Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO.

735613

INTERN
NAME: MAKHADZI MULAUDZI

ATIONA
STUDENT NUMBER: 62472577

MODULE CODE: COM3705

L
UNIQUE NUMBER: 735613

DATE: 15 OCTOBER 2019

COMM
UNICATI
ON
Declarations

ASSIGN Student Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi

Student Number: 62472577

MENT 3 I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the

University Policy in this regard.

I declare that this assignment is my own original work. Where other people’s work
has been used (either from a printed source or internet or any other source, this has
been properly acknowledged and referenced.
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

I have not used work previously produced by another student or any other person to
hand in as my own.

I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intentions of
passing as his or her own work.

Signature: Makhadzi Mulaudzi

Witness: Christinah Negota

Date: 15 August 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

MEDIA, ENTERTAINMENT, LIGHT, CAMERA, ACTION (BROADCASTING AND FILM

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Defining film industriesHollywood, Bollywood and Hollywood 1

1.2 Difference between film industries, Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood

1.2.1 Industry size

1.2.2 Distribution method, platforms
1.2.3 Annual production
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

1.2.4 Audience typologies

2 CONCULUSION

TRANSINATIONAL ISSUE: THE FLOW OF PEOPLE

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Theoretical definition of culture shock 6

2.3 Phases of culture shock that international students may experience 6

2.3.1 Honeymoon phase 6

2.3.2 Frustration phase 6

2.3.3 Adjustment phase 7

2.3.4 Acceptance phase 7

2.4 How tourist can overcome culture shock 8

2.5 Conclusion 8

3. SOURCE CONSULTED 9
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

MEDIA, ENTERTAINMENT, LIGHT, CAMERA, ACTION (BROADCASTING AND FILM

1. INTRODUCTION

This portfolio assignment is about international communication; it is based on the topics of

film industries. The first question is going to define and give brief history of Hollywood,
Bollywood and Nollywood film industries. The second question is going to unpack the
difference between each film industry. A conclusion will be rendered to recapitulate the
subsections of the assignment.

1.1 Defining film industries Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood.

Film industry comprises of the technological and commercial institutions of film making, film
production companies, cinematography, screen writing, preproduction, post productions,
distributions, film festivals and actors as well as film directors.

According to Wigston (2014:81) there are three film industries namely Hollywood, Bollywood
and Nollywood.

Hollywood

Hollywood is a known worldwide, it is a term that has become synonymous with the
American cinema and situated in Los Angeles, California and that’s where its name came
from. The origin of the movies and motion pictures began in the late 1800’s with the
invention of motion of toys designed to trick the eye into seeing an illusion of motion from a
display of still frames succession such as the thaumatrope and zoetrope and the movies are
produced in English. (Hale, 2014)

In the year 2000 the turn of millennium brought a new age in the film industry with rapid and
remarkable advances in technology. The movie industry has already seen achievement and
inventions in 2000 such as the blu ray disc and Imax theatres. Additionally, movies and
television shows can be watched on smartphones table’s computers and other personal
devices. 2000 have been an era of immense change in the film and technology industries.
(Hale, 2014)

Definition and history of Bollywood film industry

According to Grant (2019), Bollywood refers to the Hindi language film industry in Mumbai
India, the term refers to the whole Indian film industry which is consist of many more
productions centres that manufactures film in various Indian languages Urdu and Hindi. It is
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

the centre of Indian film world. Bollywood is part of large Indian film industry it began in
Bombay which is now called Mumbai.The name Bollywood is derived from the word Mumbai.
In 2008, it was a notable year for film industry A.R Rahman received two academies towards
for the best sound track. Indian cinema is no longer restricted to India and is now being well
appreciated by international audiences Around 30 film production companies were listed in
National stock exchange of India in 2013. The multiplexes have boomed in India due to tax
incentives.

Definition and history of Nollywood film industry

Nollywood refers to the process of film making in Nigeria, it produces films in English,

The creation of Nollywood films can be traced back in 19960

The term Nollywood was coined by the New York Journalist Norimitsu Onishi in 2002 when
he observed film making in Nigeria. By the year 2004, at least four films were produced in
Nigeria daily. Films become widely popular all over the continent and Nollywood actors
in the likes of Genevieve Nnaji, Omotola Kehinde, Jim Iyke, Emeka Ike, Ramsey Noah,
etc. became household names as well. (Igwe,2015)

1.2 Difference between film industries, Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood

Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood are film industries that are recognized in the
international film scene. Both labels, descriptions and both refer to the film industry or its
associated movies, actors, practices. However, these three industries are different in
aspects such industry size and, distribution annual production and genres and audience’s
typology.

1.2.1 The size of film industry Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood

Hollywood film industry is known worldwide, it is a word that has become synonymous with
the American cinema and it is situated in Los Angeles. (Geer, 2019)

Hollywood film industry produces films in all categories, including action romantic, comedies,
teenage melodramas and horror film, furthermore they show glitz and glam, all beautiful
people and heroes that the audience can relate to idolize. Hollywood movies are themed
around any topic in the world, they can be based on the true story of fiction. They tackle local
and international issues and political issues, violence, controversy sex and animation.

Bollywood film industry refers to the film making in India. It is based on Hindi language.
Bollywood industry have more of escapist tone in their films, where the emphasis is put on
the star, star crossed love, corrupt politicians, twins or other members separated by birth,
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

they usually include at least one huge dance scenes, bright colours, striking scenery, music
and most beautiful people that don’t look average like Indians. Bollywood movies are
sometimes highly based on our tradition and religion, movie contain traditional dresses and
religious songs. (Geer, 2019)

Nollywood their films are inspired by local roots, the setting is familiar and story portrays
situations that people understand and confront on daily life such as romance, comedy,
occult, crooked cops, prostitution, HIV &AIDS. Nollywood are mostly about drama social and
political their films are predictable and consist of plot that lacks creativity and mostly appears
in the woman sensitivity. (Oyewele, 2014)

1.2.2 The method of distribution, platforms and approaches

Hollywood The movie is often tied with various other media like TV networks, home videos,
and cinema. An internet connection and Netfflix account are used to distribute movies to the
audience. Dynamic of the theatrical window is different, it includes DVD streaming accounts,
licensing Netflix, amazon. (Zipin, 2019)

Bollywood in terms of distribution Box office tickets sales generate film as long as the film is
in artificial window. Immediately when the movie is out the theatre begins collecting the DVD,
streaming rental for the revenue and television generates income by syndication rights for
TV channels. The music in Bollywood is independent source of revenue. (Noronha, 2016).

Nollywood got exposure through the launch of the first African magic channel on Digital
satellite television (DSTV) and silver bird cinema improved the distribution channels and.
revenues streams. IROKO television video streaming is another method for distribution
which used by Nigerian film industry. Distribution of Nollywood films range through DVD in
theatres and internet and there are limited options for formal distribution due to piracy.
(Oyewele, 2014).

1.2.3The annual production

Hollywood film industry produces 500 to 800 movies in a year. In terms of revenue it
dominates the sales. In terms of production. Hollywood movies are expensive not just on the
technology but other elements of movie production, they cost $13.5 million and production
time around one year. The industry earns more revenues by using a franchise system apart
from revenue from the actual film and the revenue streams grow according to the largest film
studios by digital sales. The sets are well planned and studios are known worldwide. In
terms of worldwide cinema, earn 75 per cent of all movie revenues. in almost two third
Hollywood profits come from the outside of America borders because they make their
movies in English and available to purchase online before they are available on Blu ray and
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

DVD. They make use the latest technology along with special effects on their produce quality
films. (Geer,2019)

Bollywood produces over 1000 to 1500 films in a year. Film production cost $1.3 million to
make and cases in half of all the films are shown in movies theatres and those shown in
movies theatre 90 percent little earn profit or none at all and their profits come from the
international sales because only 2 percent of the films are produced in English. The size of
the industry is 5 billion, the highest grossing film. They are behind on technology and they
and poor quality production. The music in Bollywood is independent source of revenue.
(Geer,2019)

Nollywood refers to the process of film making in Nigeria and film industry is the first
producing about 2400 films. The average production time takes ten days and cost about
$15000 and they sell up to 120,000 copies locally and more when exported on video or
DVD. Nollywood produces over one thousand movies a year but it’s not really concerned
with the quality, the studios where their movies are made are unknown. (Oyewele,2014)

1.2.4 Audience topologies

Hollywood caters to a more liberal, educated audience has movies evolved in science fiction,
thriller with focus on originality of the plot Hollywood film are made in grand scale, they are
short often two hours in length with the variety of styles. Hollywood film industry have 2.6
billion worldwide audiences. They produce movies which target different audience, low
income, middle class and rich audience. (Zipin,2019)

Bollywood

The target audiences are based in Indian countries and few international. The target
audience Hindi and other Indian regional language films, inn country like India where there is
so much diversity due to socio economic and cultural factors film makers classify the
audiences in order to understand who will be the right target audience for the films.
Bollywood movies are sometimes highly based on our tradition and religion, movie contain
traditional dresses and religious songs. Target both low income and middle class by
purchasing or renting movies on box office. (Noronha,2016)

Nollywood

Target audience are based in Nigerian cities and villages and they are native Nigerian
speakers. Nollywood audiences have access to Nigerian films through several platforms
regardless of they are in the world. And their serves as education of their culture to the
audience. it shares audiences with the Nigerian Television authority. The most targeted
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

audiences are low income who can purchase DVD and middle class who can afford to pay
DSTV. (Oyawele,2014)

2. CONCLUSION

The overall essay defined and discussed the histories of three film industries namely
Hollywood, Bollywood and Nollywood. Hollywood is the American film industry, it was
established in the in the year 1800’s. Bollywood film industry refers to the Indian film industry
which was established in 1930’s and Nollywood film industry as the film making process in
Nigeria, which originates in the year 1960. They are both entertainment industries but they
are different in terms aspect such as production and quality this assignment has unpacked
the differences between each film industries based on aspects such number of production,
and production cost quality and technology. Between these three film industries Hollywood
remains the best in technology, quality of production, actors and theme. The film industries
are different in terms of revenues, because Hollywood takes their time and in production and
have large audiences they earn better revenues compared to Hollywood and Bollywood.
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

TRANSNATIONAL ISUES: THE FLOW OF PEOPLE

2.1 Introduction

The flow of people refers to the movement of people across international borders in the form
of immigration, international student flow, business travel and tourism. This is essay is based
on the international flow of people. It is going to define the theoretical concept of culture
shock it will furthermore discuss the phases of culture shock that international students may
experience and how tourists can overcome culture shock. A conclusion will be rendered to
recapitulate the subsection of the essay.

2.2 Theoretical definition of culture shock

According to Fitzpatrick (2017), culture shock refers to the natural state of psychological and
feeling of disorientation that occurs upon encountering a new environment and culture. It
includes loss of social support networks, independency and ability to communicate
combined with the differences and challenges of entering a new culture. Culture in general is
a term used to describe what happens to people when they encounter unfamiliar
surroundings.

2.3 Phases of culture shock that students may experience

According to Pedersen (1995), Culture shock occurs generally in four different phases,
honeymoon, frustration and adjustment acceptance. Students as individuals they may
experience these stages in a different way.

2.3.1 Honeymoon Stage

Honeymoon is the first stage of culture shock, in which immigrants approach a new culture
and society with a great deal of interest and excitement, it is often overwhelming positive
during this stage student may become infatuated with the language people and surrounding,
going abroad maybe exciting to students as it new adventure to come, they are fascinated
by the novelty of their experiences and enthusiastic about opportunities. Student may feel
positive and successful. At this stage the move seems like the great decision ever made, an
exciting adventure to stay in forever. (Pedersen, 1995)

2.3.2 Frustration Phase

Frustration stage maybe difficult stage for culture and is probably familiar to anyone who
lived abroad or who travels frequently. Student may begin to fatigue how different everything
really not understanding gestures, signs and language sets. Misunderstanding maybe
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

happening. They become frustrated and annoyed at differences and realize how much works
it takes to manage with the new culture. Some students may experience home sickness
within the first days or weeks of being abroad, they feel lonely, lost, anxious and
overwhelmed as they are missing their families and friends. During this stage student may
feel less competent and may question their decision and own values and habits. They may
feel helpless. (Pedersen, 1995)

2.3.3 The adjustment phase

On this stage thing seems to get better frustrations are often subdued as student may begin
to feel more familiar and comfortable with culture, people, food and languages. Students are
able to resolve of their conflict and problems they begin to understand and appreciate the
way how things are done in new culture or environment, they found helpful resources both
internal and external their feelings may become more balanced navigation become easier,
friends and details of local language may become more recognizable during adjustment. Life
may not be perfect for students and they still face new surprises and mixed feelings but they
begin to feel competent in their ability to function and handle themselves in the new
environment. (Furnharm & Bochner, 1986)

2.3.4 Acceptance phase

At this stage it might take some time, week, a month and a year after wrestling with the
emotional stage. Acceptance doesn’t mean that the new culture or environment are
completely understood rather signifies realization that complete understanding, isn’t
necessary to function and thrive the surroundings. During this phase student may start to
confront some deeper personal differences between their values, expectations and life style.
They may need to turn inward to understand their unhappiness or discomfort. Student may
eventually find that they have truly accepted their new life and integrated into new culture,
finally they have realistic understanding of what is involved in their new life and have made
personal changes. They now have appreciated their home culture and their new
environment culture, they are now in effect bicultural. (Pedersen, 1995)

2.4 How tourist can overcome

According to for tourist to overcome culture shock they can follow below tips.

Tourists should try to read up about new place that they have shifted to, online blogs,
magazines, newspaper and books.
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

Tourist should get familiar with their neighbourhood.

Learning language the host culture

Trying new things in the host culture and engage in routine, trying new things whether that
food.

They can push themselves to meet right people and make friendship

Travel with open mind and stop comparing host culture with your home culture.

Maintain contact with family and friends back home

Avoid idealizing life back home

Get involved in some aspect of the new culture

Learn the rules of living in host culture

3 CONCLUSION

This essay defined the culture shock as natural state of psychological and feeling of
disorientation that occurs upon encountering a new environment and culture. Culture shock
occurs in different four stages; this essay has unpacked the different stages of culture shock
that international student may experience namely Honeymoon as the first stage which is
interesting and exciting, frustration phase where students may experience fatigue, the
adjustment phase where student may begin to adjust and feel comfortable and acceptance
on this stage student may accept new culture. Individuals may experience those stages
differently. There are different ways to that tourist can overcome culture shock, the most
important aspect or way is to learn the host culture languages and to join the expect
community in order to learn more about the host culture.
Name: Makhadzi Mulaudzi student NO. 62472577 COM3705 ASSIGNMENT 3 NO. 735613

SOURCES CONSULTED

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[o] Available:

https://historycooperative.org/the-history-of-the-hollywood-movie-industry/

Accessed 23/09/2019

Grant, A. A brief history of Indian film from 1913, to the present

[o] Available:

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[o] Available:

https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2014/02/article_0001.html

Accessed date: 11/10/2019

Noronha L, 2016. What are the revenues sources of the Bollywood Movies?

Available [o]
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https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-revenue-sources-for-Bollywood-movies

Accessed: 11/10/2019

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