Chapter 2 - Physics-2

Chapter 2 - Physics
Chapter Content: Basic Laws in electric circuits.
2.2 Ohm's law

Resistance ‫ المقاومة‬R
Materials in general resist the flow of current in it. This
physical property is called Resistance.
Note: ‫تعريف الكتاب‬
The resistance R of an element denotes its ability to
resist the flow of current.
The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional
area A and its length Is l, ρ is the resistivity of the material Is:
ρ × l
R =
A
good conductors = Low resistivity = Low resistance

Bad conductors = High resistivity = High resistance
The resistance of a material can change with the change of its
heat.
Unit: Ohm Ω
Ohm's law
The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional (‫ )تتناسب مع‬to
the current flowing through the resistor.
V = I × R
Short circuit
It is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero. (‫سلك توصيل‬
‫)مفيهوش مقاومات‬.
Open circuit
It is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity. (ٍ‫)سلك مفتوح‬
Conductance ‫ التوصيلية الكهربية‬G

It is the ability of an element to conduct electric current.
It is a useful quantity in circuit analysis, it is the reciprocal
(‫ معكوس‬- ‫ )مقلوب‬of resistance R.
1 i
G = =
R v
Unit: mho ℧ = siemens S = 1
2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

Branch
represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor.
Node
is the point of connection between two or more branches.
Loop
is any closed path in a circuit. (‫)دواير مربعات مثلثات‬
b = l + n − 1
Note
Two or more elements are in series ‫ التوالي‬if they share a
single node and carry the same current.
Two or more elements are in parallel ‫ التوازي‬if they are
connected to the same two nodes and have the same
voltage across them.
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
The algebraic sum (‫ )المجموع الجبري‬of currents entering a node is
zero.
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

The algebraic sum (‫ )المجموع الجبري‬of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero.
∑ V B = ∑ V resistors
‫المقاومات التوالي ‪2.5 Series Resistors‬‬
‫‪R eq = R 1 + R 2 +. . +R n‬‬
‫‪v = v 1 + v 2 = iR eq‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬ ‫‪R2‬‬
‫= ‪v1‬‬ ‫‪× v,‬‬ ‫= ‪v2‬‬ ‫‪× v‬‬
‫‪R1 + R2‬‬ ‫‪R1 + R2‬‬
‫‪.‬فالتوالي يوزع الجهد بنسب طردية مع قيم المقاومات‪ ،‬بينما التيار يوزع بالتساوي‬
‫المقاومة المكافئة دايما أكبر من أكبر مقاومة فالدائرة‬
‫مقاومات توازي ‪2.6 Parallel Resistors‬‬

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the
product of their resistances divided by their sum.
R1 . R2
R eq =
R1 + R2
For N resistors:
1 1 1 1
= + +. . . +
R eq R1 R2 Rn
R2 R1
i1 = × i, i2 = × i
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
‫ بينما الجهد يوزع بالتساوي‬،‫فالتوازي يوزع التيار بنسب عكسية مع قيم المقاومات‬.
‫المقاومة المكافئة أصغر من أصغر مقاومة فالدائرة‬
Equivalent Conductance G eq
‫زي حساب المقاومات ولكن التوازي بنحسبه زي التوالي والتوالي بنحسبه زي التوازي‬
2.7 Wye-Delta Transformation

It is a technique used in some circuits when its elements are
neither in parallel nor series. (‫)قنطرة غير متزنة‬.
Tip
if
R2 R5
=
R3 R6
then
R4 = 0
Steps of the technique:

1. Recognize these two patterns, the Delta (a) and Pi (b)
2. We want to convert them to these two patterns, the Y or T
pattern
3. Combine them to make it easier:

Rb . Rc
R1 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Rc . Ra
R2 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Ra . Rb
R3 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
Rule:
Each resistor in the Y network is the product ‫ حاصل ضرب‬of the
resistors in the two delta adjacent branches ‫الضلعين المجاورين‬, divided
by the sum of the three delta resistors.
Wye to delta Conversion

R1 . R2 + R2 . R3 + R3 . R1
Ra =
R1
R1 . R2 + R2 . R3 + R3 . R1
Rb =
R2
R1 . R2 + R2 . R3 + R3 . R1
Rc =
R3
Rule:
Each resistor in the delta network is the sum of all possible
products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite
Y resistor.

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Chapter 2 - Physics

Chapter Content: Basic Laws in electric circuits.

2.2 Ohm's law

good conductors = Low resistivity = Low resistance

Conductance ‫ التوصيلية الكهربية‬G

Unit: mho ℧ = siemens S = 1

2.3 Nodes, Branches, and Loops

2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

‫مقاومات توازي ‪2.6 Parallel Resistors‬‬

2.7 Wye-Delta Transformation

Steps of the technique:

3. Combine them to make it easier:

Wye to delta Conversion

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