Contact Information

Dr. Yomna Hassan

Email: Yomna.abdelhamid@h-eng.helwan.edu.eg

Mobile : 01096037569

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 Course Title
Biomechanics

Reference: Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement

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Review

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Biomechanics Versus Kinesiology

Anatomy
Kinesiology

Physiology
Psychology

Biomechanics

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Biomechanics Versus Kinesiology
kinesiology is the study of the human movement using three disciplines (Anatomy,
Physiology, and Biomechanics)
• Anatomy to study the structure of body organs
• Physiology to study the function of body organs
• Biomechanics to study the physical forces acting on the body.

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Biomechanics Versus Kinesiology

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Subbranches of Biomechanics

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Statics Versus Dynamics

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Kinematics Versus Kinetics

Kinematics, is the study of the variables that describe the motion

- Displacement (amount, type, and direction of motion)
- Velocity (Speed)
- Acceleration (Change in speed)

Kinetics, is the study of the variables that cause the motion

-Force
-Torque
-Mass

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Kinematics

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Kinetics

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Subbranches of Biomechanics

Kinematics Kinetics

Linear Angular Qualitative Quantitative

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Quantitative versus Qualitative

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Linear Motion

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Linear Motion

Linear Motion

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Angular Motion

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General Motion

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Linear Kinematics

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Collection of Kinematic Data

Kinematic data are collected for use in a quantitative analysis using several methods.
Biomechanics laboratories, for example, may use accelerometers that measure the
accelerations of body segments directly.
High-speed video or optoelectric motion capture systems, the data obtained from
these systems report the positions of body segments with respect to time.

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a)Wearable device are worn on human body segments of interest for motion capture
b)Motion data including three-dimensional motion velocity, motion acceleration, and attitude angles can be
measured by the wearable device.
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Reference System

Before any analysis, it is necessary to determine a spatial reference system in which the
motion takes place. A 2D reference system has two imaginary axes perpendicular to each
other. The two axes (x, y) are positioned so that one is vertical (y) and the other is horizontal
(x), although they may be oriented in any manner.
In certain circumstances, the axes may be reoriented such that one axis (y) runs along the long
axis of a segment and the other axis (x) is perpendicular to the y-axis.

As segment moves, the coordinate system also moves. Thus, the y-axis corresponding to the
long axis of the segment moves with the result that the y-axis may not necessarily be vertical.

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Linear Kinematics
“Vectors and Scalers”

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

Certain quantities, such as mass, and volume, may be described fully by their amount or their
magnitude. These are scalar quantities. For example, when one runs a race that is 5 km long,
the distance or the magnitude of the race is 5 km.

Other quantities, however, cannot be completely described by their magnitude. These

quantities are called vectors and are described by both magnitude and direction. For example,
when an object undergoes a displacement, the distance and the direction are important.

Many of the quantities calculated in kinematic analysis are vectors, so a thorough

understanding of vectors is necessary.

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

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Vectors are represented by an arrow, with the magnitude represented by the length of the line and the
arrow pointing in the appropriate direction as shown in the next figure (left). Vectors are equal if their
magnitudes are equal and they are pointed in the same direction.
Vectors can be added together. Graphically, vectors may be added by placing the tail of one vector at the
head of the other vector, as shown in the next figure (right) (A).

As shown in the next figure (right) (B), the vectors are not in the same direction, but the tail of B can
still be placed at the head of A. Joining the tail of B to the head of A produces the vector C, which is the
sum of A + B, or the resultant of the two vectors.

Subtracting vectors is accomplished by adding the negative of one of the vectors. That is C= A-B = A +
(-B), as shown in the next figure (right) (C).

Vectors may also undergo forms of multiplication that are used mainly in a 3D analysis. Multiplying a
vector by a scalar changes the magnitude of a vector but not its direction. Therefore, multiplying 3 (a
scalar) times the vector A is the same as adding A + A + A, as shown in the next figure (right) (D).

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

A vector may also be resolved or broken down into

its horizontal and vertical components. In the next
figure, the vector A is illustrated with its horizontal
and vertical components.

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Scalar and Vector Quantities

It is common to work with multiple vectors that must be combined to evaluate the resultant
vector.
Vectors can be graphically combined by connecting the vectors head to tail and joining the
tail of the first one with the head of the last one to obtain the resultant vector.

This can also be done by first resolving each vector into x and y components using the
trigonometric technique earlier and then applying a technique to compose the resultant
vector.

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Scalar and Vector Quantities
The two vectors shown in the next figure will
be assigned values of length 10 and 45° for
vector A and length 5 and 0° for vector B.

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 Linear Kinematics
“Distance and Displacement”

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Distance and Displacement

The position of an object refers to its location in space relative to some reference.

Displacement should not be confused with distance. Displacement is a straight line from
one position to the next. The distance is the actual length of the path travelled. The distance
of an object travels may or may not be a straight line.

The distance travelled is always greater than or equal to the displacement.

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Distance and Displacement

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Distance and Displacement
In the next figure, a runner starts the race, runs to point A, turns right to point B, turns left to
point C, turns right to point D, and then turns left to the finish. The distance run is the actual
length of the path traveled. Displacement, on the other hand, is a straight line between the
start and the finish of the race.

Displacement is defined both by how far the object has moved from its starting position and
by the direction it moved. Because displacement inherently describes the magnitude and
direction of the change in position, it is a vector quantity. Distance, because it refers only to
how far an object moved, is a scalar quantity.

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Distance and Displacement

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⩟X

⩟Y

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Distance and Displacement
For example, if an object is at position A (1, 2) at time
0.02 seconds and position B (7, 7) at time 0.04 seconds
(The next figure), the horizontal and vertical displacements are:

The object is displaced 6 m horizontally and 5 m vertically.

The movement may also be described as to the right and
upward relative to the origin of the reference system. The
resultant displacement or the length of the vector from A to B
may be calculated as:

The direction of the displacement of the vector from

A to B may be calculated as: Therefore, the point is displaced 7.81 m up
and to the right of the origin at 39.8°.

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Distance and Displacement
Consider the previous figure. In a successive position to B, the
object moved to position C (11, 3). The displacement is:

The object would have been displaced 4 m horizontally and 4

m vertically. The resultant displacement between points B
and C is:

The direction of the displacement of the vector from A to B is:

The displacement from point B to C is 5.66

m to the right and down toward the x-axis
from point B at an angle of 45° below the
horizontal.
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Linear Kinematics
“Velocity and Speed”

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Velocity and Speed
Speed is a scalar quantity and is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time it took
to travel.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Speed =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞
It is the rate of change of the distance travelled with respect to time.
Velocity is a vector quantity and is defined as the displacement traveled divided by the time
it took to travel.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
Velocity =
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞
It is the rate of change of the displacement (vector) travelled with respect to time. In
biomechanics, velocity is generally of more interest than speed.
The speed of an object is a scalar quantity that describes only the magnitude of motion of the
object. The velocity of an object is a vector quantity that describes the direction as well as the
magnitude of motion of the object.
Velocity and Speed

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Position and Displacement

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 Angle =40
Example
Linear Kinematics
“Acceleration”

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Equations of Constant Acceleration

𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝑖
Acceleration(a)= =
𝑇𝑓 −𝑇𝑖 𝑡

• Where vf and vi refer to the final velocity and the initial velocity, a is the
acceleration and (t) is time.
Equations of Position
Example Angle =40
Example Vyf=0

Time to reach the top (tup) ,

Gravity, a, will act, bringing the vertical velocity to
zero at the apex. Vyi=8.55
Example
Vyf=0

Vyi=8.55
 Example Vyi=0

• Calculate the time for the projectile to reach the

ground from the apex of the trajectory.
• In this equation, the displacement is negative because it
measures the distance from the apex to the ground. In
addition, the initial vertical velocity of the downward flight
is zero.

Sy
t down
Example
• Calculate the total time the projectile is in the air
Angular motion

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LINEAR AND ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

• For example, if the arm segment of length 0.13 m rotates about the
elbow an angular distance of 0.23 radians, the linear distance that
the wrist traveled is:
 ANGULAR VELOCITY
• Angular speed is the angular distance traveled per unit
of time.

• If the initial angle of a segment (arm )is 34∘ at time

1.25 s and the segment moves to an angle of 62 ∘ at
time 1.30 s, the angular velocity would be:
Any Questions ?

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