wHAY

Like volcanic eruption, earthquakes,

typhoons and thunderstorms, fire is a
common hazard that could turn into a
disaster. A simple ignition can spread easily
and devastate a home and community.
Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

• state the positive and negative effects of

fire;

• define and identify the components of the

fire triangle/tetrahedron; and

• recognize elements of fire triangle in

different situations.
wHAY
Of all the natural disasters, fire is the only
event that is both beneficial to man and his
environment as well as destructive and
deadly. Fire is beneficial when controlled but
is very destructive and deadly if not.
PROS AND CONS ACTIVITY
wHAY
•Get a piece of paper (½ crosswise) and fold it
in two
•On one side, write what could be considered
as positive qualities of fire (PROS).
•On the other, write what could be considered
as negative qualities of fire (CONS).
FIND A PARTNER
AND SHARE TO
HIM/HER YOUR
LIST OF PROS
AND CONS OF FIRE
 PROS AND
CONS OF FIRE
Can you recall
instances where
you have
witnessed fire?
candle, matches, glass jar in which the candle can fit inside
and its lid, ¼ glass of water, and worksheet ballpen,
manila paper, marker
A group must have 7-8 learners,
with the following configuration:
• 1 Group Facilitator
• 2 Scribes
• 2 Logistics Officers (in charge of the
materials)
• 2 Safety Marshalls
• 1 Reporter

• The group facilitator should give peer

evaluations at the end of the activity based on
their assigned task
SOME BASIC RULES FOR HANDLING FIRE
• Plan work. The majority of lab fires
have resulted from mental or
procedural errors or carelessness.
• Minimize materials. Have present in
the working area only the materials
necessary for the activity.
• Keep work areas uncluttered, and
clean frequently.
• Keep aisles, doors and access to
emergency equipment unobstructed at
all times.
• Be careful not to burn yourself when
handling fire.
• Observe proper safety practices.
wHAY PART A
A.wHAY
Light a candle using the match. Observe what
happens before a fire is formed.

B. Using the wax from the burning candle, mount the

candle to the lid of the jar. Make sure that you
mount it on the underside of the lid.
 wHAY
C. Then, slowly put the jar on top of the candle and
close the jar. Observe what happens to the candle
and write this down on your notebooks.

D. Afterwards, wait for about 2 minutes to unscrew

the jar. Note that the jar could still be hot.
wHAY PART B
A. Soak
wHAY the tip of the candle in water then try to light it
up using the match. Does it light up easily? Observe
what happens and write it down on your notebooks.

B. Afterwards, dry the tip of the candle using a tissue

and again try to light the candle. Observe what
happens and write it down on your notebooks.
wHAY PART C
A. wHAY
Using the same candle in Part B, try to light the
bottom of the candle. Does it light up?

B. What could be needed for the candle to light

up? Write your answers on your worksheet.
wHAY
In a Manila Paper, make an illustration
of a Fire Tetrahedron and the group
reporter will explain the interactions
among the elements and based on our
experiments in not more than 2
minutes.
 20 15 10 5
wHAY
Discussion
1. Fire needs three elements to burn: (1) Oxygen, (2) Heat, and (3)
wHAY
Fuel.
2. Part A shows the role of oxygen to the formation of fire. As the
fire is being enclosed in the jar, the oxygen is being used up. Once
the fire is enclosed, all the oxygen turns into carbon dioxide and
eventually, fire won’t be produced.
3. Part B shows the role of heat. Once the candle is soaked in
water, it will not be able to produce enough heat to sustain a fire. If
the candle is dry, then it could reach enough heat to sustain a fire.
4. Part C shows the role of fuel. Fire needs fuel to form. For the
candle, the wick serves as the fuel. The wax is not capable of
burning and is just there to support the fire.
5. If the fire triangle is incomplete, there will be no fire.
wHAY
wHAY
FIRE is a state of combustion in which fuel or other
materials is ignited and combined with oxygen,
giving off light, heat, and flame.
Directions: Based on the fire scenario
wHAY
given, identify the objects that serve as
the FUEL, the OXIDIZING AGENT, and the
SOURCE OF HEAT in the fire incident.
After identifying the ingredients of fire,
list the possible ways on how the
community and the firefighters
extinguished the fire.
FUEL OXIDIZING AGENT HEAT SOURCE
wHAY
Fire cannot start if there isn’t any material available to
burn. Businesses and homes alike are full of flammable
materials including fabrics, wood, oil, and paper. Any of
these materials can serve as fuel for a fire.

Some of the materials burn more easily compared to

others. Fuel is probably the hardest ‘side’ of the fire
triangle you can remove, so it is advisable to ensure that
they are appropriately stored so that they don’t become a
fire hazard.
FUEL OXIDIZING AGENT HEAT SOURCE
wHAY
Oxygen is needed to sustain the combustion reaction since
it reacts with the burning fuel to release carbon dioxide
and heat. The atmosphere of the earth consists of 21 per
cent oxygen, which means that there’s enough to trigger a
fire as long as the other two components are present.

Some fire extinguishers and fire blankets remove the

oxygen ‘side’ of the triangle by displacing or removing it
thus causing suffocation and ceasing the combustion
reaction.
FUEL OXIDIZING AGENT HEAT SOURCE
wHAY
A heat source is necessary for ignition to occur and
different materials have different ‘flash points’ or the
lowest temperatures at which they can ignite.
Combustion reactions, however, also produce heat as they
burn, which further increases the fuels’ temperature. The
heat may be cooled by applying water, but this is only
possible for some types of fire.
What does chemical chain reaction imply?

wHAY
A chemical chain reaction is a series of chemical reactions where the products of the reaction contribute
to the reactants of another reaction. This transformation of products to reactants allows a reaction to
continue with minimal or no outside influence. These chain reactions are generally triggered by a single
initial reaction where an unstable product from the first reaction becomes the reactant. This process
occurs until the system reaches some stable state. This stable state often comes running out
of fuel because the different chemicals are in their lowest energy state
(like hydrocarbons becoming water and CO2).
There are three “phases” to a chemical chain reaction: first being the initiation or the initial spark, the
next being the propagation, and the final state being the termination where the system reaches a stable
state.
A burning candle or other fire is an example of a chemical chain reaction. When a flammable material is
surrounded by enough oxygen and is exposed to a source of heat or temperature above the flash point, a
fire starts. If there is sufficient oxygen, fuel and heat, it will continue to burn until there is no longer
enough of one of these three components to maintain the chemical chain reaction of the fire.
wHAY
Recognizing fire elements
wHAYIn each given situation, identify the elements of a
Directions:
fire triangle.
Homework: (In a 1 whole sheet of paper)
wHAY
DIRECTIONS:
1. Identify 5 possible situations in your houses
where fire is present. At least one (1) fire with
negative effects should be included.
2. Identify the fire triangle for each situation.
3. Come up with concrete plans so that unwanted
fires will be prevented in your homes.
What are the positive and negative effects of fire?

What are the components of the fire triangle and how

do they interact with one another?
How can you recognize the elements of fire triangle in
different situations?
Why is it relevant to recognize the different elements
of the fire triangle in each situation?
Quiz time!
THANK YOU!
 Fire
• Fire is the rapid oxidation of a
flammable material accompanied by
the production of light and heat. The
discovery of fire has brought significant
advancements to people and
industries. Aside from being used as
an external source of heat and light, it
is also used as a power source. Natural
fires of low intensity may benefit the
environment and restore ecological
balance through the removal of pests
and plants that compete with other
species for nutrients.
Causes
wHAY of fires
Many fires start due to negligence such as leaving
the stove unattended or by not organizing the storage
cabinet. The things that we find useful in our homes
such as paper, paint, cooking oil, and electrical
appliances can ignite and burn easily. The following are
common causes of fire:
 Faulty electrical wiring or connection
1.
wHAY
2. LPG-related
3. Neglected cooking or stove
4. Lighted cigarette butts
5. Left unattended open flame: torch or sulo
6. Left unattended open flame: candle or gasera
7. Matchstick or lighter kept near flammable materials
8. Direct flame contact or static electricity
9.
wHAY
Neglected electrical appliances or devices
10. Unchecked electrical types of machinery
11. Flammable chemicals
12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
13. Spontaneous combustion
14. Under planned pyrotechnics
15. Bomb explosion
16. Lightning
17. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.
1.
 The figure shows the four
wHAY
stages of fire development. It
is during the incipient stage
where ignition occurs. The
fire has just started and has
not yet affected a large area.
It may produce a small flame
and some smoke but the
heat of the fire produced is
Figure 3: Stages of Fire Development
Source: https://firefightergarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/stages-of-fire.jpg
still low. It would be best to
extinguish the fire at this
stage while it is still small.
• The fire reaches the growth stage when it can
continue burning by itself as it uses its own heat
to burn fuel sources around it. Smoke is already
visible and may start accumulating. The
temperature of the affected area will start to
increase and the fire will continuously grow
bigger as it burns more fuel. When the fire
reaches its hottest point, it is now in the fully
developed stage. During this stage, firefighters
will likely extinguish the fire from a distance as
it is dangerous to go near or enter the vicinity.
When the fire runs out of fuel to burn or it runs
out of oxygen, it now enters the decay stage. In
this stage, no fuel must be added as it will cause
the fire to reignite.
wHAY
•

•Classes of fire
•Class A – fuels are
ordinary
combustibles such
as wood, paper,
plastic, or anything
that leaves ash.
 Class B – fuels are
wHAY flammable or combustible
liquids like petroleum oil,
gasoline, paint, and
flammable gasses such as
propane and butane.
Cooking oils and grease are
NOT part of class B fires.
 Class C – fuels are
wHAY energized electrical
fires like motors,
transformers, and
appliances. Once the
power or source of
electricity is
removed, the fire
becomes one of the
other classes of fire.
 Class D – fuels
wHAY are combustible
metals like
potassium,
sodium,
aluminum,
titanium, and
magnesium.
wHAY
Class K – fuels are
cooking oils, grease
such as animal fat
and vegetable fats.
FIRE TETRAHEDRON
• Elements of Fire and stages of fire
development
• Fire is composed of three elements, namely
heat, fuel, and oxygen. These three elements
form the fire triangle as seen in Figure 2. A fire
starts when fuel is heated from an external
source and reaches its ignition temperature.
Oxygen reacts with the fuel to sustain the fire.
Once fire has started, it will continue to burn
until an element of the fire triangle is removed.
Figure 3 shows the four stages of fire development.
It is during the incipient stage where ignition
occurs. The fire has just started and has not yet
affected a large area. It may produce a small flame
and some smoke but the heat of the fire produced is
still low. It would be best to extinguish the fire at
this stage while it is still small.
Figure 3: Stages of Fire Development
Source: https://firefightergarage.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/04/stages-of-fire.jpg
The fire reaches the growth stage when it can
continue burning by itself as it uses its own heat to
burn fuel sources around it. Smoke is already visible
and may start accumulating. The temperature of the
affected area will start to increase and the fire will
continuously grow bigger as it burns more fuel.
When the fire reaches its hottest point, it is now in
the fully developed stage. During this stage,
firefighters will likely extinguish the fire from a
distance as it is dangerous to go near or enter the
vicinity. When the fire runs out of fuel to burn or it
runs out of oxygen, it now enters the decay stage.
In this stage, no fuel must be added as it will cause
the fire to reignite.
• Causes of fires
• Many fires start due to negligence such as leaving the stove unattended or by not organizing the storage cabinet. The things that we find useful in
our homes such as paper, paint, cooking oil, and electrical appliances can ignite and burn easily. The following are common causes of fire:
• 1. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
• 2. LPG-related
• 3. Neglected cooking or stove
• 4. Lighted cigarette butts
• 5. Left unattended open flame: torch or sulo
• 6. Left unattended open flame: candle or gasera
• 7. Matchstick or lighter kept near flammable materials
• 8. Direct flame contact or static electricity
• 9. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
• 10. Unchecked electrical types of machinery
• 11. Flammable chemicals
• 12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
• 13. Spontaneous combustion
• 14. Under planned pyrotechnics
• 15. Bomb explosion
• 16. Lightning
• 17. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.
Flammable materials could also ignite on their own
in an event referred to as spontaneous combustion.
This happens when an object produces its own heat
without absorbing heat from its surroundings. When
it reaches a temperature enough for ignition, it will
start a fire by itself. Everyone should be mindful of
materials that are prone to spontaneous combustion
such as spilled oil, oily rags, paper, dried leaves or
hay. It is better to store them in well-ventilated areas
or outdoors to prevent ignition and to easily
dissipate the heat.
wHAY
1. What is fire?
2. What are the elements needed to produce fire?
3. What is fire tetrahedron?
4. Explain the chemical reaction that occurs when
you light a candle.
5. What are the different stages of fire?
WHAT IS A HAZARD?
WHAT IS A HAZARD?
HAZARD is a dangerous
phenomenon, substance,
human activity or condition
that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health
impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihood and
services, social and economic
disruption or environmental
damage.
(RA 10121)