MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Myology - the scientific study of Connective Tissues

muscles (myo- means muscle; -logy 1. Fascia - layer of connective tissue
means study of) Muscles develop from outside of the whole muscle that
the mesoderm or the middle germ provides protection and support
layer of 2. Epimysium encircles the entire
the human embryo muscle; absent in cardiac muscles
3. Perimysium - surrounds 10 - 100
Types of Muscle Tissue muscle fibers called fascicles
1. Skeletal Muscle 4. Endomysium - surrounds each
• Moves most of the bones of the muscle fibers
skeletons
• Voluntary moves according to will • Muscle Fiber - muscle cell
• Striated - alternating light and dark 1. Sarcolemma - cell membrane
protein bands 2. Sarcoplasm - cytoplasm
• Multi-nucleated, cylindrical cells 3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum -
endoplasmic reticulum that stores
2. Smooth Muscle calcium
• Located in the walls of hollow internal 4. Transverse (T-tubules) - extensions
structures of sarcolemma
• Involuntary - moves by its own 5. Myofibrils - cylinders of contractile
• Striated- alternating light and dark proteins
protein bands
• Spindle-shaped Parts of a skeletal muscle tissue
• Sarcomere - contractile unit of a
3. Cardiac Muscle skeletal muscle
• Located in the walls of the heart
• Involuntary - moves by its own • A Band - region with thick filament
• Striated alternating lacks the light and •I Band - region with thin filament
dark bands
• Branching connected intercalated discs

Properties of Muscular Tissue Parts of a skeletal muscle tissue

1. Electrical Excitability - the ability to • Sarcomere - contractile unit of a
respond to certain stimuli by producing skeletal muscle
electrical signals called action potentials • Z line - border in between sarcomeres
2. Contractility - the ability to contract • H zone - space where only thick
forcefully when stimulated filament can be found
3. Extensibility - the ability to stretch • M line - area in the middle of H zone
or extend, within limits, without being that hold thick filaments together
damaged
4. Elasticity - the ability to return to its Neuro-muscular junction - point of
original length and shape after contact between a skeletal muscle and a
contraction or extension neuron that controls it
• Acetylcholine - the neurotransmitter Sarcoplasmic reticulum
that excites the muscle 4. Troponin binds to the tropomyosin,
• Muscle contracts as acetylcholine blocking the myosin-binding sites
triggers the muscle
Contraction of smooth and cardiac
• Muscle Proteins muscles
• Myosin - thick filament protein • Cardiac muscles have similar
• Actin - thin filament protein Intermediate contraction process as
• Tropomyosin - blocks actin from skeletal filaments muscle
binding with myosin • Intercalated discs attach fibers for
• Troponin - holds tropomyosin strands faster communication
together • Smooth muscles instead have the end
of their cells pulled toward center as it
Sliding Filament Model - skeletal contracts in a corkscrew motion
muscle contracts due to the thin Contraction of smooth and cardiac
filaments of the sarcomere sliding past muscles
the thick filaments • Innervated by singular neurons with
1. Acetylcholine travels through the NMJ, multiple varicosities
then binds fo receptors in the motor-end • Have two types:
plate • Single-unit smooth muscle -
2. Sodium ions (Na+) enter to the multiple cells that contract as a unit
muscles • Multi-unit smooth muscle cells
contract individually
3. Depolarization spreads along the
sarcolemma, causina the Calcium ions Muscle Tension
(Ca2+) inside Muscle Tension - force generated by
Sarcoplasmic reticulum get released to contraction of muscle that can be used to
the Sarcoplasm move an obiect
4. Calcium binds to troponin, removing
tropomyosin • Isometric contraction- muscle
5. Myosin-binding sites in the actin contracts but does not move a load
filament get exposed
Muscle Tension - force generated by
6. Myosin form cross-bridges with actin contraction of muscle that can be used to
7. Actin filament slides past myosin move an obiect
filament powered by ATP • Isotonic contraction - muscle
contracts and moves a load
Relaxation of a skeletal muscle • Concentric contraction muscle
tissue shortens to move load
1. Signaling from motor neurons end or • Eccentric contraction muscle
energy depleted lengthens to move load
2. Repolarization of sarcolemma and T
tubules Myogram
3. Calcium ions are pumped back to the
Myogram - displays the amount of • Fusiform - parallel arrangement with
tension produced by a twitch over a large belly in the middle and narrowing
period of time ends.
• Latent Phase - propagation of action • Circular - fibers wrap in a circle.
potential • Convergent - fascicles unite on
• Contraction Phase - cross-bridges singular, narrow insertion point.
have formed
• Relaxation Phase - calcium ions are Patterns of fascicle organization
pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum • Pennate - fascicles blend into tendon
in center of muscle
myogram • Unipennate - fascicles on one side of
• Twitch - singular contraction of a tendon
muscle cell • Bipennate - fascicles on both sides of
• Summation - a series of action tendon
potentials that sustain muscle • Multipennate-muscle branches within
contraction muscle to resemble many teathers
• Tetanus - sustained maximal arranged together
contraction due to action potentials
occurring quickly Naming skeletal muscles
Muscle shape named for their
Muscular system resemblance to a shape
• Muscles may have multiple sites of • Pectinate - comb-like
attachments •Piriformis - bear-shaped
• Tendons - strong bands of dense, • Platys - flat
regular connective fissue that connect • Quadratus - square, four-sided
muscles to bones • Gracilis - slender
Action--named for the action the muscle
• Insertion - moveable end of the achieves
muscle that attaches to the bone • Flexor - decreases joint angle
• Origin - attachment to a fixed bone • Extensor - increases joint angle
• Abductor - Moves bone away from
Muscular system midline
• Agonist - or prime mover; • Adductor - moves bone closer to
primarily responsible for action midline
• Antagonist - muscle that produces • Tensor - makes body part rigid
the opposite movement of agonist
• Synergist - assist prime mover • Levator - elevates body part
• Fixator - stabilize insertion points • Depressor - lowers body part
during a movement • Supinator - turns palm anteriorly
• Pronator - turns palm posteriorly
Patterns of fascicle organization • Sphincter - decreases size of an
• Parallel - fascicles arranged in same opening
direction as long axis of a muscle.
Muscle size- muscles in a group are
sometimes named for their size relative
to other muscles in the group
• Maximus - the largest of a group
• Medius - medium-sized in a group
• Minimus - the smallest of a group
• Brevis - short
• Longus - long

Muscle size- muscles in a group are

sometimes named for their size relative
to other muscles in the group
• Magnus/Vastus - large/huge
• Major - the larger of two
• Minor - the smaller of two
• Latissimus - the widest
• Longissimus - the longest

Number of origins
• Uni = 1
• Bi/Di = 2
• Tri = 3
• Quad = 4
• Multi = many

Location Attachment
• Origin is always first