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Structural Systems in Architecture
Dr. Shankha Pratim Bhattacharya
Department of Architecture & Regional Planning
IIT KHARAGPUR
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Module 01: Statics and Structural Systems
Lecture 04 : Structural Supports and Reactions
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 Types of Structural Supports

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 Types of Beam and Support Reactions

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Learning Objective

• Understanding various types of structural support.

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• To interrelate the types of support and its nature of reactions related to loading.
• To Establish the procedure to calculate the support reaction.

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 Types of Structural Supports

The external load on the any structural system finally grounded through the supports.

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Different Types of Structural Support

Pinned / Hinged Support

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Roller Support

Fixed Support
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Internal Hinge / Link
Roller Supports

Roller supports is analogous to that person on roller skates.

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This can resist a vertical force but not a horizontal force.
A roller support or connection is free to move horizontally.
Roller support is very common in bridges.

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Roller Supports

It will allow translations towards the roller and rotations, but not allow any translation perpendicular to

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roller

M=0
RH =0

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RV = ?

Degree of Freedom = 2
Number of Unknown Reactions = 1
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Pinned or Hinged Support

The Pinned or Hinged support is very common in structural engineering.

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This Support allows rotation to occur but no translation. Hinged support can resist horizontal and vertical
forces but not a moment.
It is like the opening of a hinged door or Extension of human elbow.
Pinned supports can be used in trusses, bridges and building.

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Pinned or Hinged Support

It will allow only rotations, but not allow any translation.

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M=0

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RH =?

RV = ?

Degree of Freedom = 1
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Number of Unknown Reactions = 2
Fixed Support

The Fixed support is the most rigid type of support or connection.

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It will not allow any translations and rotations. It is analogous to the human hand grip.

Fixed supports are widely used in buildings.

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Fixed Support

It will not allow any translations and rotations.

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M=?
RH =?

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RV = ?

Degree of Freedom = 0
Number of Unknown Reactions = 3
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Internal Hinge

Sometimes a pin or hinge is introduced in the member to connect the two parts of it, called Internal Hinge
It prevent relative displacement of the member.

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It allows rotation.
It is normally and widely used in Truss

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Link
A connecting structural member is introduced as Link to connect two different members.
It prevents the displacement in the direction of link.

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It allows rotation, displacement in specified direction.
It is normally used in machines.

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Internal Hinge

Sometimes a pin or hinge is introduced in the member to connect the two parts of it, called Internal Hinge.
It prevents relative displacement of the member.

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It allows rotation, horizontal and vertical displacement.
It is normally and widely used in Truss.

M=0
M=0

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Degree of Freedom = 1
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Number of Unknown Reactions = 2
Simple Support
A simple support can be developed by placing the member, to rests on an external structure.

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It is similar to roller supports. Simply support can restrain vertical forces but not horizontal forces.

The member simply rests on an external structure to which the force is transferred to.

A plank of wood resting on two concrete blocks is the perfect example of Simply support.

Simple support is a conceptual support system, aren't widely used in real life structures.

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Different Types of Structural Support

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Pinned / Hinged Support
Name Vertical Horizontal Moments Degree of Unknown
Reaction Reaction Freedom reaction
Roller Support Roller YES NO NO 2 1
Hinged YES YES NO 1 2
Fixed Support

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Fixed YES YES YES 0 3
Internal Hinge YES YES NO 1 2
Internal Hinge / Link
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 Types of Beam and Support Reactions
Simply Supported Beam: with Roller and Hinged Support

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M=0
M=0
RH =0
RH =?

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RV = ?
RV = ?

2 1
Number of Unknown Reactions: 2 +1 = 3
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Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3
Cantilever Beam: One end Fixed and the other is Free

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M=?
RH =?

RV = ?

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3 0
Number of Unknown Reactions:3+0 = 3

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3

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Propped Cantilever Beam: One end Fixed and the other end is roller

M=0

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M=?
RH =? RH =0

RV = ? RV = ?

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3 1
Number of Unknown Reactions:3+1 = 4

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3

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Simply Supported Beam: with Hinged Supports at both ends
M=0
M=0

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RH =?
RH =?

RV = ? RV = ?

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2 2
Number of Unknown Reactions: 2 +2 = 4

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3

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Simply Supported Beam: with Hinged Supports at both ends
M=0
M=0

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RH =?
RH =? Horizontal Reactions will be Zero

RV = ? RV = ?

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2 1 2 1
Number of Unknown Reactions: 1 + 1 = 2

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 2

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Simply Supported Beam: with Roller and Hinged Support

42.5N
A 450 B RHB = 0

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RHA =? C

MB = 0
MA = 0
2m 2m

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RVA =? RVB=?

Number of Unknown Reactions: 2 +1 = 3

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations: 3
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The Structure can be solved by Three Equations of Statics
 42.5N
42.5 Sin 45 = 450
RHA =? A 30N B RHB = 0
C

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42.5 Cos 45 =
MA = 0
30N MB = 0
2m 2m

RVA =? RVB=?

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𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 − 30 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 = 30𝑁 42.5N
450
C
42.5 Sin 45 = 30N
𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑉𝐴 + 𝑅𝑉𝐵 = 30

At 𝐴, 𝑀=0 𝑅𝑉𝐵 × 4 = 30 × 2 𝑅𝑉𝐵 = 15

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42.5 Cos 45 = 30N
𝑅𝑉𝐴 = 15
Simply Supported Beam: with Hinged Supports at both ends

42.5N

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A 450 B
RHA =? C RHB = ?

MA = 0 MB = 0
2m 2m

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RVA =? RVB =?

Number of Unknown Reactions: 2 +2 = 4

Number of Static Equilibrium Equations: 3
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The Structure cannot be solved by Three Equations of Statics
 42.5N
450 42.5N
RHA =? A C B RHB = ? 450
C
42.5 Sin 45 = 30N

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MA = 0 MB = 0
2m 2m
42.5 Cos 45 = 30N

RVA =? RVB =?

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𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 − 3𝑂 − 𝑅𝐻𝐵 = 0

𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑉𝐴 + 𝑅𝑉𝐵 = 30 How to find RHA & RHB =?

At 𝐴, 𝑀=0 𝑅𝑉𝐵 × 4 = 30 × 2 𝑅𝑉𝐵 = 15

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𝑅𝑉𝐴 = 15
Cantilever Beam: One end Fixed and the other is Free
42.5N
450 42.5N
A C B 450
C
42.5 Sin 45 = 30N

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MA = ? RHA =?
2m 2m
42.5 Cos 45 = 30N

RVA = ?

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𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 − 30 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 = 30𝑁
Number of Unknown Reactions = 3
Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3
𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑉𝐴 = 30

The Structure can be solved by

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At 𝐴, 𝑀 = 0 𝑀𝐴 = 30 × 2 = 60
Three Equations of Statics
Propped Cantilever Beam: One end Fixed and the other end is roller
42.5N
450 42.5N
A C B MB = 0 450
C
42.5 Sin 45 = 30N

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MA = ? RHA =? RHB=0
2m 2m
42.5 Cos 45 = 30N

RVA = ? RVB = ?

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𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 − 30 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝐴 = 30𝑁

Number of Unknown Reactions: 3+1 = 4

𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑅𝑉𝐴 + 𝑅𝑉𝐵 = 30
Number of Static Equilibrium Equations: 3
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At 𝐴, 𝑀=0 𝑅𝑉𝐵 × 4 + 𝑀𝐴 = 30 × 2 The Structure cannot be solved by
Three Equations of Statics
Simply Supported Beam: with Roller and Hinged Support

M=0
M=0

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RH =0
RH =0

RV = ? RV = ?

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2 1
Number of Unknown Reactions: 1 +1 = 2
Number of Static Equilibrium Equations = 3
Number of Unknown Reactions are less than the
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number of Static Equilibrium Equations
 Support Reactions can be obtained
Statically Determinate by Equations of Statics

U= E

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Stable

Support Reactions cannot be

Statically Indeterminate
obtained by Equations of Statics
Structure
U>E

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Unstable
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U = 1+1+1 = 3 U>E Stable U = 2+1 = 3 U=E Stable
E=2 Statically Indeterminate E=2 +1 =3 Statically Determinate

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U=2 U<E Unstable
U = 2+1+1 = 4 U>E Stable E=2 +1 =3
E=2 Statically Indeterminate
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 6N
4N 7N
5N
A B
A

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MA = ? 3m 2m
2m 1m 1m
RA =? RB =? RA =?

𝐹𝑦 = 0 RA + RB = 4+6 = 10 RA = 5+7 = 12

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𝐹𝑦 = 0

MA = (5X3)+(7X5) = 50N-m
𝑀𝐴 = 0 4RB = (4X2) + (6X3) = 26
RB = 6.5N
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RA = 3.5N
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 Reinforced Concrete Design By Pillai & Menon, Tata McGraw Hill Publisher
 Basic Structures for Engineers and Architects By Philip Garrison, Blackwell Publisher

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 Understanding Structures: An Introduction to Structural Analysis By Meta A. Sozen & T. Ichinose, CRC Press

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Different types of supports provides different character of reaction unknowns.
The structure may fall under Statically determinate or indeterminate types due to the nature of its
support system.

Next Lecture:
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Module 02: Structural Mechanics-I
Lecture 05: Structural Loading
 Home Work
10N 10N
A C B
1. Find the Reactions at A & B due to 10 N force at D

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(i) C only, (ii) C & D both points (iii) D only

2m 2m 2m

2. A beam AB is loaded as per the figure below. Find the Reactions at A & B

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A
12N
0.5m
12N
B
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2m 1m
 End of Lecture 04

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