8 Chapter Eight Powertrain Part 3

Woldia University (WU)
Course Name: Motor Vehicle Engineering (Meng 5412)

Target group: 5th year Motor vehicle stream students
ECTS: 4
A.Y: 2016 E.C
PART-3 Drive Shaft
The main function
To Transfers power (and torque) from output of gear box to (usually
unsprung) rear drive axle
The Requirements
• It drive shaft line assembly must perform the following:
• Send turning power from the transmission to the rear axle
assembly.
• Flex and allow up-and-down movement of the rear axle
assembly.
• Provide a sliding action to adjust for changes in drive line
length.
• Provide a smooth power transfer.
• Light weight and strong enough.
Components of drive line assembly
• SLIP YOKE
• connects the transmission output shaft to the front universal joint
• FRONT UNIVERSAL JOINT
• the swivel connection that fastens the slip yoke to the drive shaft.
• DRIVE SHAFT
• a hollow metal tube that transfers turning power from the front universal joint to the rear
universal joint.
• REAR UNIVERSAL JOINT
• a flex joint that connects the drive shaft to the differential yoke.
• REAR YOKE
• holds the rear universal joint and transfers torque to the gears in the rear axle assembly.
Drive Shaft Assembly
Propeller Shaft
• Importance of using hollow Shaft
• to improve strength to weight ratio
U-JOINTS PARTS
• The importance of using U-Joint
• To transmit torque between 2 shafts where they are connected at an angle.
• Parts of U- Joint
• Cross Trunnion (spider)
• Needle bearings
• Driven and driving yokes
• Snap rings inside or outside
• U-bolts or straps
Slip Joint
• Propeller shaft must be capable of extension to account for suspension
travel
• Change in propeller shaft length due to
• Bumps and re-bounds
• Acceleration-torque reaction
• Brake-torque reaction
Bumps and re-bounds

Slip Joint
• Due to acceleration-torque reaction
Due to brake-torque reaction

Slip Joint
• The location of Splines slip–joint
• Between sleeve yoke and propeller shaft
• Between sleeve yoke and gearbox main shaft
Propeller Shaft Vibration
• Resonant frequency vibration or drum
• Propeller shaft factors
• Diameter & length of shaft (too Long and too small dia)
• Degree of balance of assembly
• Bending resistance of shaft
• Vehicle body factors
• Type and shape of body structure, reinforcement, etc.
• Position of components within body structure
• Drive–line clamping qualities (engine, transmission mounts, etc.)
Propeller Shaft Configurations
• One piece with extended gear box housing
• One piece with extended differential housing

Propeller Shaft Configurations
• Two piece with single intermediate support
• Three piece with two intermediate supports

PART-4 Final Drive
Final Drive
• The Function of Final Drive
• Transmit torque from drive shaft to drive axles and
rear wheels
• Transmit torque at a 90 degree angle
• Provides a gear reduction between the drive pinion
and drive axles.
• Split driving torque between the two wheels
• Allows drive wheels to turn at different speeds when
turning corners.
• Supports the Chassis, drive axles, and differentials
• Provides the means to attach the suspension system
brake assemblies, and drive wheels
Final Drive Components
• Differential drive pinion yoke (flange)
• connects drive shaft to differential ring gear.
• Drive pinion:
• transmits torque from drive shaft to differential ring gear
• Ring gear
• transmit torque from drive pinion to differential case
• Differential case
• transmits torque from ring gear to differential pinion shaft contains differential pinion
shaft; differential pinion gears, and axle side gears.
• Differential case side bearings:
• Support differential case in axle housing
• Differential pinion shaft: (Pinion Gear)
• transmit torque from differential case to differential pinion gears.
• Differential pinion gears: (Sun Gear)
• transmit torque from differential pinion gears to axle gears, allow axle gears to turn at different speeds
when cornering.
• Axle side gears:
• transmit torque from differential pinion gears to drive axles
• Drive axles:
• transmit torque from axle side gears to drive wheels
• Axle housing
• supports and contains the differential assembly and drive axles and support the chassis
Differential
• the differential consists of two parts,
• Final gears
• Differential gears
• Final reduction
• Crankshaft rotation, after being modified by the transmission, is further reduced by
the final gear to obtain a greater torque.
• Differentiation
• Front and Rear Differentials
• The differential gear assembly is designed to permit the inner rear wheel to turn at a
different speed than the other when the vehicle is changing direction (cornering, etc.,
as shown below) so that wheels do not slip
Differential
• Final Reduction
• To provide permanent speed reduction
• It consists of bevel pinion and crown wheel (Gear)
• The 3 types of gears which can used for final drive are
• Straight bevel gear
• Spiral bevel gear
• Hypoid gear
HELICAL GEAR
Principle of Differential Gear Units
Working principles of differential
Basic Construction Of The Differential Gear Unit
• Power Flow
• Crankshaft rotation
• propeller shaft
• drive pinion
• ring gear
• differential case
• differential pinion
• Side (Sun) gears
• axle shaft
• wheel
Basic Function Of The Differential Gear Unit
• Straight Ahead Travel
• The rolling resistances of the two drive wheels are almost identical when
the vehicle is traveling straight ahead on a level road
• Therefore, both side gears move equally with the revolution of the
differential pinions
• all components rotating as one unit
• differential pinions themselves do not rotate but turn as a unit with the
ring gear, differential case and pinion shafts
• the differential pinions only function to connect the right and left side
gears
• Turning
• The inside wheel travels less distance (i.e., in a shorter arc) than the outside
wheel in comparison with when the vehicle is traveling in a straight line
• Since a resistance is therefore applied to the left-hand side gear, as illustrated
below, each differential pinion rotates around its own shaft and also revolves
around the rear axle
• The relationship between the rpm of the drive wheels and that of the
ring gear
• the sum of the rpm of the two is twice as much as the rpm of the
ring gear. That is to say, the average rpm of the two is equal to the
rpm of the ring gear.
(𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐻 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑒𝑙) + (𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝐻 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑒𝑙)

𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 =
2
• Manual Differential lock

• Connecting it to the diff-case can stop the free rotation of one of the two
output shafts. This will block the compensation of speed differences.
When the clutch engages, the plates are

forced together. This locks the case to
the side gear and transmits torque to the
axle shaft and wheel.
Axle shaft
• The shaft is subjected to:
• Torsional stress due to driving and braking torque
• Shear stress due to the weight of the vehicle
• Bending stress due to the weight of the vehicle
• Tensile and compressive stress due to cornering forces
Additional features of F.D.
• Limited slip differentials (LSD)
• When one wheel slips on ice, the other wheel can not deliver torque. All
turning effort goes to the slipping wheel. To provide good traction even
though one wheel is slipping, a limited slip differential is used in many
cars
• the clutches or lones lock the case to the differential side gears. This
prevent differential action. Both axles now turn at the same speed.
LSD
• The common types of LSD
• Clutch-type
• Viscous Coupling
• Locking (electric, pneumatic or hydraulic)
• Torsen
Locking Clutch type LSD

8 Chapter Eight Powertrain Part 3

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Woldia University (WU)

Course Name: Motor Vehicle Engineering (Meng 5412)

Bumps and re-bounds

Due to brake-torque reaction

• One piece with extended differential housing

• Three piece with two intermediate supports

(𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝐻 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑒𝑙) + (𝑅𝑃𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝐻 𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑒𝑙)

• Manual Differential lock

When the clutch engages, the plates are

Locking Clutch type LSD

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