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Analysis of flood control management in Ngontok Ring Kanal River

Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings · September 2017

DOI: 10.1063/1.5003519

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Analysis of flood control management in Ngontok Ring Kanal River
Gilang Idfi, and Wasis Wardoyo

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1887, 020036 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.5003519

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5003519
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1887/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Analysis of Flood Control Management in Ngontok Ring
Kanal River
Gilang Idfi1, a) and Wasis Wardoyo2,b)
1
Department of Civil Engineering, State University of Malang
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology Surabaya
a)
Corresponding author: gilang.idfi@gmail.com
b)
wasis@ce.its.ac.id

Abstract. Ngotok Ring Kanal river is a natural channel that acts as the water body of thirteen river branches and three
drainage outlets. The catchment area of Ngotok Ring Kanal River is about 722 km2. This river is important for Mojokerto
District since it plays an important role in controlling the yearly flood. Many efforts have been done to solve this flood
problem but it remains to unsolve satisfactorily yet. Therefore, a research is taken to give one other possibility to overcome
the flood effects caused by very high discharge peak at every rainy season. The aim of this research is to distribute the
discharge peak by creating some scenarios on releasing the amount of discharge by building a pond at any river branch. By
these, it can be known the best scenario of distributing the discharge peak based on the time of release and the place of the
built pond. It offers 5 scenarios a number of ponds i.e. by simulating 2 ponds, 3 ponds, 5 ponds at any river banks
respectively. The result of the study showed that scenario-5 with 5 ponds is the best scenario to reduce the peak discharge
of Ngotok Ring Kanal River. This scenario becomes to reduce the peak discharge from 566.702 m³/s become 454.88 m³/s.

INTRODUCTION
Ngotok Ring Kanal river is a natural channel that acts as the water body of thirteen river branches and three
drainage outlets. In fig.1 can be informed that the geometric system of Ngotok River. This river flows at Brantas River
in Magersari Village, Mojokerto. From fig.2, the catchment area of Ngotok Ring Kanal River is about 722 km². This
river is one of The Water Resources Utilization, so it is very important for Mojokerto District since it plays an
important role in controlling the yearly flood [1].

FIGURE 1. Geometric of The Ngotok Ring Kanal River

Green Construction and Engineering Education for Sustainable Future

AIP Conf. Proc. 1887, 020036-1–020036-11; doi: 10.1063/1.5003519
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1570-6/$30.00

020036-1
 FIGURE 2. Location of The Ngotok Ring Kanal River

Many efforts have been done to solve this flood problem but it remains to unsolve satisfactorily yet. Therefore, a
research is taken to give one other possibility to overcome the flood effects caused by very high discharge peak at
every rainy season. The aim of this research is to distribute the discharge peak by creating some scenarios on releasing
the amount of discharge by building the pond at any river branch. It offers 5 scenarios i.e. by simulating 2 ponds, 3
ponds, 5 ponds at any river banks respectively. This study made by creating hydrology and hydraulics modeling of
Ngotok Ring Kanal Catchment Area. The result of this study is known as the best scenario will be implemented to
decrease the peak of discharge at Ngotok Ring Kanal River.

HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND ANALYSIS

Areal Rainfall
For assessing rainfall can be used Arithmetic Mean, Thiessen Polygon and Isohyet Method. This study used
Thiessen Polygon to calculate the areal rainfall. The Thiessen Polygon method assumes that at any point in a catchment
can be shown in Figure 3, the rainfall is the same that at the nearest rain gauge so the depth recorded at a given gauge
is applied out to a distance halfway to next gauge in any direction. The relative weight for each gauge is determined
from the corresponding [2].

FIGURE 3. Thiessen Polygon

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 If the area within the catchment assigned to each gauge is A, and its rainfall is R i , the areal average rainfall for the
catchment is
ଵ
ᏽ = ୅ . σ୬୧ୀଵ A୧ R ୧ …………………………………………..…(1)

with
৛ : average areal rainfall (mm)
Ri : areal rainfall (mm)
A : the catchment assigned (km²)

Runoff Coefficient
Runoff coefficient is the ratio between surface runoff and total of rainfall. The runoff coefficient depends on by
soil characteristic, land use, and topography [3]. From Table 1 can inform several numbers a runoff coefficient.
TABLE 1. Runoff Coefficient
Description Area Range of Runoff Coeficient Recommended
Value
Business
Downtown 0.70-0.95 0.85
Neighborhood 0.50-0.70 0.60
Residential
Single-family 0.30-0.50 0.40
Multiunits,detached 0.40-0.60 0.50
Multiunits,detached 0.60-0.75 0.70
Residential (Suburban) 0.25-0.40 0.35
Apartement 0.50-0.70 0.60
Industrial
Light 0.50-0.80 0.65
Heavy 0.60-0.90 0.75
Parks, cemeteries 0.10-0.25 0.20
Playgrounds 0.20-0.35 0.30
Railroad yard 0.20-0.35 0.30
Unimproved 0.10-0.30 0.20

Apart from the above-mentioned site-specific factors which strongly influence the rainfall-runoff process, it should
also be considered that the physical conditions of a catchment area are not homogenous. Even at the micro level, there
are a variety of different slopes, soil types, vegetation covers etc [4]. Each catchment has, therefore its own runoff
response and will respond differently to different rainstorm events. The design of water harvesting schemes requires
the knowledge of the quantity of runoff to be produced by rainstorms in a given catchment area. It is commonly
assumed that the quantity (volume) of runoff is a proportion (percentage) of the rainfall depth [14].
ୖ୳୬୭୤୤
K = ୖୟ୧୬୤ୟ୪୪……………………………………………………….…..(2)

In rural catchments where no or only small parts of the area are impervious, the coefficient K, which describes the
percentage of runoff resulting from a rainstorm, is however not a constant factor[5]. Instead, its value is highly variable
and depends on the above described catchment-specific factors and on the rainstorm characteristics.

Rainfall Intensity
The intensity of rainfall is a measure of the amount of rain that falls over time. The intensity of rain is measured
in the height of the water layer covering the ground in a period of time [6]. It means that if the rain stays where it falls,
it would form a layer of a certain height. The amounts of rainfall per unit time referred as the intensity of rainfall that

020036-3
commonly is expressed in mm/hour [13]. Therefore, the intensity of rainfall means the amount of precipitation/rainfall
in a relatively short time (usually within 2 hours) [7]. Rainfall can be classified based on its intensity. The classification
of rainfall intensity is shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2. Rainfall Intensity Classification

Rainfall Type Rainfall Intensity (mm)

1 Hour 24 Hour

Very light rainfall <1 <5

Light rainfall 1-5 5-20
Normal rainfall 5-10 20-50
Heavy rainfall 10-20 50-100
Extreme rainfall >20 > 100

In this study, the mean deviation for each analyzed rainfall intensity by Mononobe. The correlation between
intensity of short time rainfall duration and 24-hour rainfall follows the Mononobe’s equation [8]

ோమర ଶସ ଶ/ଷ
‫=ܫ‬ .ቀ்ቁ ……………………………………………(3)
ଶସ

with
I: Rainfall Intensity (mm/hour)
R 24 : 24-hour rainfall (mm)
T: Time of rainfall (hour)

DESCRIPTION OF MODEL

Hydrologic Analysis using HEC-HMS

The analysis of hydrologic is supported by using the application software of HEC-HMS. This application is
designed to simulate the precipitation-runoff process of a dendritic watershed system [9]. The computation procedure
in HEC-HMS consists of input data, computation and output as result. Input basin data used here are the area of a
watershed, lag time, curve number and impervious [10]. Meteorological data consist of depth precipitation and the
control specification is a time duration of the simulation [11]. The result of HEC-HMS is the computation of
hydrograph at all of the junction. The existing modeling scheme can be shown in Fig. 4.

Main
Tributary

Junction

Sub Basin

FIGURE 4. The existing scheme of modeling Ngotok Ring Kanal

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 Unsteady Flow Analysis using HEC-RAS
The analysis of hydraulics is supported by using the application software of HEC-RAS. Generally, the computation
produce in HEC-RAS consists of input data, computation, and the output as result. Input data used here are geometric
data and boundary data [12]. The geometry data consists of basic map data of study location and channel cross section
data from survey result. After processing data, the output is obtained as result [15]. The result can be arranged by
using time control, computation interval, hydrograph interval output and detail output interval. The existing modeling
scheme can be shown in Fig. 5.

FIGURE 5. The existing geometric of modeling Ngotok Ring Kanal

RESULTS

Existing Condition
This condition is modeled by precipitation for a return period of 25 years ( X25 = 128.03 mm) for input basin data
in HEC-HMS. The result of the computation is flooded hydrograph for a return period of years. Flood peak discharge
is 566.702 m³/s and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 6 below.

Q25 = 566.702 m3/s

FIGURE 6. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

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 This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The
Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 7 shows water surface profile in a long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River.

Water Surface
El i Levee Elevation

FIGURE 7. Existing conditions for water surface

Scenario 1: Simulating with ponds at Panemon River and Brangkal River

This condition is modeled by 2 ponds at Panemon River and Brangkal River. Flood peak discharge is 545.494 m³/s
and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 8 below. This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring
Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 9 shows water surface profile in a
long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River for scenario-1.

Q25 = 545.494 m3/s

FIGURE 8. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

4 3 ROB

Water Surface Elevation Levee Elevation

FIGURE 9. Water Surface Level of Scenario-1

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 Scenario 2: Simulating with ponds at Gunting and Panemon River
This condition is modeled by 2 ponds at Balong River and Gunting River. Flood peak discharge is 516.588 m³/s
and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 10 below.

Q25 = 516.588 m3/s

FIGURE 10. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The
Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 11 shows water surface profile in a long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River
for scenario-2.
4 3

Levee Elevation
Water Surface

FIGURE 11. Water Surface Level of Scenario-2

Scenario 3: Simulating with ponds at Brangkal, Gunting and Panemon River

This condition is modeled by 3 ponds at Brangkal River, Gunting River, Panemon River. Flood peak discharge is
503.397 m³/s and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 12 below.

020036-7
 Q25 = 503.397 m3/s

FIGURE 12. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The
Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 13 shows water surface profile in long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River
for scenario-3
4 3 ROB

Water Surface Elevation Levee Elevation

FIGURE 13. Water Surface Level of Scenario-3

Scenario 4: Simulating with ponds at Brangkal, Gunting, Sambong and Panemon River :

This condition is modeled by 4 ponds at Brangkal River, Gunting River, Sambong River, Panemon River. Flood
peak discharge is 498.394 m³/s and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 14 below

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 Q25 = 498.394 m3/s

FIGURE 14. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The
Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 15 shows water surface profile in long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River
for scenario-4

4 3 ROB

Water Surface Elevation

Levee Elevation

FIGURE 15. Water Surface Level of Scenario-4

Scenario 5: Simulating with ponds at Brangkal, Gunting, Sambong, Jombang Kulon and
Panemon River
This condition is modeled by 5 ponds at Brangkal River, Gunting River, Sambong River, Jombang Kulon River
and Panemon River. Flood peak discharge is 454.875 m³/s and hydrograph as shown in Fig. 16 below

020036-9
 FIGURE 16. Hydrograph for Return of 25 years

This hydrograph can be used for the upstream boundary of Ngotok Ring Kanal River in HEC-RAS modeling. The
Manning coefficient used is 0.02. Figure 17 shows water surface profile in long section of Ngotok Ring Kanal River
for scenario-
4 3 ROB

Water Surface Elevation Levee Elevation

FIGURE 17. Water Surface Level of Scenario-5

From Table 3 and Fig. 18 show the relation between peak discharge and the reduction on all scenario.

TABLE 3. Peak Discharge and Reduction

g
Q Q
ȴY REDUCTION
SCENARIO Existing SCENARIO
(m³/s) (m³/s) (m³/s) %
1 566.702 545.49 21.208 3.742
2 566.702 516.59 50.114 8.843
3 566.702 503.40 63.305 11.171
4 566.702 498.39 68.308 12.054
5 566.702 454.88 111.827 19.733

020036-10
 FIGURE 18. Scenario and Reduction

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

From table 3 can be informed that the existing peak discharge is 566.702 m³/s. If the scenario was implemented,
it can reduce the peak discharge until 454.877 m³/s or 19.733 %. The fourth scenario shows that the water surface in
the main channel of Ngotok Ring Kanal River is below from the levee elevation. But in Table 3, can be informed that
the reduction between the third and the fourth scenario not significantly, at least just ± 1%. The result of The Fifth
scenario shows that the all of the water elevation at Ngotok Ring Kanal River is below from the levee elevation and
can decrease the peak discharge until 19.733%. So the fifth scenario is the best choice, it will be implemented at
Ngotok Ring Kanal River. This study still needed the effort to be complete, especially hydrology and hydraulic effect
at near area where the river control construction was built.

REFERENCES
1. P.T.S.R. Nusantara, “SID Normalisasi Kali Ngotok Ring Kanal di Kabupaten Mojokerto”, edited by R.B. Antara,
( Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Brantas, Mojokerto), pp.23-24, (2009)
2. S. Harto, Analisa hidrologi (PT Gramedia Utama, Jakarta), pp.9-10, (1993)
3. C.D. Soemarto, Hidrologi Teknik (Erlangga, Jakarta), pp.11-12, (1987)
4. Anggrahini, Hidrolika Saluran Terbuka (CV. Citra Media, Surabaya), pp.14-15,(1997)
5. V. T. Chow, Hidrolika saluran Terbuka (Erlangga, Jakarta), pp.46-47, (1992)
6. W.H. Graf, Fluvial Hydraulic (John Wiley & Sons, New York), pp.55-56, (1997)
7. Jansen, Bendegon, Berg, Vries and Zanen , Principle of River Engineering The Non-Tidal Aluvial River, (
Uitgevers Maatsschappij, Delft), pp.13-14, (1979)
8. Lensley, Ray, Franzini and Joseph, Teknik Sumber Daya Air Jilid II, (CV. Citra Media, Surabaya), pp.65-66,
(1991)
9. E. Suhartanto, Panduan HEC-HMS dan Aplikasinya di Bidang Teknik Sumber Daya Air (CV Citra, Malang),
pp.12-13. (2008)
10. B. Triatmojo . Hidrologi Terapan (Beta Offset, Yogyakarta), pp.30-31, (2008)
11. L.C. van Rijn, Aqua Publ. 8.73 (2011).
12. U.S. a.C.E., User’s Manual, Version 4.1 1 (2010).
13. A.T. Oktaga and Suripin, Perbandingan Hasil Permodelan Aliran Satu Dimensi Unsteady dan Steady Flow pada
Banjir Kota 21, 2570-2582 (2015).
14. R. F. Luciana, Edijatno and F. Sofia, Analisa Sistem Drainase Saluran Kupang Jaya Akibat Pembangunan
Apartemen Puncak Bukit Golf di Kota Surabaya 1, 1-5 (2013).
15. R. Wiganti, Soedarsono and T. Mutia, Analisa Banjir Menggunakan Software HEC-RAS 4.1.0 (Studi Kasus
Sub-DAS Ciberang HM 0+00-HM 34+00) 5, 2-13 (2016).

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