical course contents Remarks

* Single and multi- Excited Magnetic circuit Systems

Single phase Transformer Construction, principle of operation, equivalent circuit,

* Transformer Testing, Parallel Operation

* Construction of DC Machine, The magnetic circuit of the dc machine

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 5

Magnetic field around a bar magnet

Two “poles” dictated by direction of the field

Same poles repel (opposing magnetic field)

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 7

Magnetic Flux/ Flux Line Characteristic

1. Outside - Leaves the north pole (N) and enters

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 8

Non magnetic materials:

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 9

In a current-carrying wire, the moving electrons in the

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 10

In an non-magnetized state, the molecular magnets lie in random

When the iron bar is placed in a magnetic field or under the

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 13

Any current carrying wire will produce magnetic

Magnetic field around a wire (right hand rule)

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 14

out of page/board Into page/board

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 15

Recall that the vector dot product is given by

in which l is the length of the path.

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 17

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 18

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 19

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 20

Magnetizing force and flux density related by:

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 21

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 22

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 23

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 24

For magnetic circuits, the effect is the flux.

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 25

Analogy between magnetic

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 26

Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 27

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki 29

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki 30

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 1

Total mmf  H1l1  H 2l2  H 3l3  H g lg

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 3

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 5

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 6

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 1

Eddy current loss

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 2

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 3

Dr. Eng. M.Dessouki Course Code EEN 340 4

Given r = 1,000; no of turn, N = 500; current, i = 0.1 A. cross