Fractals
Fractals
Fractals
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Fractals
The term fractal was coined in 1975 by Benoît
Mandelbrot, from the Latin fractus, meaning
"broken" or "fractured".
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Fractals
• Fractals are geometric objects.
• Many real-world objects like ferns are shaped
like fractals.
• Fractals are formed by iterations.
• Fractals are self-similar.
• In computer graphics, we use fractal functions
to create complex objects.
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Fractals
• A fractal is a geometric construction that is
self-similar at different scales.
• Fractals can be found in nature around us and
have been heavily utilized in mathematics and
computer science to simulate and model
natural objects.
• A mathematical fractal is based on an
equation that undergoes iteration, a form of
feedback based on recursion.
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What is a Fractal?
• A fractal is a mathematical
object that is both self-similar
and chaotic.
•self-similar: As you
magnify, you see the object
over and over again in its
parts.
•chaotic: Fractals are
infinitely complex.
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Fractals features
• Have fine structure when viewed at arbitrarily small scales.
• Satisfy the property of self-similarity.
– Exactly self-similarity
• Appears identical at different scales.
• Defined by iterated functions
– Quasi self-similarity
• Appears approximately but not exactly identical when seen at different
scales
• Contains small copies of entire fractal in distorted and degenerated forms.
• Defined by recurrence relations.
– Statistical self-similarity
• Has numerical or statistical measures which are preserved across scale.
• Defined by statistical
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The first fractals were discovered by a french
Mathematician named Gaston Julia who discovered them
decades before the advent of computer graphics.
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Koch Fractals (Snowflakes)
1/3 1/3
1 1/3 1/3
Generator
Generator
Generator
For each triangle, join the midpoints of the sides and then remove the
triangle formed in the middle.
And so forth,
until...
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 0
This fractal is called the Sierpinski
Triangle
Stage n
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Sierpinski Gasket
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Fractal objects: iterative construction
∙ iteration step:
remove an upside-down
triangle from the center of
every filled triangle
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Fractal objects: iterative construction
(( ∞
8)
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Fractal objects: properties
(a) self-similarity
zoom in
and rescale
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Fractal objects: properties
(a) self-similarity
zoom in
and rescale
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Fractal objects: properties
∙ there is no typical …
… size of objects
… length scale
Sierpinsky:
contains triangles of
all possible sizes
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Koch Curve
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Let’s consider another well known fractal called the Koch Curve.
The iteration rule for this fractal is:
For each segment, remove the middle third and replace it with an
upside-down V which has sides the same length as the removed piece.
Stage
Stage3
Stage
Stage 150
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If we put three Koch curves together, we get...
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Koch Snowflake
• Same as the Koch curve but starts with an
equilateral triangle
Hilbert curve
Peano curve
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Source: http://mathworld.wolfram.com
Fractal tree
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Mandelbrot Set
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Julia Set
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Barnsley Fern
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