Chapter 8 Logarithmic Functions

Section 8.1 Understanding Logarithms

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 1

a) i) ii) y = log2 x

iii) For y = log2 x,

• domain: {x | x > 0, x  R} and range: {y | y  R}
• x-intercept: 1
• no y-intercept
• equation of the asymptote: x = 0

b) i) ii) y  log 1 x
3

iii) For y  log 1 x ,

3

• domain: {x | x > 0, x  R} and range: {y | y  R}

• x-intercept: 1
• no y-intercept
• equation of the asymptote: x = 0

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 2

a) In logarithmic form, 122 = 144 is log12 144 = 2.

1
1
b) In logarithmic form, 83 = 2 is log8 2 = .
3

c) In logarithmic form, 10–5 = 0.000 01 is log10 0.000 01 = –5.

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d) In logarithmic form, 72x = y + 3 is log7 (y + 3) = 2x.

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 3

a) In exponential form, log5 25 = 2 is 52 = 25.

2
2
b) In exponential form, log8 4 = is 8 3 = 4.
3

c) In exponential form, log 1 000 000 = 6 is 106 = 1 000 000.

d) In exponential form, log11 (x + 3) = y is 11y = x + 3.

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 4

a) Since 53 = 125, the value of the logarithm is 3. Therefore, log5 125 = 3.

b) Since 100 = 1, the value of the logarithm is 0. Therefore, log 1 = 0.

3
c) Let log4 4 = x. Express in exponential form.
4x  3 4
1
4x  43
1
x
3
3 1
Therefore, log4 4 = .
3

d) Let log 1 27 = x. Express in exponential form.

3
x
1
   27
3
x 3
1 1
   
 3 3
x  3
Therefore, log 1 27 = –3.
3

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 5

Write a < log2 28 < b in exponential form: 2a < 28 < 2b.

Since 24 = 16 and 25 = 32, then a = 4 and b = 5.

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Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 6
a) For log3 x to be a positive number, x > 1.

b) For log3 x to be a negative number, 0 < x < 1.

c) For log3 x to be zero, x = 1.

d) Example: For log3 x to be a rational number, x = 3.

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 7

a) The base of a logarithm cannot be 0 because 0y = 0, y ≠ 0.

b) The base of a logarithm cannot be 1 because 1y = 1.

c) The base of a logarithm cannot be negative because exponential functions are only
defined for c > 0.

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 8

a) If f(x) = 5x, then f–1(x) = log5 x.

b)
For y = log5 x,
• domain: {x | x > 0, x  R} and range: {y | y  R}
• x-intercept: 1
• no y-intercept
• equation of the asymptote: x = 0

Section 8.1 Page 380 Question 9

x
–1 1
a) If g(x) = log 1 x , then g (x) =   .
4 4

b)
x
1
For y =   ,
4
• domain: {x | x  R} and range: {y | y > 0, y  R}
• no x-intercept
• y-intercept: 1
• equation of the asymptote: y = 0

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Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 10

The relationship between the characteristics of the functions y = 7x and y = log7 x is that
the graphs are reflections of each other in the line y = x. This means that the domain,
range, y-intercept, and horizontal asymptote of the exponential function become the
range, domain, x-intercept, and vertical asymptote of the logarithmic function.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 11

a) The graphs have the same domain, range,

x-intercept, and vertical asymptote.

b) The graphs differ in that one is increasing and the

other is decreasing.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 12

1
a) log 6 x  3 b) log x 9 
2
63  x 1

x  216 x 9 2

x  92
x  81

4
c) log 1 x  3 d) log x 16 
4 3
3 4
1 x 3  16
  x
4 3

x  43 x  16 4
x  64 x 8

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 13

a) Use the inverse property clogc x = x. For m = log5 7,

5m = 5log5 7
=7

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b) Use the inverse property clogc x = x. For n = log8 6,
8n = 8 log8 6
=6

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 14

a) log2 (log3 (log4 64)) = log2 (log3 3)

= log2 1
=0

b) log4 (log2 (log 1016)) = log4 (log2 16)

= log4 4
=1

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 15

Substitute y = 0.
y = log7 (x + 2)
0 = log7 (x + 2)
x + 2 = 70
x = –1
The x-intercept of y = log7 (x + 2) is –1.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 16

1 
Use the given point  , 3  on the graph of f(x) = logc x to determine the value of c.
8 
f(x) = logc x
1
–3 = logc
8
1
c–3 =
8
c–3 = 2–3
c=2
So, the inverse of f(x) = log2 x is f–1(x) = 2x.
For the point (4, k) on the graph of the inverse, substitute x = 4.
f–1(x) = 2x
f–1(4) = 24
f–1(4) = 16
Therefore, the value of k is 16.

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Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 17

a) Given the exponential function N(t) = 1.1t, the equation of the inverse is t = log1.1 N.

b) Substitute N = 1 000 000.

N(t) = 1.1t
1 000 000 = 1.1t
Use graphing technology to graph each side of the
equation and determine the point of intersection.

It will take approximately 145 days for the number of

users to exceed 1 000 000.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 18

Determine the relative risk for each asteroid from the Palermo scale.
Substitute P = –1.66. Substitute P = –4.83.
P = log R P = log R
–1.66 = log R –4.83 = log R
R = 10–1.66 R = 10–4.83
Compare the relative risks.
101.66
4.83
 103.17
10
= 1479.108…
The larger asteroid had a relative risk that is about 1479 times as dangerous as the smaller
asteroid.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 19

Determine the amplitude of each earthquake.

Nahanni earthquake: Saskatchewan earthquake:
A A
M  log M  log
A0 A0
A A
6.9  log 3.9  log
A0 A0
A A
106.9  103.9 
A0 A0
A  106.9 A0 A  103.9 A0

Compare the amplitudes.

106.9
3.9
 103
10
The seismic shaking of the Nahanni earthquake was 1000 times that of the Saskatchewan
earthquake.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 6 of 79

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 20

If log5 x = 2, then x = 52, or 25.

log5 125x = log5 125(25)
= log5 53(52)
= log5 55
=5

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 21

log3 (m – n) = 0 log3 (m + n) = 3
30 = m – n 33 = m + n
1=m–n  27 = m + n 
Solve the system of equations.
1=m–n
27 = m + n
28 = 2m +
m = 14
Substitute m = 14 into .
1=m–n
1 = 14 – n
n = 13

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 22

If log3 m = n, then 3n = m.
log3 m4 = log3 (3n)4
= log3 34n
= 4n

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 23

If y = log2 (log3 x), then the inverse is

x = log2 (log3 y)
2x = log3 y
x
y = 32

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question 24

If m = log2 n, then 2m = n.
2m + 1 = log2 16n
2m + 1 = log2 16(2m)
2m + 1 = log2 24(2m)
2m + 1 = log2 24 + m
2m + 1 = 4 + m
m=3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 7 of 79

Substitute m = 3 into 2m = n.
2m = n
23 = n
8=n

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question C1

The graph of y = |log2 x| is the same as the graph of y = log2 x for x ≥ 1. The graph of
y = |log2 x| is the reflection in the x-axis of the graph of y = log2 x for 0 < x < 1.

Section 8.1 Page 381 Question C2

Answers may vary. Mind maps should include a graph showing how exponential
functions and logarithmic functions are related, domain, range, intercept, and equation of
the asymptote.

Section 8.1 Page 382 Question C3

Step 1
a) e = 2.718 281 828

b) The minimum value of x needed to approximate e correctly to nine decimal places is

1010.
x
 1
1 + 
x  x
101 2.593 742 460
102 2.704 813 829
103 2.716 923 932
104 2.718 145 927
105 2.718 268 237
106 2.718 280 469
107 2.718 281 693
108 2.718 281 815
109 2.718 281 827
1010 2.718 281 828

Step 2

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a)
y y = ex For y = loge x,
4 • domain: {x | x > 0, x  R} and range: {y | y  R}
• x-intercept: 1
2
• no y-intercept
x
• equation of the asymptote: x = 0
-4 -2 2 4
-2
y=x y = loge x
-4

b) The inverse of y = ex is y = ln x.

Step 3
a) Substitute θ = 2π.
r = e0.14θ
= e0.14(2π)
= 2.410…
The distance, r, from point P to the origin after the point has rotated 2π is approximately
2.41.

b) i) r = e0.14θ
0.14θ = ln r
ln r
θ=
0.14
ln r
The logarithmic form of r = e0.14θ is θ = .
0.14

ii) Substitute r = 12.

ln r
θ
0.14
ln 12

0.14
 17.749...
The angle, θ, of rotation that corresponds to a value for r of 12 is approximately 17.75.

Section 8.2 Transformations of Logarithmic Functions

Section 8.2 Page 389 Question 1

Compare each function to the form y = a log5 (b(x – h)) + k.

a) For y = log5 (x – 1) + 6, h = 1 and k = 6. This is a translation of 1 unit to the right and
6 units up of the graph of y = log5 x.

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b) For y = –4 log5 3x, a = –4 and b = 3. This is a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a
1
factor of 4, a reflection in the x-axis, and a horizontal stretch by a factor of of the
3
graph of y = log5 x.

1 1
c) For y = log5 (–x) + 7, a = , b = –1, and k = 7. This is a vertical stretch about the
2 2
1
x-axis by a factor of , a reflection in the y-axis, and a translation of 7 units up of the
2
graph of y = log5 x.

Section 8.2 Page 389 Question 2

a) Given: y = log3 x
• Stretch vertically about the x-axis by a factor of 2: a = 2, y = 2 log3 x
• Translate 3 units to the left: h = –3, y = 2 log3 (x + 3)

b) y = 2 log3 (x + 3)

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 3

a) Given: y = log2 x
• Reflect in the y-axis: b = –1, y = log2 (–x)
• Translate vertically 5 units up: k = 5, y = log2 (–x) + 5

b) y = log2 (–x) + 5

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Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 4

a) For y = log2 (x + 4) – 3, h = –4 and k = –3.

b) For y = –log3 (x + 1) + 2, a = –1, h = –1, and k = 2.

c) For y = log4 (–2(x – 8)), b = –2 and h = 8.

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 5

a) y = –5 log3 (x + 3)
i) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when x + 3 = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –3.

ii) The domain is {x | x > –3, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

iii) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y.

y = –5 log3 (x + 3)
= –5 log3 (0 + 3)
= –5 log3 3
= –5
The y-intercept is –5.

iv) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = –5 log3 (x + 3)
0 = –5 log3 (x + 3)
0 = log3 (x + 3)

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30 = x + 3
1=x+3
x = –2
The x-intercept is –2.

b) y = log6 (4(x + 9))

i) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when 4(x + 9) = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –9.

ii) The domain is {x | x > –9, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

iii) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y.

y = log6 (4(x + 9))
= log6 (4(0 + 9))
= log6 36
=2
The y-intercept is 2.

iv) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = log6 (4(x + 9))
0 = log6 (4(x + 9))
60 = 4(x + 9)
1 = 4x + 36
4x = –35
35
x= 
4
35
The x-intercept is  , or –8.75.
4

c) y = log5 (x + 3) – 2
i) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when x + 3 = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –3.

ii) The domain is {x | x > –3, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

iii) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y.

y = log5 (x + 3) – 2
= log5 (0 + 3) – 2
= log5 3 – 2
To obtain an approximate value for log5 3, graph y = 5x
and y = 3 and find the point of intersection.
log5 3 ≈ 0.68

y ≈ 0.68 – 2
≈ –1.3
The y-intercept is about –1.3.

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A possible alternative is to use a calculator that can
evaluate a logarithm of any base.
y = log5 3 – 2
≈ –1.3
The y-intercept is about –1.3.

iv) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = log5 (x + 3) – 2
0 = log5 (x + 3) – 2
2 = log5 (x + 3)
52 = x + 3
25 = x + 3
x = 22
The x-intercept is 22.

d) y = –3 log2 (x + 1) – 6
i) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when x + 1 = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –1.

ii) The domain is {x | x > –1, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

iii) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y.

y = –3 log2 (x + 1) – 6
= –3 log2 (0 + 1) – 6
= –3 log2 1 – 6
= –3(0) – 6
= –6
The y-intercept is –6.

iv) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = –3 log2 (x + 1) – 6
0 = –3 log2 (x + 1) – 6
6 = –3 log2 (x + 1)
–2 = log2 (x + 1)
2–2 = x + 1
1
=x+1
4
3
x= 
4
3
The x-intercept is  , or –0.75.
4

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Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 6

a) The key point (10, 1) on the graph of y = log x

has become the image point (10, 5) on the red graph.
Thus, the red graph can be generated by vertically
stretching the graph of y = log x about the x-axis by a
factor of 5. The red graph can be described by the
equation y = 5 log x.

b) The key point (8, 1) on the graph of y = log8 x

has become the image point (4, 1) on the red graph.
Thus, the red graph can be generated by
horizontally stretching the graph of y = log8 x about
1
the y-axis by a factor of . The red graph can be
2
described by the equation y = log8 2x.

c) The key point (8, 3) on the graph of y = log2 x

has become the image point (8, 1) on the red graph.
Thus, the red graph can be generated by vertically
stretching the graph of y = log2 x about the x-axis by
1
a factor of . The red graph can be described by
3
1
the equation y = log2 x.
3

d) The key point (4, 1) on the graph of y = log4 x

has become the image point (8, 1) on the red graph.
Thus, the red graph can be generated by
horizontally stretching the graph of y = log4 x about
the y-axis by a factor of 2. The red graph can be
1 
described by the equation y = log4  x  .
2 

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 7

a) For y = log7 (4(x + 5)) + 6, b = 4, h = –5, and k = 6. To obtain the graph of

y = log7 (4(x + 5)) + 6, the graph of y = log7 x must be horizontally stretched about the
1
y-axis by a factor of and translated 5 units to the left and 6 units up.
4

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  1  1
b) For y = 2 log 7   ( x  1)   4 , a = 2, b = – , h = 1, and k = –4. To obtain the graph
 3  3
 1 
of y = 2 log 7   ( x  1)   4 , the graph of y = log7 x must be horizontally stretched about
 3 
the y-axis by a factor of 3, reflected in the y-axis, vertically stretched about the x-axis by
a factor of 2, and translated 1 unit to the right and 4 units down.

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 8

a) For a reflection in the x-axis and a translation of 6 units left and 3 units up, a = –1,
h = –6, and k = 3. The equation of the transformed function is y = –log3 (x + 6) + 3.

b) For a vertical stretch by a factor of 5 about the x-axis and a horizontal stretch about
1
the y-axis by a factor of , a = 5, b = 3, h = 0, and k = 0. The equation of the transformed
3
function is y = 5 log3 3x.

3
c) For a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of , a horizontal stretch about
4
the y-axis by a factor of 4, a reflection in the y-axis, and a translation of 2 units right and
3 1
5 units down, a = , b = – , h = 2, and k = –5. The equation of the transformed
4 4
3  1 
function is y = log 3   ( x  2   5 .
4  4 

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 9

a) y = 5 log3 (–4x + 12) – 2

y = 5 log3 (–4(x – 3)) – 2
For y = 5 log3 (–4(x – 3)) – 2, a = 5, b = –4, h = 3, and k = –2. To obtain the graph of
y = 5 log3 (–4(x – 3)) – 2, the graph of y = log3 x must be horizontally stretched about the
1
y-axis by a factor of , reflected in the y-axis, vertically stretched about the x-axis by a
4
factor of 5, and translated 3 units to the right and 2 units down.

1
b) y = – log3 (6 – x) + 1
4
1
y = – log3 (–(x – 6)) + 1
4
1 1
For y = – log3 (–(x – 6)) + 1, a = – , b = –1, h = 6, and k = 1. To obtain the graph of
4 4
1
y = – log3 (–(x – 6)) + 1, the graph of y = log3 x must be reflected in the y-axis,
4

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 1
vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of , reflected in the x-axis, and
4
translated 6 units to the right and 1 unit up.

Section 8.2 Page 390 Question 10

a) For a vertical translation, compare the point on the graph of y = log3 x with the same
x-coordinate as the given point on the transformed function, (9, –4).
(9, 2) → (9, –4)
So, k = –6 and the equation of the transformed image is log3 x – 6.

b) For a horizontal stretch, compare the point on the graph of y = log2 x with the same
y-coordinate as the given point on the transformed function, (8, 1).
(2, 1) → (8, 1)
1 1 
So, b = and the equation of the transformed image is log2  x  .
4 4 

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 11

1
(y + 2) = log6 (x – 4)
3
y + 2 = 3 log6 (x – 4)
y = 3 log6 (x – 4) – 2
For y = 3 log6 (x – 4) – 2, a = 3, h = 4, and k = –2. To obtain the graph of
y = 3 log6 (x – 4) – 2, the graph of y = log6 x must be vertically stretched about the x-axis
by a factor of 3 and translated 4 units to the right and 2 units down.

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 12

a) For R = 0.67 log 0.36E + 1.46, a = 0.67, b = 0.36, and k = 1.46. The function is
1
transformed from R = log E by a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of or
0.36
25
, vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 0.67, and translated 1.46 units up.
9

b) Substitute R = 7.0.
R = 0.67 log 0.36E + 1.46
7.0 = 0.67 log 0.36E + 1.46
5.54 = 0.67 log 0.36E
5.54
= log 0.36E
0.67

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 16 of 79

 5.54
10 0.67
 0.36 E
5.54
10 0.67
E
0.36
E  515 649 042.5
The equivalent amount of energy released, to the nearest kilowatt-hour, is
515 649 043 kWh.

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 13

a) Substitute P = 110.
V = 0.23 + 0.35 log (P – 56.1)
= 0.23 + 0.35 log (110 – 56.1)
= 0.23 + 0.35 log 53.9
= 0.836…
To the nearest tenth of a microlitre, the vessel volume is 0.8 μL.

b) Substitute V = 0.7.
V = 0.23 + 0.35 log (P – 56.1)
0.7 = 0.23 + 0.35 log (P – 56.1)
0.47 = 0.35 log (P – 56.1)
0.47
= log (P – 56.1)
0.35
0.47
10 0.35  P  56.1
0.47
P  10 0.35  56.1
P  78.122...
To the nearest millimetre of mercury, the arterial blood pressure is 78 mmHg.

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 14

a) Substitute m = 60. b) Substitute h = 150.

log m = 0.008h + 0.4 log m = 0.008h + 0.4
log 60 = 0.008h + 0.4 log m = 0.008(150) + 0.4
log 60 – 0.4 = 0.008h log m = 1.6
log 60  0.4 m = 101.6
h= m = 39.810…
0.008
h = 172.268… The mass of the child, to the nearest
The height of the child, to the nearest kilogram, is 40 kg.
centimetre, is 172 cm.

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Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 15

For example, the point (8, 1) is on the graph of f(x) = log8 a.

Determine the value of a such that the point (8, 1) is on the graph of g(x) = a log2 x.
a log2 8 = 1
1
log 2 8 
a
1
2a  8
1
2 a  23
1
3
a
1
a
3

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 16

a) The graph of y = 2 log5 x – 7 is reflected in the x-axis and translated 6 units up.
For a base function being transformed: (x, y) → (x, –y + 6)
Using the given function as the base function:
(x, 2y – 7) → (x, –(2y – 7) + 6)
→ (x, –2y + 13)
The equation of the transformed image is y = –2 log5 x + 13.

b) The graph of y = log (6(x – 3)) is stretched horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of
3 and translated 9 units left.
For a base function being transformed: (x, y) → (3x – 9, y)
Using the given function as the base function:
x   x  
  3, y  →  3   3   9, y 
6   6  
x 
→  , y
2 
The equation of the transformed image is y = log 2x.

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question 17

The graph of f(x) = log2 x has been transformed to g(x) = a log2 x + k: (x, y) → (x, ay + k).
1 
Given points on the transformed image:  , 9  and (16, –6).
4 
Use the mapping to create a system of equations.
1  1 
 , 2  →  , 9  : –2a + k = –9 
4  4 
(16, 4) → (16, –6): 4a + k = –6 

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 18 of 79

2 × : –4a + 2k = –18
+ : 4a + k = –6
3k = –24
k = –8
Substitute k = –8 into .
–2a + k = –9
–2a + –8 = –9
–2a = –1
1
a=
2

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question C1

The graph of f(x) = 5x is

• reflected in the line y = x: g(x) = log5 x
1 1
• vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of :a=
4 4
1
• horizontally stretched about the y-axis by a factor of 3: b =
3
• translated 4 units right and 1 unit down: h = 4 and k = –1
1 1
The equation of transformed image is g(x) = log5 (x – 4) – 1.
4 3

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question C2

a) For f(x) = log2 x,

y = –f(x) = –log2 x
y = f(–x) = log2 (–x)
y = f–1(x) = 2x

b) The graph of y = –log2 x is a reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f(x) = log2 x.
The graph of y = log2 (–x) is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f(x) = log2 x.
The graph of y = 2x is a reflection in the line y = x of the graph of f(x) = log2 x.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 19 of 79

Section 8.2 Page 391 Question C3

a) The graph of y = 3(72x – 1) + 5 is reflected in the line y = x. Determine the equation of

the inverse of the function.
y = 3(72x – 1) + 5
x = 3(72y – 1) + 5
x – 5 = 3(72y – 1)
1
(x – 5) = 72y – 1
3
1
2y – 1 = log7 (x – 5)
3
1
2y = log7 (x – 5) + 1
3
1 1 1
y = log7 (x – 5) +
2 3 2

b) Given f(x) = 2 log3 (x – 1) + 8, find f–1(x).

f(x) = 2 log3 (x – 1) + 8
y = 2 log3 (x – 1) + 8
x = 2 log3 (y – 1) + 8
x – 8 = 2 log3 (y – 1)
1
(x – 8) = log3 (y – 1)
2
1
( x 8)
y – 1 = 32
1
( x 8)
y = 32 +1

Section 8.3 Laws of Logarithms

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 1

a) log 7 xy 3 z  log 7 x  log 7 y 3  log 7 z b) log 5 ( xyz )8  8log 5 xyz

1  8(log 5 x  log 5 y  log 5 z )
 log 7 x  3log 7 y  log 7 z
2

 x2  y y
c) log  3   log x 2  log y 3 z d) log 3 x  log 3 x  log 3
y z z z
1 y
 2 log x  (log y  log 3 z )  log 3 x  log 3
2 z
1
 2 log x  log y  log z 1
3  log 3 x  (log 3 y  log 3 z )
2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 20 of 79

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 2

a) log12 24 – log12 6 + log12 36 1

b) 3log 5 10  log 5 64
24(36) 2
 log12
6  log 5 103  log 5 64
 log12 144
1000
2  log 5
8
 log 5 125
3

c) log 3 27 3  log 3 27  log 3 3 1

d) log 2 72  (log 2 3  log 2 27)
1 2
 log 3 27  log 3 3
2  log 2 72  log 2 81
1  log 2 72  log 2 9
 3  (1)
2 72
 log 2
7 9

2  log 2 8
3

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 3

a) log 9 x  log 9 y  4 log 9 z log 3 x

b)  2 log 3 y
x 2
 log 9  log 9 z 4
y  log 3 x  log 3 y 2
xz 4 x
 log 9  log 3
y y2

1 log x log y
c) log 6 x  (log 6 x  2 log 6 y ) d) 
5 3 3
1 1
 log 6 x  log 6 xy 2  (log x  log y )
5 3
 log 6 x  log 6 5 xy 2 1
 log xy
x 3
 log 6  log 3 xy
5
xy 2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 21 of 79

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 4

Given: log 1.44 ≈ 0.158 36, log 1.2 ≈ 0.079 18, and log 1.728 ≈ 0.237 54.
a) For 1.44 × 1.2,
log (1.44 × 1.2) = log 1.44 + log 1.2
= 0.158 36 + 0.079 18
= 0.237 54
= log 1.728
So, 1.44 × 1.2 = 1.728.

b) For 1.728 ÷ 1.2,

log (1.728 ÷ 1.2) = log 1.728 – log 1.2
= 0.237 54 – 0.079 18
= 0.158 36
= log 1.44
So, 1.728 ÷ 1.2 = 1.44.

b) For 1.44 ,
log 1.44 = 0.5 log 1.44
= 0.5(0.158 36)
= 0.079 18
= log 1.2
So, 1.44 = 1.2.

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 5

a) Given: k = log2 40 – log2 5 b) Given: n = 3 log8 4

3k  3log 2 40log2 5 7 n  73log8 4
40 3
log 2  7log8 4
3 5

 7log8 64
 3log 2 8
 72
 33
 49
 27

Section 8.3 Page 400 Question 6

1
a) You need to apply a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of to the graph
8
of y = log2 x to result in the graph of y = log2 8x.

b) Using the product law of logarithms, the function y = log2 8x can be written as
y = log2 8 + log2 x, or y = log2 x + 3.
You need to apply a translation of 3 units up to the graph of y = log2 x to result in the
graph of y = log2 8x.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 22 of 79

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 7

log c x x
a) The equation  log c x  log c y is false, as log c  log c x  log c y .
log c y y

b) The equation logc (x + y) = logc x + logc y is false, as logc xy = logc x + logc y.

c) The equation logc cn = n is true, since

logc cn = n logc c
= n(1)
=n

d) The equation (logc x)n = n logc x is false, as logc xn = n logc x.

1
e) The equation –logc   = logc x is true, since
x
1
1 1
–logc   = logc  
x  x
= logc x

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 8

Given: log 3 = P and log 5 = Q

3
a) log  log 3  log 5 b) log15  log 3(5)
5
 log 3  log 5
 P Q
 PQ

2
25 5
c) log 3 5  log 3  log 5 d) log  log  
9 3
1
 log 3  log 5 5
2  2 log
3
1
 P Q  2(log 5  log 3)
2
 2(Q  P)

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 9

Given: log2 7 = K
a) log 2 7 6  6 log 2 7 b) log 2 14  log 2 7(2)
 6K  log 2 7  log 2 2
 K 1

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 23 of 79

 5
7
c) log 2 (49  4)  log 2 49  log 2 4 d) log 2  log 2 5 7  log 2 8
8
 log 2 7 2  log 2 4 1
 2 log 2 7  log 2 4  log 2 7  log 2 8
5
 2K  2 1
 K 3
5

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 10

a) log 5 x  log 5 x3  2 log 5 x  log 5 x x 3  log 5 x 2

x x3
 log 5 2
x
2
x x
 log 5 2
x
 log 5 x
1
 log 5 x, x  0
2

7
x 7 x x5
b) log11  log11 x 5  log11 x  log11  log11 x 3
x 3 x
x3 x
 log11  log11 x 2 3 x
x
x3
 log11 2 3
x x
2
 log11 x 3
2
 log11 x, x  0
3

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 11

x 2  25
a) log 2 ( x 2  25)  log 2 (3x  15)  log 2
3 x  15
( x  5)( x  5)
 log 2
3( x  5)
x5
 log 2 , x  5 or x  5
3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 24 of 79

 x 2  16
b) log 7 ( x 2  16)  log 7 ( x 2  2 x  8)  log 7
x2  2 x  8
( x  4)( x  4)
 log 7
( x  4)( x  2)
x4
 log 7 , x  4 or x  4
x2

x3
c) 2 log 8 ( x  3)  log8 ( x 2  x  6)  log8
x  x6
2

x3
 log 8
( x  3)( x  2)
1
 log 8 ,x  2
x2

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 12

a) Left Side Right Side

logc 48 – (logc 3 + logc 2) logc 8
= logc 48 – logc 3(2)
48
= logc
6
= logc 8
Left Side = Right Side

b) Left Side Right Side

7 logc 4 14 logc 2
= logc 47
= logc (22)7
= logc 214
= 14 logc 2
Left Side = Right Side

c) Left Side Right Side

1
(log c 2  log c 6) log c 2  log c 3
2
1
 log c 12
2
 log c 12
 log c 2 3
 log c 2  log c 3
Left Side = Right Side

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 25 of 79

d) Left Side Right Side
logc (5c)2 2(logc 5 + 1)
= 2 logc 5c
= 2(logc 5 + logc c)
= 2(logc 5 + 1)
Left Side = Right Side

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 13

a) Substitute I = 0.000 01 and I0 = 10–12.

 I 
β  10 log  
 I0 
 0.000 01 
 10 log  12 
 10 
 105 
 10 log  12 
 10 
 10 log107
 10(7)
 70
The decibel level of the a hairdryer is 70 dB.

I1 I
b) Let the decibel levels of two sounds be β1 = 10 log and β2 = 10 log 2 .
I0 I0
From Example 4 on page 398, comparing the two intensities results in the equation
 I 
β2 – β1 = 10  log 2  . Substitute β2 = 118 and β1 = 85.
 I1 
 I 
β2 – β1 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
 I 
118 – 85 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
 I 
33 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
I
3.3 = log 2
I1
I
103.3 = 2
I1
I
1995.262… = 2
I1
The fire truck siren is approximately 1995 times as loud as city traffic.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 26 of 79

 I2  I 
c) Substitute = 63 and β1 = 80 into β2 – β1 = 10  log 2  .
I1  I1 
 I 
β2 – β1 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
β2 – 80 = 10 log 63
β2 = 10 log 63 + 80
β2 = 97.993…
The decibel level of the farm tractor is approximately 98 dB.

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 14

The decibel scale is logarithmic, not linear. So, a 20 dB sound is actually 101 times as
loud as a 10 dB sound.

Section 8.3 Page 401 Question 15

Substitute G = 24 and Vi = 0.2.

V
G  20 log
Vi
V
24  20 log
0.2
V
1.2  log
0.2
V
101.2 
0.2
V  0.2(101.2 )
V  3.169...
The voltage is 3.2 V, to the nearest tenth of a volt.

Section 8.3 Page 402 Question 16

a) Substitute pH = 7.0.
pH = –log [H+]
7.0 = –log [H+]
–7.0 = log [H+]
[H+] =10–7.0
The hydrogen ion concentration is 10–7 mol/L.

b) Let the pH levels of two rains be pH1 = –log [H1+] and pH2 = –log [H2+].
Compare the two pH levels.
pH2 – pH1 = –log [H2+] – (–log [H1+])
pH2 – pH1 = log [H2+]–1 – log [H1+]–1

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 27 of 79

 [H1  ]
pH2 – pH1 = log
[H 2  ]
Substitute pH2 = 5.6 and pH1 = 4.5.
[H1  ]
5.6 – 4.5 = log
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
1.1 = log
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
101.1 =
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
12.589… =
[H 2  ]
Acid rain is approximately 12.6 times more acidic than normal rain.

[H1  ] [H1  ]
c) Substitute = 500 and pH2 = 6.1 into pH2 – pH1 = log .
[H 2  ] [H 2  ]
[H1  ]
pH2 – pH1 = log
[H 2  ]
6.1 – pH1 = log 500
–pH1 = log 500 – 6.1
pH1 = –log 500 + 6.1
pH1 = 3.401…
The pH of the hair conditioner is approximately 3.4.

Section 8.3 Page 402 Question 17

3.1 m
Given: v  (log m0  log m f ) and 0 = 1.06
0.434 mf
3.1
v  (log m0  log m f )
0.434
3.1 m
 log 0
0.434 mf
3.1
 log 1.06
0.434
0.180...
The change in velocity of the rocket is 0.18 km/s, to the nearest hundredth of a kilometre
per second.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 28 of 79

Section 8.3 Page 402 Question 18
y
a) The graphs are the same for x > 0. However, the
graph of y = log x2 has a second branch for x < 0, which 4
is the reflection in the y-axis of the branch for x > 0. y = log x 2
2

b) The graphs are not identical because the domains are x

different. For y = log x2, the domain is {x | x ≠ 0, x  R}. -4 -2 2 4
The domain for y = 2 log x is {x | x > 0, x  R}.
-2

c) For log x2 = 2 log x, the restriction x > 0 is required. -4

y = 2 log x

Section 8.3 Page 402 Question 19

a) y  log c x log x
b) Use the change in base formula: logc x = .
c x
y log c
log 9.5
log d c y  log d x log 2 9.5 
log 2
y log d c  log d x
≈ 3.2479
log d x
y
log d c c) φ = –log2 D
log D
=–
log 2
d)
Use the formula φ = –log2 D. log D
Let the φ-values be φ1 = –log2 D1 and Use the formula φ = – .
log 2
φ2 = –log2 D2. log D1
Compare the two values. Let the φ-values be φ1 = – and
φ2 – φ1 = –log2 D2 – (–log2 D1) log 2
φ2 – φ1 = log2 D2–1 – log2 D1–1 log D2
φ2 = – .
D log 2
φ2 – φ1 = log2 1
D2 Compare the two values.
Substitute φ2 = 2 and φ1 = –5.7. log D2  log D1 
φ2 – φ1 = – –  
D log 2  log 2 
2 – (–5.7) = log2 1
D2 1
φ2 – φ1 = – (log D2 – log D1)
D log 2
7.7 = log2 1
D2 1 D
φ2 – φ1 = – log 2
D log 2 D1
27.7 = 1
D2 Substitute φ2 = –5.7 and φ1 = 2.
D 1 D
207.936… = 1 –5.7 – 2 = – log 2
D2 log 2 D1

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 29 of 79

 D2
7.7 log 2 = log
D1
D2
107.7 log 2 =
D1
D
207.936… = 2
D1
Using either form of the formula, the diameter of the pebble is approximately 207.9 times
that of the medium sand.

Section 8.3 Page 402 Question 20

a) Left Side b) Left Side

 log q3 p 3 1 1
 
log p 2 log q 2
log q p 3
 1 1
log q q 3  
log 2 2 log 2 2
3log q p log 2 p log 2 q

3log q q log 2 p log 2 q
 
log q p 1 1

1 p
 log 2
= Right Side q
= Right Side

c) Left Side d) Left Side

1 1  log 1 p
 
log q p log q p q

log q p
1 1 
  1
log q2 p log q2 p log q
q
log q 2 q log q 2 q
log q p
log q 2 q log q 2 q 
  log q 1  log q q
log q2 p log q2 p
log q p
1 
 (log q2 q  log q2 q ) 0 1
log q2 p   log q p
1  log q p 1
 log q 2 q 2
log q2 p 1
 log q
1 p

log q2 p = Right Side
= Right Side

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 30 of 79

Section 8.3 Page 403 Question C1

a) The function y = log x3 can be written as y = 3 log x. You need to apply a vertical
stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 3 to the graph of y = log x to result in the graph of
y = log x3.

b) The function y = log (x + 2)5 can be written as y = 5 log (x + 2). You need to apply a
vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 5 and a translation of 2 units to the left to
the graph of y = log x to result in the graph of y = log (x + 2)5.

1
c) The function y = log can be written as y = –log x. You need to apply a reflection in
x
1
the x-axis to the graph of y = log x to result in the graph of y = log .
x

1 1
d) The function y = log can be written as y = – log (x – 6). You need to apply
x6 2
1
a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of , a reflection in the x-axis, and a
2
translation of 6 units to the right to the graph of y = log x to result in the graph of
1
y = log .
x6

Section 8.3 Page 403 Question C2

 π  3π  2 2
log 2  sin   log 2  sin   log 2  log 2
 4  4  2 2
 2(log 2 2  log 2 2)
1 
 2  log 2 2  1
2 
1 
 2   1
2 
 1

Section 8.3 Page 403 Question C3

a) d = log 4 – log 2
4
= log
2
= log 2
The common difference in the arithmetic series log 2 + log 4 + log 8 + log 16 + log 32 is
log 2.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 31 of 79

 n
b) Use the formula for the sum of an arithmetic series: S n  (t1  tn ) . Substitute n = 5,
2
t1 = log 2, and tn = log 32.
n
S n  (t1  tn )
2
5
S5  (log 2  log 32)
2
5
S5  (log 2  log 25 )
2
5
S5  (log 2  5log 2)
2
5
S5  (6 log 2)
2
S5  15 log 2

Section 8.3 Page 403 Question C4

Example:
Product Law Quotient Law Power Law
Algebraic M
Representation logc MN = logc M + logc N logc = logc M – logc N logc MP = P logc M
N
Written The logarithm of a product The logarithm of a The logarithm of a
Description of numbers is the sum of quotient of numbers is the power of a number
the logarithms of the difference of the is the exponent
numbers. logarithms of the dividend times the logarithm
and divisor. of the number.
Example x
log2 5x = log2 5 + log2 x log = log x – log 5 log3 x2 = 2 log3 x
5
Common
log2 5 + log2 x ≠ log2 (5 + x) log x – log 5 ≠ log2 (x – 5) 2 log3 x ≠ log3 2x
Error

Section 8.4 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations

Section 8.4 Page 412 Question 1

a) 15 = 12 + log x b) log5 (2x – 3) = 2

3 = log x 52 = 2x – 3
103 = x 28 = 2x
1000 = x x = 14
c) 4 log3 x = log3 81 d) 2 = log (x – 8)
log3 x4 = log3 81 x – 8 = 102
x4 = 81 x = 108
x4 = 34
x=3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 32 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 412 Question 2

a) 4(7x) = 92 x

7x = 23 b) 2 3  11
log 7x = log 23 x

x log 7 = log 23 log 2 3  log11

log 23 x
x= log 2  log11
log 7 3
x ≈ 1.61 3log11
x
log 2
x  10.38

c) 6x – 1 = 271 d) 42x + 1 = 54
log 6x – 1 = log 271 log 42x + 1 = log 54
(x – 1) log 6 = log 271 (2x + 1) log 4 = log 54
log 271 1  log 54 
x= 1 x=   1
log 6 2  log 4 
x ≈ 4.13 x ≈ 0.94

Section 8.4 Page 412 Question 3

I disagree with Hamdi’s check. Neither log3 (x – 8) nor log3 (x – 6) are defined for x = 5.

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 4

a) The equation log7 x + log7 (x – 1) = log7 4x is defined for x > 1. So, the possible root
x = 0 is extraneous.

b) The equation log6 (x2 – 24) – log6 x = log6 5 is defined for x > 24 , or approximately
x > 4.9. So, both possible roots, x = 3 and x = –8, are extraneous.

c) The equation log3 (x + 3) – log3 (x + 5) = 1 is defined for x > –3. So, the possible root
x = –6 is extraneous.

d) The equation log2 (x – 2) = 2 – log2 (x – 5) is defined for x > 5. So, the possible root
x = 1 is extraneous.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 33 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 5

a) 2 log3 x = log3 32 + log3 2 3

log3 x2 = log3 64 b) log 7 x  log 7 125
2
x2 = 64 3
x=8 log 7 x  log 7 125
2

3
x  125
2

2
x  125 3

x  25

c) log 2 x  log 2 3  5 d) log6 x = 2 – log6 4

x log6 x + log6 4 = 2
log 2 5 log6 4x = 2
3 62 = 4x
x 36
 25 =x
3 4
x  32(3) 9=x
x  96

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 6

a) Rubina subtracted the contents of the logarithmic expressions on the left side of the
equation when she should have divided them.
Correct solution:
log6 (2x + 1) – log6 (x – 1) = log6 5
2x 1
log 6  log 6 5
x 1
2x 1
5
x 1
2 x  1  5( x  1)
2x  1  5x  5
3 x  6 x
x2

b) Ahmed’s work is correct. However, he incorrectly concluded that there was no

solution. The equation 2 log5 (x + 3) = log5 9 is defined for x > –3. So, the solution
is x = 0.

c) Jennifer incorrectly eliminated the logarithmic expression in the third line. The right
side should have been 23, not 3.
Correct solution:

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 34 of 79

log2 x + log2 (x + 2) = 3
log2 (x(x + 2)) = 3
log2 (x2 + 2x) = 3
x2 + 2x = 23
x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
x = –4 or x = 2
The solution is x = 2, since x > 0.

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 7

a) 72x = 2x + 3 b) 1.6x – 4 = 53x

log 72x = log 2x + 3 log 1.6x – 4 = log 53x
2x log 7 = (x + 3) log 2 (x – 4) log 1.6 = 3x log 5
2x log 7 = x log 2 + 3 log 2 x log 1.6 – 4 log 1.6 = 3x log 5
2x log 7 – x log 2 = 3 log 2 x log 1.6 – 3x log 5 = 4 log 1.6
x(2 log 7 – log 2) = 3 log 2 x(log 1.6 – 3 log 5) = 4 log 1.6
3log 2 4 log1.6
x= x=
2 log 7  log 2 log1.6  3log 5
x ≈ 0.65 x ≈ –0.43

c) 92x – 1 = 71x + 2
log 92x – 1 = log 71x + 2
(2x – 1) log 9 = (x + 2) log 71
2x log 9 – log 9 = x log 71 + 2 log 71
2x log 9 – x log 71 = 2 log 71 + log 9
x(2 log 9 – log 71) = 2 log 71 + log 9
2 log 71  log 9
x=
2 log 9  log 71
x ≈ 81.37

d) 4(7x + 2) = 92x – 3
log 4(7x + 2) = log 92x – 3
log 4 + log 7x + 2 = log 92x – 3
log 4 + (x + 2) log 7 = (2x – 3) log 9
log 4 + x log 7 + 2 log 7 = 2x log 9 – 3 log 9
x log 7 – 2x log 9 = –3 log 9 – log 4 – 2 log 7
x(log 7 – 2 log 9) = –3 log 9 – log 4 – 2 log 7
3log 9  log 4  2 log 7
x=
log 7  2 log 9
x ≈ 4.85

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 35 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 8

a) log 5 ( x  18)  log 5 x  log 5 7

x  18
log 5  log 5 7
x
x  18
7
x
x  18  7 x
6 x  18
x  3
Since the equation is defined for x > 18, there is no solution.

b) log 2 ( x  6)  log 2 ( x  8)  3
log 2 (( x  6)( x  8))  3
( x  6)( x  8)  23
x 2  14 x  48  8
x 2  14 x  40  0
( x  10)( x  4)  0
x = 10 or x = 4
Since the equation is defined for x > 8, the solution is x = 10.

c)
2 log 4 ( x  4)  log 4 ( x  12)  1
log 4 ( x  4) 2  log 4 ( x  12)  1
( x  4) 2
log 4 1
x  12
( x  4) 2
 41
x  12
( x  4) 2  4( x  12)
x 2  8 x  16  4 x  48
x 2  4 x  32  0
( x  8)( x  4)  0
x = –8 or x = 4
Since the equation is defined for x > –4, the solution is x = 4.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 36 of 79

d) log 3 (2 x  1)  2  log 3 ( x  1)
log 3 (2 x  1)  log 3 ( x  1)  2
log 3 ((2 x  1)( x  1))  2
(2 x  1)( x  1)  32
2 x2  x  1  9
2 x 2  x  10  0
(2 x  5)( x  2)  0
5
x=– or x = 2
2
1
Since the equation is defined for x > , the solution is x = 2.
2
5
e) log 2 x 2  4 x 
2
1 5
log 2 ( x 2  4 x) 
2 2
log 2 ( x  4 x)  5
2

x 2  4 x  25
x 2  4 x  32  0
( x  8)( x  4)  0
x = –8 or x = 4
Since the equation is defined for x < –4 or x > 0, the solutions are x = –8 and x = 4.

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 9

a) Substitute m = –1.44 and M = 1.45 into m – M = 5 log d – 5.

m – M = 5 log d – 5
–1.44 – 1.45 = 5 log d – 5
–2.89 = 5 log d – 5
2.11 = 5 log d
2.11
= log d
5
2.11
d = 10 5
d = 2.642…
Sirius is approximately 2.64 parsecs from Earth.

b) The distance 2.64 pc is equivalent to 2.64(3.26), or about 8.61 light years.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 37 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 413 Question 10

Substitute E = 24 into log E = log 10.61 + 0.1964 log m.

log E = log 10.61 + 0.1964 log m
log 24 = log 10.61 + 0.1964 log m
log 24 – log 10.61 = 0.1964 log m
24
log  0.1964 log m
10.61
1 24
log  log m
0.1964 10.61
1 24
log
m  10 0.1964 10.61

m  63.821...
The mass of the mountain goat is 64 kg, to the nearest kilogram.

Section 8.4 Page 414 Question 11

a) Substitute t = 0.
P = 10 000(1.035)t
= 10 000(1.035)0
= 10 000
When the lake was stocked, 10 000 northern pike were put in the lake.

b) Since the base is 1.035, or 1 + 0.035, the annual growth rate as a percent is 3.5%.

c) Substitute P = 20 000.
P = 10 000(1.035)t
20 000 = 10 000(1.035)t
2 = (1.035)t
log 2 = log (1.035)t
log 2 = t log 1.035
log 2
=t
log1.035
20.148… = t
It will take approximately 20.1 years for the number of northern pike in the lake to
double.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 38 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 414 Question 12

3
a) Substitute d = 5906 into log T = log d – 3.263.
2
3
log T = log d – 3.263
2
3
log T = log 5906 – 3.263
2
3
log 5906  3.263
T = 10 2
T = 247.708…
To the nearest Earth year, it takes Pluto 248 Earth years to revolve around the sun.

3
b) Substitute T = 1.88 into log T = log d – 3.263.
2
3
log d – 3.263
log T =
2
3
log 1.88 = log d – 3.263
2
3
log 1.88 + 3.263 = log d
2
2
(log 1.88 + 3.263) = log d
3
2
(log 1.88  3.263)
d = 10 3
d = 228.089…
Mars is 228 million kilometres from the sun, to the nearest million kilometres.

Section 8.4 Page 414 Question 13

0.06
a) Substitute P = 10 000, i = , or 0.03, and A = 11 000.
2
A = P(1 + i)n
11 000 = 10 000(1 + 0.03)n
1.1 = 1.03n
log 1.1 = log 1.03n
log 1.1 = n log 1.03
log1.1
=n
log1.03
3.224… = n
Since n = 3 results in $10 927.27, and interest is compounded at the end of each 6
months, it will take 2 years for the GIC to be worth $11 000.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 39 of 79

 0.28
b) Substitute P = 1200, i = , and A = 1241.18.
365
A = P(1 + i)n
n
 0.28 
1241.18  1200  1  
 365 
n
1241.18  0.28 
 1  
1200  365 
n
1241.18  0.28 
log  log 1  
1200  365 
1241.18  0.28 
log  n log 1  
1200  365 
1241.18
log
n 1200
 0.28 
log 1  
 365 
n  44.000...
Linda’s payment is 44 days overdue.

0.055
c) Substitute A = 3P and i = , or 0.0275.
2
A = P(1 + i)n
3P = P(1 + 0.0275)n
3 = 1.0275n
log 3 = log 1.0275n
log 3 = n log 1.0275
log 3
=n
log1.0275
40.496… = n
Since n = 40 results in A = $2.96 for P = $1, and compound interest is added at the end of
each 6 months, it will take 41 ÷ 2, or 20.5 years for the money to triple in value.

Section 8.4 Page 414 Question 14

0.074
Substitute PV = 250 000, i = , or 0.037, and R = 10 429.01.
2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 40 of 79

 R[1  (1  i )  n ]
PV 
i
10 429.01 [1  (1  0.037)  n ]
250 000 
0.037
9250
 1  1.037  n
10 429.01
9250
 1  1.037  n
10 429.01
1179.01
 1.037  n
10 429.01
1179.01
log  log1.037  n
10 429.01
1179.01
log   n log1.037
10 429.01
1179.01
log
10 429.01
n
log1.037
n  60.000...
The mortgage will be completely paid off after 60 ÷ 2, or 30 years.

Section 8.4 Page 414 Question 15

t
 1  5730
Substitute m(t) = 0.315m0 into m(t) = m0   .
2
t
 1  5730
m(t )  m0  
2
t
 1  5730
0.315m0  m0  
2
t
0.315  0.5 5730
t
log 0.315  log 0.5 5730

t
log 0.315  log 0.5
5730
5730 log 0.315
t
log 0.5
t  9549.482...
The tree was almost 9550 years old when it was discovered.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 41 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 16

t
 1 h
Substitute m(t) = 274, m0 = 280, and t = 6 into m(t) = m0   , where m(t) and m0 are
2
measured in megabecquerels, t is time, in hours, and h is the half-life of I-131, in hours.
t
 1 h
m(t )  m0  
2
6
 1 h
274  280  
2
6
274
 0.5 h
280
6
274
log  log 0.5 h
280
274 6
log  log 0.5
280 h
6 log 0.5
h
274
log
280
h  191.994...
The half-life of I-131 is 192 ÷ 24, or 8 days, to the nearest day.

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 17

Let the light intensity, l(d), below the water’s surface be represented by l(d) = l0(0.96)d,
where l0 is the intensity at the surface and d is the depth, in metres.
Substitute l(d) = 0.25l0.
l(d) = l0(0.96)d
0.25l0 = l0(0.96)d
0.25 = 0.96d
log 0.25 = log 0.96d
log 0.25 = d log 0.96
log 0.25
d=
log 0.96
d = 33.959…
To the nearest tenth of a metre, at 34.0 m the light intensity is 25% of the intensity at the
surface.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 42 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 18

Solve the system of equations, log3 81 = x – y and log2 32 = x + y, by elimination.

log3 81 = x – y
log2 32 = x + y
log3 81 + log2 32 = 2x

log3 34 + log2 25 = 2x
4 + 5 = 2x
9
x=
2
9
Substitute x = into log3 81 = x – y.
2
log3 81 = x – y
9
log3 81 = – y
2
9
4= –y
2
1
y=
2

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 19

a) The first line, log 0.1 < 3 log 0.1, is not true.

b) Since log x < 0, for 0 < x < 1, the inequality symbol in the last line should be reversed.
In other words, from line 4 to line 5 you are dividing by a negative quantity.

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 20

2
b) log x log x  4
a) x log x
x
log x(log x)  4
2
1 (log x) 2  4
log x
log x  2
2  log x –2
x = 10 or x = 102
x  102 1
= = 100
x  100 100
c) (log x)2 = log x2
(log x)2 = 2 log x
2
(log x) – 2 log x = 0
log x(log x – 2) = 0
log x = 0 or log x – 2 = 0
x=1 log x = 2
x = 100

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 43 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 21

a) b)
log 4 x  log 2 x  6 4
log 3 x  log 27 x 
log 2 x 3
 log 2 x  6 log 3 x 4
log 2 4 log 3 x  
log 2 x log 3 27 3
 log 2 x  6
2 log 3 x 4
log 3 x  
3 3 3
log 2 x  6
2 2 4
log 3 x 
log 2 x  4 3 3
x  24 log 3 x  2
x  16 x  32
x9

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question 22

( x 2  3 x  9) 2 x 8  1
log ( x 2  3 x  9) 2 x 8  log1
(2 x  8) log ( x 2  3x  9)  0
2x – 8 = 0 or log (x2 + 3x – 9) = 0
2x = 8 x2 + 3x – 9 = 1
x=4 x2 + 3x – 10 = 0
(x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
x = –5 or x = 2

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question C1

a) 8(2x) = 512
log 8(2x) = log 512
log 8 + log 2x = log 512
log 8 + x log 2 = log 512
x log 2 = log 512 – log 8
log 64
x=
log 2
x=6

b) Example: Fatima could have divided both sides of the equation by 8 to avoid taking
the logarithm of each side.
8(2x) = 512
2x = 64
2x = 2 6
x=6

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 44 of 79

c) Example: I prefer the approach in part b). It is much shorter.

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question C2

For the sequence 4, 12, 36, …, 708 588, t1 = 4 and r = 3.

Substitute tn = 708 588, t1 = 4, and r = 3 into tn = t1rn – 1.
tn = t1rn – 1
708 588 = 4(3)n – 1
177 147 = 3n – 1
log 177 147 = log 3n – 1
log 177 147 = (n – 1)log 3
log177 147
=n–1
log 3
log177 147
+1=n
log 3
12 = n

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question C3

For the series 8192 + 4096 + 2048 + …, t1 = 8192 and r = 0.5.

t (r n  1)
Substitute Sn = 16 383, t1 = 8192, and r = 0.5 into S n  1 .
r 1
t (r n  1)
Sn  1
r 1
8192(0.5n  1)
16 383 
0.5  1
8191.5
  0.5n  1
8192
8191.5
1  0.5n
8192
0.5
 0.5n
8192
0.5
log  log 0.5n
8192
0.5
log  n log 0.5
8192
0.5
log
n 8192
log 0.5
n  14

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 45 of 79

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question C4

a) 2 log2 (cos x) + 1 = 0
1
log2 (cos x) = –
2
1

2 = cos x2

1
= cos x
2
π 7π
x= or x =
4 4

b) log (sin x) + log (2 sin x – 1) = 0

log ((sin x)(2 sin x – 1)) = 0
(sin x)(2 sin x – 1) = 1
2 sin2 x – sin x – 1 = 0
(2 sin x + 1)(sin x – 1) = 0
2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x – 1 = 0
1
sin x = – sin x = 1
2
4π 5π π
x= , x=
3 3 2
1 π
Since the equation is defined for sin x > , the solution is x = .
2 2

Section 8.4 Page 415 Question C5

Exponential Equations Logarithmic Equations

Example Example Example Example
35x = 27x – 1 3 = 1.12x 4 log3 x = log3 81 log5 (2x – 3) = 2
35x = (33)x – 1 Graph y = 3 and log3 x4 = log3 81 52 = 2x – 3
35x = 33x – 3 y = 1.12x and find the x4 = 81 28 = 2x
4 4
Equate the point of intersection. x =3 x = 14
exponents. x=3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 46 of 79

5x = 3x – 3
2x = –3
3
x= 
2

The solution is x ≈ 9.7.

Chapter 8 Review

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 1

a)

b) The graph of y = log0.2 x has the following characteristics

i) domain: {x | x > 0, x  R} and range: {y | y  R}
ii) x-intercept: 1
iii) no y-intercept
iv) equation of the asymptote: x = 0

c) Since f(x) = 0.2x, the equation of inverse is f–1(x) = log0.2 x.

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 2

Use the given point (2, 16) on the graph of the inverse of y = logc x, or y = cx to determine
the value of c.
y = cx
16 = c2
42 = c 2
c=4

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 3

Write a < log2 24 < b in exponential form: 2a < 24 < 2b.

Since 24 = 16 and 25 = 32, then a = 4 and b = 5.
So, the value of log2 24 must be between 4 and 5.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 47 of 79

Chapter 8 Review Page 366 Question 4

2 1
a) log125 x  b) log 9 x c) log 3 27 3  x
3 81
2
1 3x  27 3
125  x 3 9x  7
81
x  25 3x  3 2
9  92
x
7
x  2 x
2

3 1
d) log x 8  e) 6log x 
4 36
3
6  62
log x
x4  8
4
log x  2
x  83 102  x
x  16 1
x
100

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 5

Determine the amplitude of each earthquake.

Japan earthquake: Japan aftershock:
A A
M  log M  log
A0 A0
A A
9.0  log 7.4  log
A0 A0
A A
109.0  107.4 
A0 A0
A  109.0 A0 A  107.4 A0

Compare the amplitudes.

109.0
7.4
 101.6
10
= 39.810…
The seismic shaking of the Japan earthquake was approximately 40 times that of the
aftershock.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 48 of 79

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 6

a) Given: y = log4 x
1
• Stretch horizontally about the y-axis by a factor of : b = 2,
2
y = log4 2x
• Reflect in the x-axis: a = –1, y = –log4 2x
• Translate 5 units down: k = –5, y = –log4 2x – 5

b) The equation of the transformed image in the form y = a logc (b(x – h)) + k is
y = –log4 2x – 5. So, a = –1, b = 2, c = 4, h = 0, and k = –5.

Chapter 8 Review Page 416 Question 7

Choose a key points on the blue graph, say

(4, 2) and (8, 3).
The key points (4, 2) and (8, 3) on the graph of y = log2 x
have become the image points (1, 2) and (2, 3) on the red
graph. Thus, the red graph can be generated by
horizontally stretching the graph of y = log2 x about the
1
y-axis by a factor of . The red graph can be described
4
by the equation y = log2 4x.

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 8

a) For y = –log5 (3(x – 12)) + 2, a = –1, b = 3, h = 12, and k = 2. To obtain the graph of
y = –log5 (3(x – 12)) + 2, the graph of y = log5 x must be reflected in the x-axis,
1
horizontally stretched about the y-axis by a factor of , and translated 12 units to the
3
right and 2 units up.

log 5 (6  x) 1 1
b) For y + 7 = , or y = log5 (–(x – 6)) – 7, a = , b = –1, h = 6, and
4 4 4
log 5 (6  x)
k = –7. To obtain the graph of y + 7 = , the graph of y = log5 x must be
4
1
vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of , reflected in the y-axis, and
4
translated 6 units to the right and 7 units down.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 49 of 79

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 9

Given: y = 3 log2 (x + 8) + 6
a) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when x + 8 = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –8.

b) The domain is {x | x > –8, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

c) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y. d) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = 3 log2 (x + 8) + 6 y = 3 log2 (x + 8) + 6
= 3 log2 (0 + 8) + 6 0 = 3 log2 (x + 8) + 6
= 3 log2 8 + 6 –6 = 3 log2 (x + 8)
= 3(3) + 6 –2 = log2 (x + 8)
= 15 2–2 = x + 8
The y-intercept is 15. 1
=x+8
4
31
x= 
4
31
The x-intercept is  , or –7.75.
4

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 10

f 1
a) For n = 12 log2 , a = 12 and b = . The function is transformed from
440 440
n = log2 f by a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of 440 and vertically
stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 12.

b) Substitute f = 587.36.
f
n = 12 log2
440
587.36
n = 12 log2
440
n 587.36
= log2
12 440
n
587.36
212 =
440
x
587.36
Graph y = 2 and y =
12
and determine the point of
440
intersection.

The note D is 5 notes above A.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 50 of 79

c) Substitute n = 8.
f
n = 12 log2
440
f
8 = 12 log2
440
8 f
= log2
12 440
2 f
= log2
3 440
2
f
23 =
440
 23 
f = 440  2 
 
f = 698.456…
The frequency of F is 698.46 Hz, to the nearest hundredth of a hertz.

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 11

 x5 
a) log 5  3   log 5 x 5  log 5 y 3 z
y z
 5log 5 x  (log 5 y  log 5 3 z )
1
 5log 5 x  log 5 y  log 5 z
3

xy 2 1 xy 2
b) log  log
z 2 z
1
  log xy 2  log z 
2
1
  log x  log y 2  log z 
2
1
  log x  2 log y  log z 
2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 51 of 79

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 12

2 1
a) log x  3log y  log z b) log x  (log y  3log z )
3 2
 log x  log y 3  log 3 z 2 1
 log x  (log y  log z 3 )
2
x 3 z2 1
 log  log x  log yz 3
y3 2
 log x  log yz 3
x
 log
yz 3

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 13

a) 2 log x  3log x  log x 3  log x 2  log x 3  log x 3

x 2 x3
 log
x3
x3 x
 log 3
x
 log x
1
 log x, x  0
2

b) log( x 2  25)  2 log( x  5)  log( x 2  25)  log( x  5) 2

x 2  25
 log
( x  5) 2
( x  5)( x  5)
 log
( x  5)( x  5)
x5
 log , x  5 or x  5
x5

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 14

18(4)
a) log 6 18  log 6 2  log 6 4  log 6
2
 log 6 36
2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 52 of 79

 12 9
b) log 4 12  log 4 9  log 4 27  log 4
27
2 3(3)
 log 4
3 3
 log 4 2
 0.5

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 15

Let the pH levels of two berries be pH1 = –log [H1+] and pH2 = –log [H2+].
Compare the two pH levels.
pH2 – pH1 = –log [H2+] – (–log [H1+])
pH2 – pH1 = log [H2+]–1 – log [H1+]–1
[H1 ]
pH2 – pH1 = log
[H 2 ]
Substitute pH2 = 4.0 and pH1 = 3.2.
[H1  ]
4.0 – 3.2 = log
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
0.8 = log
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
100.8 =
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
6.309… =
[H 2  ]
The blueberry is approximately 6.3 times more acidic than the Saskatoon berry.

Chapter 8 Review Page 417 Question 16

F 
Substitute m2 = –26.74 and m1 = –12.74 in m2 – m1 = 2.5log  2  .
 F1 
F 
m2 – m1 = 2.5log  2 
 F1 
F 
–26.74 – (–12.74) = 2.5log  2 
 F1 
F 
–14 = 2.5log  2 
 F1 
F 
5.6 = log  2 
 F1 

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 53 of 79

 F2
105.6 =
F1
I
398 107.170… = 2
I1
The sun appears to be approximately 398 107 times brighter than the moon.

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 17

I2  I 
Substitute = 20 and β1 = 80 into β2 – β1 = 10  log 2  .
I1  I1 
 I 
β2 – β1 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
β2 – 80 = 10 log 20
β2 = 10 log 20 + 80
β2 = 93.010…
The decibel level at which the police can issue a fine to a motorcycle operator is
approximately 93 dB.

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 18

a) 32x + 1 = 75 b) 7x + 1 = 42x – 1
log 32x + 1 = log 75 log 7x + 1 = log 42x – 1
(2x + 1) log 3 = log 75 (x + 1) log 7 = (2x – 1) log 4
2x log 3 + log 3 = log 75 x log 7 + log 7 = 2x log 4 – log 4
2x log 3 = log 75 – log 3 x log 7 – 2x log 4 = –(log 4 + log 7)
log 25 x (log 7 – 2 log 4) = –(log 28)
x=
2 log 3 log 28
x= 
x ≈ 1.46 log 7  2 log 4
x ≈ 4.03

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 19

a) 2 log 5 ( x  3)  log 5 4 1
b) log 4 ( x  2)  log 4 ( x  4) 
log 5 ( x  3)  log 5 4
2 2
x2 1
( x  3) 2  4 log 4 
x4 2
x2  6 x  9  4
x2 1

x2  6x  5  0  42
x4
( x  5)( x  1)  0 x  2  2( x  4)
x = 5 or x =1 x  10
Since the equation is defined for x > 3, the Since the equation is defined for x > 4, the
solution is x = 5. solution is x = 10.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 54 of 79

c) d) log x 2  21x  1
log 2 (3 x  1)  2  log 2 ( x  1)
1
log 2 (3x  1)  log 2 ( x  1)  2 log( x 2  21x)  1
2
log 2 ((3x  1)( x  1))  2 log( x 2  21x)  2
(3 x  1)( x  1)  22 x 2  21x  102
3x 2  2 x  1  4 x 2  21x  100  0
3x  2 x  5  0
2
( x  25)( x  4)  0
(3x  5)( x  1)  0 x = 25 or x = –4
5 Since the equation is defined for x < 0 or
x= 10 or x = –1 x > 21, the solutions are x = 25 and x = –4.
3
Since the equation is defined for x > 1, the
5
solution is x = .
3

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 20

Let the value of the computer, v(t), be represented by v(t) = v0(0.68)t, where v0 is the
initial value of the computer and t is the time, in years.
Substitute v(t) = 100 and v0 = 1200.
v(t) = v0(0.68)t
100 = 1200(0.68)t
100
= 0.68t
1200
1
log = log 0.68t
12
1
log = t log 0.68
12
1
log
t= 12
log 0.68
t = 6.443…
Since t = 6.4 results in a value of $101.68, the computer will be worth less than $100 in
approximately 6.5 years.

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 21

Substitute R = 1050 into log R = log 73.3 + 0.75 log m.

log R = log 73.3 + 0.75 log m
log 1050 = log 73.3 + 0.75 log m
log 1050 – log 73.3 = 0.75 log m
1 1050
log = log m
0.75 73.3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 55 of 79

 1 1050
log
10 0.75
=m73.3

34.789… = m
The mass of the wolf is 35 kg, to the nearest kilogram.

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 22

t
 1 h
Substitute m(t) = 600, m0 = 800, and h = 6 into m(t) = m0   , where m(t) and m0 are
2
measured in megabecquerels, t is time, in hours, and h is the half-life of Tc-99m, in
hours.
t
 1 h
m(t )  m0  
2
t
 1 6
600  800  
2
t
0.75  0.5 6
t
log 0.75  log 0.5 6
t
log 0.75  log 0.5
6
6 log 0.75
h
log 0.5
h  2.490...
The radioactivity of the Tc-99m in the patient’s body will be 600 MBq in 2.5 h, to the
nearest tenth of an hour.

Chapter 8 Review Page 418 Question 23

0.05
a) Substitute P = 500, i = , or 0.0125, and A = 1000.
4
A = P(1 + i)n
1000 = 500(1 + 0.0125)n
2 = 1.0125n
log 2 = log 1.0125n
log 2 = n log 1.0125
log 2
=n
log1.0125
55.797… = n
It will take approximately 56 ÷ 4, or 14 years for the GIC to be worth $11 000.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 56 of 79

 0.048
b) Substitute FV = 100 000, i = , or 0.012, and R = 500.
2
R[(1  i ) n  1]
FV 
i
500[(1  0.012) n  1]
100 000 
0.012
0.012(100 000)
 1.012n  1
500
2.4  1.012n  1
3.4  1.012n
log 3.4  log1.012n
log 3.4  n log1.012
log 3.4
n
log1.012
n  102.591...
It will take about 103 ÷ 4, or 25.75 years for Mahal’s investment to be worth $100 000.

Chapter 8 Practice Test

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 1

x
1
The inverse of y =   is y = log 1 x , which is represented by the graph in choice D.
4 4

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 2

1
The exponential form of k = –logh 5, or k = logh 5–1, is hk = : choice A.
5

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 3

1
The function y = log3 x  7 can be written as y = log3 (x + 7). Then, the graph of
2
1
y = log3 x must be vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of and translated
2
7 units to the left to obtain the graph of y = log3 x  7 : choice B.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 57 of 79

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 4

xp
log 3 q
 log 3 x p  log 3 x q
x
 p log 3 x  q log 3 x
 ( p  q ) log 3 x
Choice A.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 5

Given x = log2 3
log 2 8 3  log 2 8  log 2 3
1
 log 2 8  log 2 3
2
1
 3 x
2
Choice C.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 419 Question 6

Let the pH levels of two acids be pH1 = –log [H1+] and pH2 = –log [H2+].
Compare the two pH levels.
pH2 – pH1 = –log [H2+] – (–log [H1+])
pH2 – pH1 = log [H2+]–1 – log [H1+]–1
[H1  ]
pH2 – pH1 = log
[H 2  ]
[H1  ]
Substitute = 4 and pH2 = 2.9.
[H 2  ]
2.9 – pH1 = log 4
pH1 = 2.9 – log 4
pH1 = 2.297…
The pH of formic acid is approximately 2.3: choice B.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 7

a) log9 x = –2 3
9–2 = x b) logx 125 =
2
1 3
=x x 2 = 125
81
x = 25
c) log3 (logx 125) = 1 d) 7log7 3  x
logx 125 = 3 3=x
x3 = 125
x=5

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 58 of 79

e) log2 8x – 3 = 4
(x – 3)log2 8 = 4
(x – 3)3 = 4
3x – 9 = 4
3x = 13
13
x=
3

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 8

Given: 5m + n = 125 and logm – n 8 = 3

5m + n = 125 logm – n 8 = 3
5m + n = 53 (m – n)3 = 8
m+n=3  (m – n)3 = 23
m–n=2 
Solve the system of equations.
m+n=3
m–n=2
2m = 5  + 
5
m=
2
5
Substitute m = into .
2
m+n=3
5
+n=3
2
1
n=
2

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 9

For y = –5 log2 (8(x – 1)), a = –5, b = 8, and h = 1.

Examples:
To obtain the graph of y = –5 log2 (8(x – 1)), the graph of y = log2 x must be reflected in
the x-axis, vertically stretched about the x-axis by a factor of 5, horizontally stretched
1
about the y-axis by a factor of , and translated 1 unit to the right.
8
OR
To obtain the graph of y = –5 log2 (8(x – 1)), the graph of y = log2 x must be horizontally
1
stretched about the y-axis by a factor of , vertically stretched about the x-axis by a
8
factor of 5, reflected in the x-axis, and translated 1 unit to the right.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 59 of 79

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 10

Given: y = 2 log5 (x + 5) + 6
a) The equation of the vertical asymptote occurs when x + 5 = 0. Therefore, the
equation of the vertical asymptote is x = –5.

b) The domain is {x | x > –5, x  R} and the range is {y | y  R}.

c) Substitute x = 0. Then, solve for y.

y = 2 log5 (x + 5) + 6
= 2 log5 (0 + 5) + 6
= 2 log5 5 + 6
= 2(1) + 6
=8
The y-intercept is 8.

d) Substitute y = 0. Then, solve for x.

y = 2 log5 (x + 5) + 6
0 = 2 log5 (x + 5) + 6
–6 = 2 log5 (x + 5)
–3 = log5 (x + 5)
5–3 = x + 5
1
=x+5
125
624
x= 
125
624
The x-intercept is  , or –4.992.
125

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 11

a) log 2 ( x  4)  log 2 ( x  2)  4
x4
log 2 4
x2
x4
 24
x2
x  4  16( x  2)
15 x  36
36
x
15
12
x
5
Since the equation is defined for x > 4, there is no solution.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 60 of 79

b) log 2 ( x  4)  4  log 2 ( x  2)
log 2 ( x  4)  log 2 ( x  2)  4
log 2 (( x  4)( x  2))  4
( x  4)( x  2)  24
x 2  2 x  8  16
x 2  2 x  24  0
( x  6)( x  4)  0
x = 6 or x = –4
Since the equation is defined for x > 4, the solution is x = 6.

c) log 2 ( x 2  2 x)7  21
7 log 2 ( x 2  2 x)  21
log 2 ( x 2  2 x)  3
x 2  2 x  23
x2  2 x  8  0
( x  4)( x  2)  0
x = 4 or x = –2
Since the equation is defined for x < 0 or x > 2, the solutions are x = 4 and x = –2.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 12

a) 32x + 1 = 75
log 32x + 1 = log 75
(2x + 1) log 3 = log 75
2x log 3 + log 3 = log 75
2x log 3 = log 75 – log 3
log 25
x=
2 log 3
x ≈ 1.46

b) 12x – 2 = 32x + 1
log 12x – 2 = log 32x + 1
(x – 2) log 12 = (2x + 1) log 3
x log 12 – 2 log 12 = 2x log 3 + log 3
x log 12 – 2x log 3 = 2 log 12 + log 3
x(log 12 – 2 log 3) = 2 log 12 + log 3
2 log12  log 3
x=
log12  2 log 3
x ≈ 21.09

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 61 of 79

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 13

0.06
Substitute PV = 1 000 000, i = , or 0.03, and R = 35 000.
2
R[1  (1  i )  n ]
PV 
i
35 000[1  (1  0.03)  n ]
1 000 000 
0.03
0.03(1 000 000)
 1  1.03 n
35 000
6
 1  1.03 n
7
1
  1.03 n
7
1
 1.03 n
7
1
log  log1.03 n
7
1
log  n log1.03
7
1
log
n 7
log1.03
n  65.831...
Holly can make semi-annual withdrawals for about 66 ÷ 2, or 33 years.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 14

Substitute ΔG = 4200 into ΔG = 1427.6(log C2 – log C1).

G  1427.6(log C2  log C1 )
4200  1427.6(log C2  log C1 )
4200 C
 log 2
1427.6 C1
4200
C2
 10 1427.6
C1
C2
 874.984...
C1
The glucose concentration outside the cell is approximately 875 times as great as inside
the cell.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 62 of 79

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 15

I2  I 
Substitute = 2 and β1 = 45 into β2 – β1 = 10  log 2  .
I1  I1 
 I 
β2 – β1 = 10  log 2 
 I1 
β2 – 45 = 10 log 2
β2 = 10 log 2 + 45
β2 = 48.010…
Since the decibel level with two refrigerators running is about 48 dB, the owner should
not be worried. For comparison, this decibel level is between quiet and normal
conversation on the decibel scale.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 16

t
Substitute c(t) = 12.8, c0 = 4.0, and t = 8 into c(t) = c0  2  d , where c(t) and c0 are
measured in grams per litre, t is time, in hours, and d is the doubling time of the yeast
cells, in hours.
t
c(t )  c0  2  d
8
12.8  4.0  2  d
8
3.2  2 d
8
log 3.2  log 2 d
8
log 3.2  log 2
d
8log 2
d
log 3.2
h  4.767...
The doubling time of the yeast cells is 4.8 h, to the nearest tenth of an hour.

Chapter 8 Practice Test Page 420 Question 17

t
Let the CPI, C(t), be represented by C(t) = C0  2  d , where C0 is the CPI in 1992, t is the
number of years since 1992, and d is the doubling time, in years.
Substitute C0 = 1, t = 14, and l(d) = 1.299.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 63 of 79

 t
C (t )  C0  2  d
14
1.299  1 2  d
14
1.299  2 d
14
log1.299  log 2 d
14
log1.299  log 2
d
14 log 2
d
log1.299
d  37.095...
If the CPI continues to grow at the same rate, in the year 2029 the price of the basket will
be twice the 1992 price.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 1

a)

b) The two functions have the same domain {x | x  R}, range {y | y > 0, y  R},
y-intercept 1, and equation of the asymptote y = 0.

x
1
c) The function y = 4x is increasing, since c > 1. The function y =   is decreasing,
4
since 0 < c < 1.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 2

a) For y = 5(2x) + 1, c > 1 so the graph is increasing. The graph will pass through the
point (0, 6). Graph B.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 64 of 79

 x 5
1
b) For y =   , c < 1 so the graph is decreasing. The graph will pass through the
2
point (0, 0.031 25). Graph D.

x 5
1
c) For y + 1 = 25 – x or y =   , c < 1 so the graph is decreasing. The graph will pass
2
through the point (0, 31). Graph A.

x
1
d) For y = 5   or y = 5(2x), c > 1 so the graph is increasing. The graph will pass
2
through the approximate point (0, 5). Graph C.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 3

a) Substitute t = 0. b) The doubling period is 3 h.

 t
B(t) = 1000  2 3 
 
 03 
B(0) = 1000  2 
 
B(0) = 1000
There were 1000 bacteria initially.

c) Substitute t = 24. d) Substitute B(t) = 128 000.

 t  t
B(t) = 1000  2 3  B(t) = 1000  2 3 
   
 243   3t 
B(24) = 1000  2  128 000 = 1000  2 
   
B(24) = 256 000 t
128 = 2 3
t
There were 256 000 bacteria after 24 h. 2 =2 7 3

t
7=
3
t = 21
There will be 128 000 bacteria in 21 h.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 65 of 79

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 4

a) For g(x) = 2(3x + 4) + 1, a = 2, h = –4, b)

and k = 1. The graph of f(x) = 3x must be
vertically stretch by a factor of 2 and
translated 4 units to the left and 1 unit
up.

c) The domain remains the same. The range changes from {y | y > 0, y  R} to
{y | y > 1, y  R} because of the vertical translation. The equation of the asymptote
changes from y = 0 to y = 1 also because of the vertical translation. The y-intercept
changes from 1 to 163 because of the vertical stretch and vertical translation.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 5

a) 23x + 6 and 8x – 5 = (23) x – 5

= 23x – 15

2x
1
b) 274 – x and   = (3–2)2x
9
= (33)4 – x = 3–4x
= 312 – 3x

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 6

a) 5 = 2x + 4 – 3 25 x 3
8 = 2x + 4 b) x 4
 1252 x  7
625
23 = 2 x + 4
3=x+4 (52 ) x 3
 (53 ) 2 x  7
x = –1 (54 ) x  4
52 x  6
 56 x  21
54 x 16
52 x  22  56 x  21
2 x  22  6 x  21
8 x  1
1
x
8

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 66 of 79

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 7

a) Graph y = 3(2x + 1) and y = 6–x and identify the point of intersection.

The solution is x = –0.72, to two decimal places.

b) Graph y = 42x and y = 3x – 1 + 5 and identify the point of intersection.

The solution is x = 0.63, to two decimal places.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 8

a) Substitute t = 5.
p = 100(0.83t)
= 100(0.835)
= 39.390…
The percent air pressure in the tank is approximately 39%.

b) Substitute p = 50.
p = 100(0.83t)
50 = 100(0.83t)
0.5 = 0.83t
Graph y = 0.5 and y = 0.83x and identify the point of intersection.

The air pressure will be 50% of the starting pressure in approximately 3.7 s.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 67 of 79

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 9

a) In logarithmic form, y = 3x is x = log3 y.

b) In logarithmic form, m = 2a + 1 is a + 1 = log2 m.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 422 Question 10

a) In exponential form, logx 3 = 4 is x4 = 3.

b) In exponential form, loga (x + 5) = b is ab = x + 5.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 11

1
a) log 3  log 3 34
81
 4

1 1 1
b) log 2 8  log 2 512  log 2 8  log 2 512
3 2 3
1 1
 (3)  (9)
2 3
3
 3
2
9

2

1 
c) log 2 (log 5 5)  log 2  log 5 5 
2 
1
 log 2  
2
 1

d) Use the inverse property clogc x = x. For k = log7 49,

7k = 7 log7 49
= 49

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 12

a) logx 16 = 4 b) log2 x = 5 1
x4 = 16 25 = x c) 5log5 x 
125
x 4 = 24 32 = x 1
x=2 x
125

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 68 of 79

 1
d) log x (log 3 27) 
5
1  1
log x  log 3 27  
2  5
1  1
log x  (3)  
2  5
1
3
x5 
2
243
x
32

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 13

log 6 (2 x  8) 1 1
For y =  5 or y = log6 (2(x – 4)) + 5, a = , b = 2, h = 4, and k = 4. The
3 3 3
graph of y = log6 x must be transformed by a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a
1 1
factor of , a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of , and translated by 4 units
2 3
to the right and 5 units up.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 14

a) For a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 3 and a horizontal translation of
5 units left, a = 3 and h = 5. The equation of the transformed function is y = 3 log (x + 5).

1
b) For a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of , a reflection in the x-axis,
2
and a vertical translation of 2 units down, a = –1, b = 2, and k = –2. The equation of the
transformed function is y = –log 2x – 2.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 15

a) Substitute pH = 6.2. Substitute pH = 7.8.

pH = –log [H+] pH = –log [H+]
6.2 = –log [H+] 7.8 = –log [H+]
–6.2 = log [H+] –7.8 = log [H+]
[H+] = 10–6 [H+] = 10–7.8
–7
[H+] ≈ 6.3 × 10 [H+] ≈ 1.6 × 10–8
The range of the concentration of hydrogen ions that is best for alfalfa is 1.6 × 10–8 mol/L
to 6.3 × 10–7 mol/L.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 69 of 79

b) Substitute [H+] = 3.0 × 10–6.
pH = –log [H+]
= –log (3.0 × 10–6)
= 5.522…
Since the pH level is above 5.5, nitrogen is available to plants.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 16

a) 2 log m  (log n  3log p )  log m 2  (log n  log p 3 )


 log m 2  log p 3 n 
m2
 log , m  0, n  0, p  0
p3 n

1 1 x
b) (log a x  log a x )  log a 3x 2  log a  log a 3 x 2
3 3 x
1
 log a x  log a 3x 2
3
 log a 6 x  log a 3 x 2
 log a 6 x (3 x 2 )
13
 log a 3 x 6 , x  0

c) 2 log( x  1)  log( x  1)  log( x 2  1)  log( x  1) 2  log( x  1)  log( x 2  1)

( x  1) 2 ( x  1)
 log
x2 1
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)
 log
( x  1)( x  1)
 log( x  1), x  1

27 x
d) log 2 27 x  log 2 3x  log 2
3x
 log 2 9 x , x  R or
 log 2 32 x , x  R

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 17

Zack incorrectly factored x2 – 8x – 65 as (x + 13)(x – 5). The correct factored form is

(x – 13)(x + 5). So, the solutions are x = 13 and x = –5.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 70 of 79

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 18

a) b) log 3 x  3log 3 x 2  14
42 x 1  9(41 x ) log 3 x  log 3 ( x 2 )3  14
42 x 1
9 log 3 x( x 6 )  14
41 x
log 3 x 7  14
43 x  9
x 7  314
log 43 x  log 9
3x log 4  log 9 x  32
log 9 x9
x
3log 4
x  0.53

c) log(2 x  3)  log(4 x  3)  log x

log(2 x  3)  log(4 x  3)  log x  0
(2 x  3) x
log 0
4x  3
(2 x  3) x
100 
4x  3
2 x 2  3x
1
4x  3
4 x  3  2 x  3x
2

0  2 x2  7 x  3
0  (2 x  1)( x  3)
1
x=
or x = 3
2
3
Since the equation is defined for x > , the solution is x = 3.
2

d) log 2 x  log 2 ( x  6)  4
log 2 ( x( x  6))  4
x( x  6)  24
x 2  6 x  16
x 2  6 x  16  0
( x  8)( x  2)  0
x = –8 or x=2
Since the equation is defined for x > 0, the solution is x = 2.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 71 of 79

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 19

a) Substitute M = 4. Substitute M = 5.
log E = 4.4 + 1.4M log E = 4.4 + 1.4M
log E = 4.4 + 1.4(4) log E = 4.4 + 1.4(5)
log E = 10 log E = 11.4
E = 1010 E = 1011.4
The energy of earthquakes with magnitudes 4 and 5 are 1010 J and 1011.4 J, respectively.

b) For each increase in M of 1, E changes by a factor of 101.4, or about 25.1 times.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 7-8 Page 423 Question 20

0.06
Substitute FV = 1 000 000, i = , or 0.015, and R = 625.
2
R[(1  i ) n  1]
FV 
i
625[(1  0.015) n  1]
1 000 000 
0.015
0.015(1 000 000)
 1.015n  1
625
24  1.015n  1
25  1.015n
log 25  log1.015n
log 25  n log1.015
log 25
n
log1.015
n  216.197...
Since n = 216 results in only $996 946.64, it will take about 217 ÷ 4, or 54.25 years for
Aaron’s investment to be worth $1 000 000.

Unit 2 Test

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 1

Use the given points, (3, –6) and (6, –12), to determine the value of a on the graph of
y = a(2bx).
For (3, –6),
y = a(2bx)
–6 = a(2b3)
6
a =  3b
2

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 72 of 79

 6
Then, use (6, –12) and a =  ,
23 b
y = a(2bx)
6
12   3b (2b 6 )
2
22 3b

1  3b
1
b
3
1 6
Substitute b = into a =  3b .
3 2
6
a =  3b
2
6
=  1
3 
2 3
= –3
Choice D.

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 2

For y = 3(bx + 1) – 2, a = 3, h = –1, and k = –2. The graph of y = bx must be vertically

stretched by a factor of 2 and translated 1 unit to the left and 2 units down to obtain the
graph of y = 3(bx + 1) – 2. The domain stays the same, {x | x  R}, but the range changes
from {y | y > 0, y  R} to from {y | y > –2, y  R}. The x-intercept changes from none to
one. The y-intercept changes from 1 to 3b – 2.
Choice B.

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 3

The mass, m, of C-14 remaining at time t can be found using the relationship
t
 1  5730
m(t) = m0   . If a bone has lost 40% of its carbon-14, then 60% remains. An
2
t
 1  5730
equation that can be used to determine its age is 60 = 100   : choice A.
2

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 4

2x = log3 (y – 1)
y – 1 = 32x
y = 32x + 1
y = 9x + 1
An equivalent form for 2x = log3 (y – 1) is y = 9x + 1: choice C.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 73 of 79

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 5

The function f(x) = –log2 (x + 3) is defined for x + 3 > 0, or x > –3. So, the domain is
{x | x > –3, x  R}: choice A.

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 6

Given: log2 5 = x
3
log 2 4 253  log 2 25
4
3
 log 2 52
4
3
 log 2 5
2
3
 x
2
Choice A.

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 7

Given: log4 16 = x + 2y and log 0.0001 = x – y

log4 16 = x + 2y log 0.0001 = x – y
2 = x + 2y  –4 = x – y 
Solve the system of equations.
2 = x + 2y
–4 = x – y
6 = 3y –
2=y
Choice D.

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 8

For a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of 2, a reflection about the x-axis, and a
horizontal translation of 3 units right, a = –2 and h = 3.

x
1
The graph of the function f(x) =   is transformed by a vertical stretch about the x-axis
4
by a factor of 2, a reflection about the x-axis, and a horizontal translation of 3 units right.
x 3
1
The equation of the transformed function is g(x) = 2   .
4

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 74 of 79

Unit 2 Test Page 424 Question 9

1 1
2 2
9 2
(3 )
2
 2
27 3
(33 ) 3
3
 2
3
 31
1
92
The quotient 2
expressed as a single power of 3 is 3–1.
27 3

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 10

For a function that is reflected in the x-axis and translated 1 unit down, the mapping is
(x, y) → (x, –y – 1).

The point P(2, 1) is on the graph of the logarithmic function y = log2 x. When the function
is reflected in the x-axis and translated 1 unit down, the coordinates of the image of P are
(2, –2).
Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 11

log 10x = 0.001

100.001 = 10x
x = 0.001
The solution to the equation log 10x = 0.001 is x = 0.001.

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 12

log 5 40  3log 5 10  log 5 40  log 5 103

40
 log 5
1000
1
 log 5
25
 2
Evaluating log5 40 – 3 log5 10 results in –2.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 75 of 79

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 13

a)

b) The domain is {x | x  R} and the range is {y | y > –2, y  R}.

c) Solve f(x) = 0.
f(x) = 3–x – 2
0 = 3–x – 2
2 = 3–x
log 2 = log 3–x
log 2 = –x log 3
log 2
x= 
log 3
x ≈ –0.6

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 14

a) b)
1
x
5(2 x 1 )  102 x 3
1 2
9    3 27 4
4
log 5(2 x 1 )  log102 x 3
3
1 x 4 log 5  log 2 x 1  (2 x  3) log10
1 2
(3 ) (3 )  (3 )
2 4 3 3
log 5  ( x  1) log 2  (2 x  3)(1)
1 x

3  34
2 2 log 5  x log 2  log 2  2 x  3
1 x x log 2  2 x  3  log 5  log 2
 4
2 2 x(log 2  2)  3  log 5  log 2
1 x  8 3  log 5  log 2
x
x  7 log 2  2
x2

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 15

a) For the function f(x) = 1 – log (x – 2), or f(x) = –log (x – 2) + 1, a = –1, h = 2, and
k = 1. The function is defined for x – 2 > 0 or x > 2. So, the domain is {x | x > 2, x  R},
the range is {y | y  R}, and the equation of the asymptote is x = 2.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 76 of 79

b) f(x) = 1 – log (x – 2) c) Substitute x = 0.
y = 1 – log (x – 2) f–1(x) = 10–(x – 1) + 2
x = 1 – log (y – 2) f–1(0) = 10–(0 – 1) + 2
x – 1 = –log (y – 2) f–1(0) = 10 + 2
–(x – 1) = log (y – 2) f–1(0) = 12
y – 2 = 10–(x – 1)
y = 10–(x – 1) + 2
f (x) = 10–(x – 1) + 2
–1

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 16

a) log 4 = log x + log (13 – 3x)

log 4 = log (x(13 – 3x))
log 4 = log (13x – 3x2)
4 = 13x – 3x2
0 = –3x2 + 13x – 4
0 = 3x2 – 13x + 4
0 = (3x – 1)(x – 4)
1
x= or x=4
3
13 1
Since the equation is defined for 0 < x < , the solutions are x = and x = 4.
3 3

b) log 3 (3x  6)  log 3 ( x  4)  2

3x  6
log 3 2
x4
3x  6
 32
x4
3x  6  9( x  4)
3 x  6  9 x  36
6 x  42
x7
Since the equation is defined for x > 4, the solution is x = 7.

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 17

Giovanni’s first error occurs in line 2. He multiplied the base by 2 when he should have
divided both sides by 2. His next error occurs in line six, where he incorrectly applied the
log 8
quotient law of logarithms: ≠ log 8 – log 6. The correct solution is
log 6
2(3x) = 8
3x = 4
log 3x = log 4

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 77 of 79

x log 3 = log 4
log 4
x=
log 3
x ≈ 1.26

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 18

Determine the amplitude of the Tofino earthquake. Substitute M = 5.6.

A
M  log
A0
A
5.6  log
A0
A
105.6 
A0
A  105.6 A0

1 1
Then, the amplitude of the aftershock is A, or 105.6A0.
4 4
A
M  log
A0
1 5.6
10 A0
 log 4
A0
1
 log 105.6
4
 4.997...
The magnitude of the aftershock is 5.0, to the nearest tenth.

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 19

a) Let the world population, P(t), in billions, be represented by P(t) = 6(1.03)t, where t is
the number of years since 2000.

b) Substitute P(t) = 10.

P(t) = 6(1.013)t
10 = 6(1.013)t
5
= 1.013t
3
5
log = log 1.013t
3
5
log = t log 1.013
3

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 78 of 79

 5
log
t= 3
log1.013
t = 39.549…
The population will reach at least 10 billion by 2040.

Unit 2 Test Page 425 Question 20

0.05
Substitute FV = 150 000, i = , or 0.025, and R = 11 500.
2
R[(1  i ) n  1]
FV 
i
11 500[(1  0.025) n  1]
150 000 
0.025
0.025(150 000)
 1.025n  1
11 500
15
 1.025n  1
46
61
 1.025n
46
61
log  log1.025n
46
61
log  n log1.025
46
61
log
n 46
log1.025
n  11.429...
Since n = 11 results in only $143 559.86, it will take 12 deposits for the account to
contain at least $150 000.

MHR • 978-0-07-0738850 Pre-Calculus 12 Solutions Chapter 8 Page 79 of 79