HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE even in English and Spanish.

We can only determine their

origins from the time mentioned in the said epics. Aside from
According to Solmerano (2019), there had been the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can
evidences to support that our ancestors had already the so- be read and studied like the following epics.
called “literature” even before the Spanish colonizers came a. Bidasari – Moro epic
to the Philippines. One example is the discovery of the b. Biagni Lam-ang – Ilokano epic
“Tabon Caveman” in Palawan in 1962 by the archeologists. c. Maragtas – Visayan epic
This served as a great help in determining the culture of the d. Haraya – Visayan epic
early Filipinos. Prior to the discovery, Westerners noted e. Lagda – Visayan epic
records have existed even before 1521. Researches and f. HarisaBukid – Visayan epic
writings about Philippine history show that the preservation g. Kumintang – Tagalog epic
of the indigenous culture, part of which is oral lore and the h. ParangSabir – Moro epic
literature of the Filipino ancestors were made possible only i. “Dagoy” at “Sudsod” – Tagbanua epic
by this people’s living beyond the control of the Spanish j. Tatuaang – Bagobo epic
colonizers. k. Indarapatra at Sulayman
l. Bantugan
THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD m. Daramoke-A-Babay – Moro epic in “Darangan”
(Early times – 1565) Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine
Before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed on literature that emerged in the pre-Spanish period. These
Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these
literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient have 12 syllables. Examples of these folksongs are
literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno, Ang
as trace in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our Oyayi o Hele, Diana, Soliraning, Talindaw. Epigrams,
ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different Riddles, Chants, Maxims, Proverbs or Sayings were other
from that brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used forms of pre-colonial poetry.
by our ancestors was similar to that of the Malayo- Epigrams (Salawikain) have been customarily used and
Polynesian alphabet. served as laws or rules on good behavior by our ancestors.
Whatever records our ancestors left were either burned To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart
by the Spanish friars in the belief that they were works of the lessons for the young. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan are
devil or were written on materials that easily perished, like made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may
the barks of trees, dried leaves and bamboo cylinders which consist of four to 12 syllables. Chant (Bulong) are used in
could not have remained undestroyed even if efforts were witchcraft or enchantment. Maxims are rhyming couplets with
made to preserve them. Other records that remained showed verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the same
folk songs that proved existence of a native culture truly our number of syllables. Sayings (Kasabihan) are often used in
own. Some of these were passed on by word of mouth till teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations. Idioms
they reached the hands of some publishers or printers who (Sawikain) are sayings with no hidden meanings.
took interest in printing the manuscripts of the ancient
Filipinos. THE SPANISH PERIOD
The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to (1565-1898)
prove that our ancestors were really fond of poetry, songs, It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of
stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel
which serve to show to generations the true culture of our Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor general in the
people. Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This
Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by legends, spurt continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872.
folktales, epics, and folksongs. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three
Legends are a form of prose the common theme of centuries.
which is about the origin of a thing, place, location or name. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives
The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable. of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion, changed
Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is their names, and were baptized. Their lifestyles changed too.
to entertain. Here is an example of a legend is THE LEGEND They built houses made of stones and bricks, used beautiful
OF THE TAGALOGS. furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages,
Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, trains and boats were used as means of travel. They held
love, horror and humor where one can derive lessons about fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They
life. These are useful to us because they help us appreciate had cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of re-
our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our creation.
perspectives in life. An example of this is THE MOON AND This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of
THE SUN. society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos
Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching.
heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt Many Filipinos finished their schooling already had been
with at length. Nobody can determine which 7 epics are the established.
oldest because in their translations from other languages, Spanish Influences on Philippine Literature
 Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines people in society because the letters dealt with
by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong influence on good behavior.
our literature. The literary scene during this era was focused 7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary) – A
on religious themes due to the Christianization of the collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr.
Philippines by the Spaniards. The first Filipino alphabet Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865
called Baybayin (Alibata) was replaced by the Roman and it was popular especially during the Maytime
alphabet. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the “Flores de Mayo” festival.
basis of religious practices. The Spanish language which Literary Compositions
became the literary language during this time lent many of its 1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of
words to our language. European legends and traditions the Tagalog language) – written by Fr. Blancas de
brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas
moro-moros. Ancient literature was collected and translated Pinpin in 1610.
to Tagalog and other dialects. Many grammar books were 2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding
printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan. the Tagalog language) – written by Fr. Gaspar de
Periodicals during these times gained a religious tone. San Agustin in 1703.
The First Books 3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog
1. Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine) – vocabulary) – the first Tagalog dictionary written by
This was the first book printed in the Philippines in Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613.
1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de 4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga
Placentia and Fr. Domingo Neiva, in Tagalong and vocabulary) – the first book in Pampanga written by
Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Our Father), Fr. Diego in 1732.
Ave Maria (Hail Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy 5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan
Queen), and the Ten Commandments of God, the vocabulary) – the best language book in Visayan by
Commandments of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mateo Sanchez in 1711.
Mortal Sins, How to confess, and the Cathecism. 6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano
Three old original copies of this book can still be language) – the first Ilocano grammar book by
found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Museum and at Francisco Lopez.
the US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but 7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol
costs $5,000. language) – the first book in the Bicol language and
2. Nuestra Señora Del Rosario – The second book written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.
printed in the Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas Folk Songs
de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each
Printing Press with the help of Juan de Vera, a region had its national song from the lowlands to the
Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao.
saints, novenas, and questions and answers on Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the
religion. Filipinos. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in love of beauty. The examples are Leron Leron Sinta,
Spanish and Tagalog) – This is the first book printed Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and Atin Cu Pung
in typography. Singsing.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat – This is a Biblical story Recreational Plays
printed in the Philippines and translated to Tagalog There are many recreational plays performed by
from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in
be the first Tagalog novel published in the poetic form. Here are examples:
Philippines even if it is only a translation. The 1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This
printed translation has only 556 pages. The Ilocano ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to remind
translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia. the people about the search of St. Helena for the
5. The Pasion – This is the book about the life and Cross on which Jesus died.
sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only during 2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the
Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get
each version is according to the name of the writer. together. As early as April, the participating ladies
These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of are chosen and sometimes, mothers volunteer their
Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen version (by Gaspar girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an illness
Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced or for a favor received. In some parts of Bicol, a
(by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in different presentation is made but the objective is
1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in the same—praise, respect and offering of love to
1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the mound she
or the de la Merced version which is the most had dug in.
popular. 3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to
6. Urbana at Felisa – A book by Modesto de Castro, commemorate the passion and death of Jesus
the so called Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog. Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and
These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Hablada. In the Hablada the lines are spoken in a
Felisa and have influenced greatly the behavior of more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic
 measure of each verse and the rhyming in each or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend about
stanza and is more dignified in theme; the Cantada a princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea
is chanted like the Pasion. The Cenaculo is written and who offered her hand in marriage to anyone who can
in octosyllabic verse, with 8 verses to the stanza. retrieve it. A leader starts off with an extemporaneous poem
The full length versions take about 3 nights of announcing the purpose. He then spins a “lumbo” o “tabo”
staging. Performers come in costumes with wigs marked with a white line. Whoever comes in the direction of
and performers are carefully chosen for their the white line when the spinning stops gets his turn to “go
virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ into the sea to look for the ring.” This means a girl will ask
and another the role of the Virgin Mary. Many him a riddle and if he is able to answer, he will offer the ring
famous Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog to the girl.
regions although there are also those from Ilocos, Duplo
Pampanga, Bicol and both Sibulanon and The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust
Hiligaynon. in speaking and reasoning. The roles are taken from the
4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played
Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search during wakes for the dead.
of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein The Balagtasan
to deliver the baby Jesus. This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a
5. The Salubong (or Panubong) – The Salubong is an particular topic or issue. This replaced the Duplo and is held
Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.
Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in The Dung-aw
many Philippine towns. This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his
6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic representative beside the corpse of the dead. No definite
entertainment performed on a moonless night meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it
during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a freely recites in poetic rhythm according to his feelings,
harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting emotions and thoughts. It is personalized and usually deals
cardboard figures before a lamp against a white with the life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and
sheet. The figures are moved like marionettes includes apologies for his misdeeds.
whose dialogues are produced by some experts. The Awit and the Corrido
The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit or Some use these two interchangeably because
some religious play interspersed with songs. These distinction is not clear. The terms ‘awit’ and ‘corrido’ are both
are called by various names in different places: related to music. ‘Awit’ is the Tagalog word for song while the
Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguna; Spanish word ‘corrido’ means a metrical story, usually sung
Titres in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bataan, Capiz to the accompaniment of a guitar, in fandango style. Pardo
and Negros; Titiri in Zambales; Gagalo or Kikimut in de Tavera, an imminent Filipino scholar, believes that the
Pampanga and Tarlac; and Aliala in La Union. word ‘corrido’ was derived from the Spanish ‘occurido,’
7. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; meaning, events happenings. Korido is the generic name for
it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts Philippine romances. In Tagalog literature, an awit is
which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like distinguished from the korido basically by the number of
love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social syllables in each line. The korido refers to metrical romances
or political problem. in octosyllabic (8 syllables) verse called ‘hakira’ while the
8. The Sainete – this was a short musical comedy awit is in dodecasyllabic (12 syllables) verse called ‘plosa.’
popular during the 18th century. They were Among all the Filipinos the word corrido means an extended
exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long narrative of the life and adventures of some person.
plays and were mostly performed by characters
from the lower classes. Themes were taken from PERIOD OF ENLIGHTENMENT
everyday life scenarios. (1872 – 1898)
The Moro-Moro After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the
Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos
a special stage. This is performed during town fiestas to and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of
entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was
religion. The plot is usually the same that of a Christian buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines
princess or a nobleman’s daughter who is captured by the opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a
Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la
fighting between the Moros and the Christians ensues. Torre. The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of
The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle or rebellion among the Filipinos. The once religious spirit
Divine Intercession and the Mohammedans are converted to transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos
Christianity. In some instances, the whole kingdom is demanded changes in the government and in the church.
baptized and converted. One example of this is Prinsipe The Propaganda Movement (1872 – 1896)
Rodante. This movement was spearheaded mostly by the
Karagatan intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar;
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose
celebrated during the death of a person. In this contest, more Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this
movement were to seek reforms and changes like such as • Notas a la Obra Sucesos de las Filipinas for el Dr.
getting equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards Antonio de Morga (Notes on Philippine Events by
under the law; making the Philippines a colony of Spain; Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889
restoring Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes; • P. Jacinto: Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila (P.
Filipinizing the parishes, and giving the Filipinos freedom of Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882
speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of • Diario de Viaje de Norte America (Diary of a Voyage
grievances. The gist of literature contained mostly to North America).
accusations against the government and was meant to Marcelo H. del Pilar. His writings include:
arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence. • Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of Country) –
Highlights of the Propaganda Movement Translated from the Spanish Amor Patria of Rizal,
There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog.
movement. They were Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and • Kaiingat Kayo (Be Careful) – A humorous and
Graciano Lopez Jaena. sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda. His novel Noli of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888.
books and writings include: He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
• Noli Me Tangere – This was the novel that gave • Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayers and Jokes) – Similar
spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the to a cathecism but sarcastically done against the
way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888.
courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run Because of this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.”
government in the Philippines. The Spaniards Done in admirable tone of supplication and
prohibited the reading of this novel but a lot of excellent use of Tagalog.
translations were able to enter stealthily in the • Ang Cadaquilaan ng Dios (God’s Goodness) –
country even if it means death to those caught in Published in Barcelona, it was also like a cathecism
possession of them. The Noli gave Philippine sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but
literature the immortal characters Maria Clara, Juan also contains a philosophy of the power and
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosopong Tasio, intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love
Doña Victorina, Kapitana Maria, Basilio and Crispin, for nature.
Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these • Sagot sa Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas (Answer to
characters. Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos) – A poem
• El Filibusterismo – This is a sequel to the Noli. pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is
While the Noli exposed the evils in society, the Fili already old and weak to grant any aid to the
exposed those in the government and in the church. Philippines. This poem is in answer to that of
However, the Noli has been dubbed the novel of Hermenigildo Flores’ Hibik sa Pilipinas (A Plea from
society while that of Fili is that of politics. the Philippines).
• Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell) – This was a • Dupluhan…Dalit…Mga Bugtong – (A poetical
poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort contest in narrative sequence, psalms, riddles). A
Santiago and is one that can compare favorably compilation of poems on the oppression by the
with the best in the world. It was only after his death priests in the Philippines.
when his name was affixed to the poem. • La Soberania en Pilipinas (Sovereignty in the
• Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (On the Philippines) – This shows the injustices of the friars
Indolence of the Filipinos) – An essay on the so- to the Filipinos.
called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the • Pasiong Dapat Ipag-alab ng Puso ng Taong Babasa
reasons for such allegations. (Passion that should arouse the hearts of the
• Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años (The Philippines readers)
within a Century) – An essay predicting the Graciano Lopez Jaena. His works include:
increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and • Ang Fray Botod (Friar Botod) – One of his works
the decreasing interest of Europe here. Rizal written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, 6 years after the
predicted that if there is any other colonizer of the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines.
Philippines in the future, it would be the US. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy,
• A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) – A ambitious and immoral.
poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying • La Hija del Fraile (The Child of the Friar) and
at UST. Everything is Hambug (Everything is mere show) –
• El Consejo de les Dioses (The Council of the Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a
Gods). – An allegorical play manifesting admiration Spaniard.
for Cervantes. • Sa Mga Pilipinos…1891… – A speech which aimed
• Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig River) – Written by to improve the 14 condition of the Filipinos to
Rizal when he was 14 years of age. become free and progressive.
• Me Piden Versos (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 • Talumpating Pagunita kay Kolumbus (An Oration to
and A Las Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Commemorate Columbus) – A speech he delivered
Heidelberg) – Two poems manifesting Rizal’s in Madrid on the 39th anniversary of the discovery
unusual depth of emotion. of America.
 • En Honor del Presidente Morayta de la Associacion • Su Plano de Estudio (Your Study Plan)
Hispano Filipino 1884 – Here he praised Gen. • El Pensamiento (The Thinking)
Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos. Highlights of the Active Revolution
• En Honor de los Artistas Luna y Resurreccion The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio,
Hidalgo – A sincere expression of praise for the Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini.
paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos Andres Bonifacio. Among his works were:
under the Spaniards. • Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (What the
• Amor a España o a Las Jovenes de Malolos (Love Tagalogs Should Know)
for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos) – The theme is • Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and (Obligations of Our Countrymen) – This is an outline
whose teachers were the governors-general of the of obligations just like the 10 commandments of
place. God.
• El Bandolerismo en Pilipinas (Banditry in the • Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (Love of One’s Native
Philippines) – Jaena refuted the existence of Land) – A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo
banditry in the Philippines and of how there should H. Del Pilar.
be laws on robbery and other reforms. • Huling Paalam (Last Farewell) – A translation of Mi
• Honor en Pilipinas (Honor in the Philippines) – The Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog.
triumphant exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Emilio Jacinto. Here are few of his writings:
Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or • Kartilya ng Katipunan (A primer book on the
knowledge gives honor to the Philippines. Katipunan)
• Pag-alis sa Buwis sa Pilipinas (Abolition of Taxes in • Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) – A collection
the Philippines) of essays on different subjects like freedom, work,
• Institucion ng Pilipinas (Sufferings of the faith, government, love of country.
Philippines) – Jaena refers here to the wrong • A Mi Madre (To My Mother) – A touching ode to his
management of education in the Philippines 1887. mother.
Other Propagandists • A La Patria (To My Country) – His masterpiece.
Antonio Luna. Some of his works are: Apolinario Mabini. Here are some of his works:
• Noche Buena (Christmas Eve) – It pictured true • El Verdadero Decalogo (The True Decalogue or Ten
Filipino life. Commandments) – This was his masterpiece and
• Se Devierten (How They Diverted Themselves) – A his aim here was to propagate the spirit of
dig at a dance of the Spaniards where the people nationalism.
were very crowded. • El Desarollo y Caida de la Republica (The Rise and
• La Tertulia Filipina (A Filipino Conference or Feast) Fall of the Philippine Republic)
– Depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was • Sa Bayang Pilipino (To the Filipino Nation)
much better than the Spanish. • Pahayag (News)
• Por Madrid (For Madrid) – A denouncement of Other Revolutionists
Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a colony Jose Palma. Aside from the National Anthem, here are
of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners his other works:
when it comes to collecting taxes for stamps. • Melancolias (Melancholies) – A collection of his
• La Casa de Huepedes (The Landlady’s House) – poems.
Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for • De Mi Jardin (In My Garden) – A poem expressing
money but in order to get a husband for her child. one’s longings for his sweetheart.
Mariano Ponce. Among his writings are: Newspapers During the Revolution
• Mga Alamat ng Bulacan (Legend of Bulacan) – In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world
Contains legends, and folklores of his native town. their longings for their country, many newspapers were put
• Pagpugot kay Longinos (The Beheading of up during the Revolutionary period. They were:
Longinos) – A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, • Heraldo de la Revolucion – Printed the decrees of
Bulacan. the Revolutionary Government, news and works in
• Sobre Filipinos (About the Filipinos) Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
• Ang mga Pilipino sa Indo-Tsina (The Filipinos in • La Independencia (Independence) – Edited by
Indo-China) Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine
Pedro Paterno. The following are a few of his writings: Independence.
• Ninay – The first social novel in Spanish by a • La Republica Pilipina (The Philippine Republic) –
Filipino. Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898.
• A Mi Madre (To My Mother) – Shows the importance • La Libertad (Liberty) – Edited by Clemente Zulueta.
of a mother especially in the home.
• Sampaguita y Poesias Varias (Sampaguitas and
Varied Poems) – A collection of his poems.
Jose Ma. Panganiban. Some of his writings are:
• Ang Lupang Tinubuan (My Native Land)
• Ang Aking Buhay (My Life)