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Chapter 05

Notes of human resources management

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10 views

Chapter 05

Notes of human resources management

Uploaded by

mayakhatunwasif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 05: Quantitative Data Analysis

1. Different variables are used in Quantitive analysis


1) Nominal Variables:
a. Nominal variables, also known as categorical variables, consist of categories that cannot
be ranked or ordered in a meaningful way.
b. Examples of nominal variables include gender, ethnicity, marital status, and type of car.
c. These variables represent different categories without any inherent order or ranking.
d. Interval/Ratio Variables:
2) Interval/Ratio Variables:
a. Interval/ratio variables are numerical variables that have a meaningful zero point and can
be measured on a continuous scale.
b. Interval variables have equal intervals between values, but no true zero point (e.g.,
temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit).
c. Ratio variables have equal intervals between values and a true zero point, allowing for
meaningful ratios (e.g., height, weight, income).
d. Examples of interval/ratio variables include age, weight, income, and time spent on an
activity.
3) Ordinal Variables:
a. Ordinal variables are categorical variables that have a natural order or ranking.
b. However, the differences between the categories are not necessarily equal or measurable.
c. Examples of ordinal variables include education level (e.g., high school, college, graduate
school), income brackets, and survey responses such as "strongly agree," "agree,"
"neutral," "disagree," and "strongly disagree."
4) Dichotomous Variables:
a. Dichotomous variables are a special case of nominal variables that have only two
categories or levels.
b. Common examples of dichotomous variables include yes/no, true/false,
presence/absence, and success/failure.
c. In research, dichotomous variables are often used to represent binary outcomes or
characteristics, such as gender (male/female) or response to a treatment (improved/not
improved).
The method of analysis in quantitative research encompasses three main approaches: univariate analysis,
bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis.

2. Methods for analyzing


1) Univariate Analysis: Univariate analysis involves the examination of a single variable at a time.
It focuses on describing the characteristics and distribution of a single variable, including
measures of central tendency (e.g., mean, median, mode) and measures of dispersion (e.g., range,
variance, standard deviation). This approach provides insights into the individual variables'
properties and is essential for understanding their standalone characteristics.
2) Bivariate Analysis: Bivariate analysis involves the simultaneous analysis of two variables to
explore the relationship between them. It aims to identify associations, correlations, or
dependencies between two variables. Common techniques used in bivariate analysis include
correlation analysis, t-tests, chi-square tests, and regression analysis. Bivariate analysis provides
insights into how changes in one variable may be associated with changes in another variable,
without implying causation.
3) Multivariate Analysis: Multivariate analysis entails the simultaneous analysis of three or more
variables to understand complex relationships and patterns between them. It involves advanced
statistical techniques such as factor analysis, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling.
Multivariate analysis is valuable for identifying interdependencies and patterns among multiple
variables, providing insights into complex relationships that may not be apparent in simpler
analyses.

3. Univariate analysis
Univariate analysis refers to the statistical analysis of a single variable at a time. It involves examining the
distribution and characteristics of a single variable without considering its relationship with other
variables. Univariate analysis provides insights into the central tendency, dispersion, and shape of the
distribution of the variable.

Common approaches in univariate analysis include:

➢ Frequency Tables: Frequency tables display the counts or percentages of observations that fall into
different categories of a categorical variable or into intervals of a continuous variable.
➢ Measures of Central Tendency: Measures such as mean, median, and mode are used to describe
the central or typical value of a variable.
➢ Measures of Dispersion: Measures such as range, variance, and standard deviation are used to
describe the spread or variability of the values within a variable.
➢ Visualization: Graphical representations such as histograms, bar charts, and pie charts are used to
visually display the distribution of the variable.

Univariate analysis provides a foundational understanding of the characteristics of individual variables,


which is essential for further exploration and interpretation in multivariate analysis.

4. Bivariate analysis
Bivariate analysis involves the simultaneous analysis of two variables to determine if there is a
relationship between them. It focuses on exploring the association, correlation, or dependency between
two variables. Bivariate analysis is essential for understanding how changes in one variable may be
associated with changes in another variable.

Key aspects of bivariate analysis include:

➢ Exploring Relationships: Bivariate analysis examines whether changes in one variable are related
to changes in another variable. It helps in understanding the nature and strength of the relationship
between the two variables.
➢ Techniques: Various statistical techniques are used in bivariate analysis, such as correlation
analysis, t-tests, chi-square tests, and regression analysis, depending on the types of variables being
analyzed.
➢ Causality: It is important to note that while bivariate analysis can identify associations between
variables, it does not establish causality. Correlation does not imply causation, and additional
research is often needed to infer causal relationships.
➢ Visualization: Graphical representations, such as scatter plots, are commonly used to visually
display the relationship between two variables.

Bivariate analysis is valuable for identifying patterns, trends, and associations between two variables,
providing insights into their interdependence and potential impact on each other. It serves as a foundation
for more complex multivariate analysis and hypothesis testing.

5. Multivariate analysis
Multivariate analysis involves the simultaneous analysis of three or more variables to understand the
relationships between them. It is used to explore complex relationships between multiple variables and to
identify patterns and trends that may not be apparent in bivariate or univariate analysis.

Key aspects of multivariate analysis include:


➢ Multiple Variables: Multivariate analysis involves analyzing multiple variables simultaneously,
which can include both categorical and continuous variables.
➢ Techniques: Various statistical techniques are used in multivariate analysis, such as factor analysis,
cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and structural equation modeling, depending on the research
question and types of variables being analyzed.
➢ Causality: As with bivariate analysis, multivariate analysis does not establish causality. Additional
research is often needed to infer causal relationships.
➢ Visualization: Graphical representations, such as heat maps and network diagrams, are commonly
used to visually display the relationships between multiple variables.

Multivariate analysis is valuable for identifying complex relationships between multiple variables,
providing insights into the interdependence and potential impact of multiple factors on each other. It is
often used in fields such as social sciences, marketing, and healthcare to identify patterns and trends that
may not be apparent in simpler analyses.

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