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Media Information and Literacy

Module 1 Responsible use of Media


Media and information
The physical objects used to communicate The 21st Century is known as the
with, or the mass communication through information age. Now, people are highly
physical objects such as radio, television, dependent on technology in different
computers, film, etc. It also refers to any aspects of their lives such as for
physical object used to communicate communication, entertainment, and
messages. work-related activities.

Literacy Responsible use of Media


The ability to identify, understand, interpret, and information
create, communicate and compute, using
printed and written materials associated - Teachers and students use
with varying contexts. reliable internet sources in
acquiring information as well
Media Literacy - highlights the capacity as in researches. Others use
of an individual to understand the different media platforms for
functions of media and determine the information dissemination and
relevant use and worth of media for social awareness and
platforms. advocacy purposes.

Information
A broad term that covers processed data,
knowledge derived from study, experience,
Module 2
instruction, signals or symbols. Evolution of Media

Information Literacy - It is the communication - Pre-Industrial Age


or acquiring of data or facts that relate to the use - Industrial Age
of media information. - Electronic Age
- New/ Information Age

Technology Literacy Pre-Industrial Age (before


1700)
It is the skill of an individual to
manipulate technology independently or People discovered fire, developed
with the assistance of others in using the paper from plants, and forged weapons and
technology in an efficient and suitable tools with stone, bronze, copper and
way. iron.
Example forms of Media during
Media and Information Literacy this period

The essential skills and competencies that allow - Cave Painting 35, 000 BC
individuals to engage with media and other - Clay Tablets in Mesopotamia 2400 BC
information providers effectively, as well as - Papyrus in Egypt 2500 BC
develop critical thinking and life-long learning - Acta Diurna in Rome 130 BC
skills to socialize and become active citizens. - Dibao in China (2nd Century)
- Codex in Mayan Region (5th Century)

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
- Printing Press Using Wood Blocks (220 The Internet paved the way for faster
AD) communication and the creation of the social
network. People advanced the use of
Industrial Age microelectronics with the invention of personal
computers, mobile devices, and wearable
People used the power of steam, developed technology. Moreover, voice,
machine tools, established iron production, image, sound and data are digitalized.
and the manufacturing of various products
(including books through the printing Examples:
press) - Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
Explorer (1995)
Example Forms of Media: - Blogs: Blogspot (1999), WordPress
- Printing press for mass production (2003)
(1900) - Social networks: Friendster (2002),
- Newspaper-The London Gazette (1740) Multiply (2003), FB (2004), Instagram
- Typewriter (1800) •Telephone (1876) - Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr
- Motion picture photography/projection (2007)
(1890) - Video: YouTube (2005)
- Commercial motion pictures (1913) - Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
- Motion picture with sound (1926) - Video chat: Skype (2003
- Telegraph - Search Engines: Google (1996),
- Punch cards - Yahoo (1995)
- Telegraph - Portable computers- laptops (1980),
- Telephone 1876 netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
- Typewriter 1800 - Smart phones
- Printing Press for Mass Production - Wearable technology
- Motion Pictures 1900s - Cloud and Big Data
- Portable Laptop 1980
- Tablet 1993
Electronic Age (1930s to - Mosaic 1993
1980s) - Internet Explorer
The invention of the transistor ushered in the - Google 1997
electronic age. People harnessed the power - Friendster 2002
- Multiply 2003
of transistors that led to the transistor radio,
- Skype 2023
electronic circuits, and the early computers.
- The Facebook 2004
- Twitter 2007
Example Forms of Media: - Smartphones
- Transistor Radio
- Television (1941)
- Large electronic computers
- Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM
704 (1960)
- Over Head Projector LCD
projectors
- Apple 1 Computer
- Apple 2 Computer
Module 3
New Information Age (1900s to
2000s)

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
Types of Media
1. Informational Graphics
Print Media (Infographic) – is a visual
representation of information to
This type of media paper and ink is reproduced understand the high-volume and
in a printing process that is traditionally
complex data easily, e.g., graphs,
mechanical such as books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, newsletters, and brochures. charts.
Print media may include text, graphics, or a
combination of both. 2. Cartoons – a sketch or drawing
intended as satire, caricature, or humor,
Text Media e.g., comic strip, editorial cartoons in
A type of print media which is a simple and newspapers and magazines.
flexible format for conveying ideas, whether
handwritten or printed. Not all text media are 3. Photography – A photograph is an
print media. Text media may also be displayed image created by light captured on
on-screen as part of broadcast media, light-sensitive surface, which is usually
multimedia, or new media. photographic film. Nowadays, few
people use photographic film. The
An important feature of text media is advent of digital photography via
typography. Typography is the art and digital cameras and cellular phones has
technique of arranging the visual component of
made taking photographs easier and
the written word. It features textual designs with
less expensive.
optical illusions that improve readability and
help convey meaning. Fonts and alignment are
parts of typography. Broadcast Media
A type of media that reaches target audiences
Visual Media using airwaves as the transmission medium.
A type of print media that refers to pictures,
photos, images, and graphics used to channel Examples of broadcast media are radio and
communication using the sense of sight. Visuals television.
combined with text are also considered as visual
media. Like text media, visual media are not
limited to print media, however. “Visual media” Audio Media
is a general term for any medium that mainly A type of broadcast media that uses audio or
makes use of sight as a channel to receive the voice recording as a medium in the delivery of
message. information. These are devices that appeal to the
auditory sense.
An important feature of visual media, in print or
elsewhere, is graphic design. It is the process of
visual communication that organizes and
Multimedia
presents information developed through a A type of broadcast media concerned with the
creative process for a particular purpose. computer-controlled integration of text,
Graphic design is part of your daily life. From graphics, drawings, still and moving images
things like candy wrappers to huge things like (video), animation, audio, and any other media
billboards to the T-shirt you are wearing, graphic where every type of information can be stored,
designs inform, persuades, organizes, stimulates, communicated, and handled digitally.
locates, identifies, attracts attention, and Multimedia can be recorded and played
provides pleasure. displayed, interacted with or accessed by
information-processing devices, such as high-
tech and automated devices, but can also be part
Examples of Visual Media of a live presentation.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy

Multimedia devices are electronic media


equipment used to store and play or display
multimedia content. In the early years of
multimedia, "rich media", a term with a similar
concept was used in advertising. “Hypermedia”
is an extension of multimedia, where photos or
graphics are linked to other sources of
information.

New Media
A term used to integrate the different
technologies emerging on one digital platform to
organize and distribute content. Some examples
are podcasts, augmented reality, video games,
blogs, and wikis. There are two common
characteristics of new media: disseminating the
information to several receivers which is
theoretically infinite, in customized ways,
depending on the specification for endorsed
categories.

Media Convergence
Media convergence refers to the merging of
different equipment and tools for producing and
distributing news through digitization and
computer networking. It allows media texts to
be produced and distributed on multiple media
devices. This is also known as technological
convergence. Media convergence is the synergy
of communication, computing, and content in
the digital world. A smartphone that has a
camera, radio, web browser, video, etc. is an
example of converged media.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
articles depending on the theme or space
available. Most writers work full

Text
Information
time in a publication or publishing companies
but some work as freelance
writers or contributors. A freelance writer is self-

and Media employed and is not


connected to a specific publication or company.

Text Information
Text information can be writer in script using Columnist
the Roman alphabet or a different script that is someone who writes and shares his opinion,
appropriate to the language of the reader. Text insights, and commentaries about social or
information or textual information can be political issues. In a newspaper or a magazine,
written in the language most appropriate to the articles written by columnists appear on a
reader. For example, Japanese, Chinese, and regular basis. Even though columnists are free to
Korean textbooks are using their own express their opinion, they must abide by the
language. professional code of ethics for journalists. This
means that columnists should avoid using and
Creators of Text Information making biased and derogatory remarks.
Readers are influenced and persuaded by the
power of written words. A reputable and well- Blogger
organized material or written work is a a blogger is someone who writes personal
collective effort between writers and members opinions on topics or issues that interest them.
of the editorial team. Below are the several Their work can be seen and read in online
kinds of writers. journals or websites. Rather than writing a
column for a magazine or a newspaper, a
Author blogger shares their insights, ideas, reflections,
someone who writes books, stories, or articles experiences, and activities through a blog entry.
on different kinds of topics. However, there is a
difference in the focus of their writing. Usually,
an author writes stories or articles that are Editor
lengthy, like a novel. They are also connected to someone who coordinates with the author or
scholarly works, such as general reference writer in planning, reviewing, and revising
materials or a textbooks. An author is someone content for publication. In addition, an editor’s
whose work has already been published. task is to coordinate with the layout artists to
ensure that all corrections are carried out from
Writer start to end. The editor also gives the final say to
a writer is more associated with writing literary the final content of the written text.
works like poems
and short stories. A writer is usually a person Publisher
who writes stories or articles someone who is responsible for preparing,
as an occupation, like a journalist, blogger or acquiring, and managing a publication. The
screenwriter. publisher works with a team of writers,
authors, and layout artists and decides on the
Contributor type and theme of the material to be published.
Like a writer, the contributor spends time
writing articles about topics that are of particular Classifications of Text
interest. Contributors can only submit Information

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
The different sources of text information was
presented in the previous section. Print media,

such as books, newspapers, and magazines Assessing and Evaluating Text


contain various information. Text information is Information
classified into two: fiction and nonfiction. The following criteria should be considered in
assessing and evaluating text
information.
1. Fiction Accuracy and Factuality.
This refers to stories that are products of the Text information should be precise and must be
writer’s imagination. Fairy tales, mythologies, based on facts. It should be thoroughly
and legends are examples of fiction texts. Most researched and the data should be
works of fiction are considered as forms of based on valid findings.
literature.
Objectivity.
Text information should not contain any biases,
2. Nonfiction
prejudice, or
Text information is classified as nonfiction if it discrimination. If the material contains
is based on facts and reality. Examples of information favoring any side side or
nonfiction works are biographies, news, and groups, each must be discussed fairly and
scientific researches. Text information like these exhaustively.
are often present in textbooks, encyclopedias,
periodicals, and journals. Language appropriateness.
The level and kind of language should be
How Text Information is Produced appropriate for the target audience or readers.
Text information is produced through the
following steps:
1. The writer selects a topic or an Curriculum alignment.
issue worth writing about. The textbook material should be consistent with
2. The writer does a thorough the curriculum and international standards
gathering of information about the prescribed.
topic.
3. The writer constructs an outline of
the topic and composes the draft. Style and Format.
4. The writer goes back to the draft Most books are based on the Chicago Manual of
and develops it into a full text. Style (CMOS) when it comes to all editorial
5. The writer turns in the article to concerns like capitalization, punctuation, and
the editor or publisher. 9 citation. On the other hand, academic papers
For articles in newspapers or magazines, the follow the American Psychological Association
editor decides whether the material is worthy of (APA) Style. Newspapers follow a particular
publication, based on the quality of the material house style, depending on the news agency to
and the publication house’s style and theme. which they belong.
For manuscripts written for possible publication
as a textbook or novel, the publisher usually has
Advantages of Text Information
a team of reviewers who checks the quality of
 Text information covers a wide variety
the manuscripts in terms of content and genre. If
of topics.
the manuscript gets the approval of the
 One can access text information easily.
screening committee, it is forwarded to the
editorial department and later endorsed for
 It is well-researched and
printing.
comprehensively discussed.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
used in designing web pages to achieve a
modern style look.
Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana,
Calibri
Limitations of Text Information
 The book should be updated
regularly to ensure accuracy and
timeliness. Slab Serif
 Text information can be lengthy, A heavy and solid look to the text is expressed
making it difficult or tiresome to read. by slab serif. Usually, large
advertising signs on billboards use the slab serif
Text as Visual typeface.
Examples: Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak
a. The representation or style of a
text in the digital formal is called a
Script
typeface.
The brush-like strokes of the script typeface
draws people’s attention to it. The
b. A typeface, (also referred as font,
reason behid why this font must be used
font type, or type) is usually composed
sparingly must be given. Most formal
of alphabets, numbers, punctuation
events such as weddings or evening charity balls
marks, symbols and other special
use the script typeface.
characters.
Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir, Kunstler
c. Different emotions and meanings
Decorative
are expressed when various font types
Display or decorative typeface are artistic and
are used. In case there is an absence of
eye-catching since it can show a wide
images and drawings, the easiest way
variety of emotions (such as happiness, fear,
to communicate to people is through
horror, etc.) or decorative fonts also
text.
cater to various themes (such as spaceships,
Types of Typefaces carnivals, holidays, seasons, kiddie,
etc.)
Serif Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT

One common form of a typeface is called serif. Design Principles and Elements
It pertains to a short line at the top or bottom of
some styles of printed letters. This kind of Emphasis
typeface entails familiarity pertains to the force or intensity of expression
publications such as books, newspapers, which contributes to
magazines, and researches normally use serif the importance or vivid impression to
typeface for the body of the text. Serif fonts are something. To do this, a text can be enlarged,
also used to achieve a classic and elegant look in be bold or italicized, darkened or lightened, or
publications. underlined.
Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond,
Baskerville Appropriateness
refers to how suitable or appropriate the text is
Sans Serif
for the target audience, intention or purpose, or
A typeface which does not contain serif in the
event. The selection criteria (tone, style,
letters is called sans serif. This typeface conveys
purpose, clarity) should be followed in the
a clean and minimalist look to the text. To
creation of text-based content. The discussion of
express clear and straightforward meaning of the
font characteristics must be considered when
text, road signages, building directories, and
choosing the typefaces to be used in
nutrition facts in food packaging use this
typeface. Moreover, sans serif fonts are mainly

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
an output. Large bodies of text must use fonts
which are readable and clear.

Proximity
refers to the distance of text elements from each
other. Things that are closely related should be
brought together. Otherwise, text elements
should be placed far from each other. For
example, the placements of the main title and
subtitle are usually close to each other.
Alignment
refers to the proper positioning or state of
adjustment of parts in relation to each other
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The text
positioned in the page can be left, right, center
or justified.
Organization
refers to the act or process of organizing various
elements of text in a page. Although elements of
text are sorted away from each other (based on
the principle of proximity), the organization sees
to it that somehow, they are still connected with
the rest of the elements in the page.

Repetition
the unity of the entire design and consistency of
elements are the concerns of repetition. The
repetition of some typefaces within the page are
encouraged. However, when various typefaces
are used on a page, it might result in
distraction and failure to communicate the
content of the text.
Contrast
refers to the degree of difference between
things having similar or
comparable natures (Merriam-Webster
Dictionary). Visual interest in text elements
is generated by contrast. Contrast can be
achieved when we combine the following
elements like: large fonts with small fonts, serif
and sans serif, thin and thick
elements, and warm and cool colors.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
information by the general public, especially by
means of internet

Module 7: Opportunities, Challenges


Challenges and Threats in Age-inappropriate content. With the
unabated spread of media, one has to be very
Media and careful about access. There is a wealth of
Information information one can gain from the internet, but
A. Opportunities, Challenges, there is also content that is unfit for children and
Threats and Risks in Media and young people like pornography and violence.
Information
Modern professionals, students and adults use Illegal content. The Internet has also been,
online materials to gather the needed and continues to be, used by unscrupulous
information for any research work. people to further their illegal activities, like
human trafficking, the use of force, force, fraud,
UNESCO recognizes that the internet holds or coercion to obtain a commercial sex act or
enormous potential for development. It provides labor, and child pornography. Some groups also
an unprecedented volume of resources for use the internet to further the ideas of racism
information and knowledge that opens up new and
opportunities and challenges for expression and discrimination.
participation. The principle of freedom of
expression and human rights must apply not Privacy invasion and identity theft . Data
only to traditional media but also to the internet posted on the Internet may be accessed and used
and all types of emerging media platforms, for illegal activities. Personal information may
which will contribute to development, be willing shared as pictures or text on social
democracy and dialogue. media or inadvertently given by users as part of
such offerings as games or surveys. It is
Digitalization and the accessibility of important for users to be aware of the risks
information through a wide range of before they decide
devices have enormously increased the to share their personal data. A way to get
information resources available to people. sensitive personal information is
The internet provides numerous and diverse phishing. It is the fraudulent attempt to obtain
opportunities towards attaining our sensitive information such as username,
goals and objectives in life. It has positive passwords and credit card details by disguising
effects in education and in economic oneself as a trustworthy entity in an
growth. electronic communication.

Opportunities Threats and Risks of Media and


Online Shopping - Through online shopping Information
and by using a web browser, consumers can
directly buy goods over the internet. Consumers It is stated in the Philippine Constitution
may visit the website if the retailer directly or that each person has the right to freedom
search alternative vendors’ websites using a of opinion and expression. This right
shopping includes freedom to hold and express opinions
search engine. without interference and to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas through any media
Citizen Journalism - It is the collection, and regardless of frontiers.
dissemination and analysis of news and

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
With this right, we can negotiate, chat, and previously in place to combat piracy in the
express our opinions and ideas, provided that we country.
show respect to persons whose opinions differ
from ours. Showing respect means listening to Piracy is a form of theft as it takes away from
others as they explain their respective sides and the producers and artists the rightful
trying to understand their perspective and why. compensation due them such as patent/royalty
We do not have to agree with them. Instead fees, product sales revenues, etc . In 2011, the
Washington-based office of the US Trade
Representative (USTR) as

of dismissing them, we can engage them in a


discussion and avoid being aggressive. We can
disagree peacefully. Furthermore, this simply one of the world’s listed Quiapo in Manila
tells us that we should never abuse and misuse among the 21 most “notorious markets” or
our freedom of speech. Always remember that pirated and counterfeit goods. It was removed
an opinion is a self-report of feelings or personal from the list in 2012, but over the years, piracy
judgement accompanied by responsibility of has proliferated via the Internet, aided mainly by
thought. These are some laws against the abuse the ease of access to technology.
and misuse of media and information, which
violate the rights of others and threaten them in
some ways. Cybercrime Law
The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
(Republic Act No. 10175) covers all other online
Libel / Slander anomalies such as identity theft, child
A person commits libel if he/she, with malice, pornography, data misuse, cybersquatting and
publishes a false statement that is damaging to other computer-related and internet facilitated
another person’s reputation, office, trade, practices. This law became controversial in
business or means of livelihood. In the 2012-2013 since it also criminalizes libel in the
Philippine constitution, libel is a online world, limiting certain exercises of
violation of Article 355 of the Revised freedom of expression.
Penal Code. As stated in this article, libel can
be committed in the form of writing, printing, B. Education, Economic, Social and
and other similar means. If the hurtful statement Political Aspects and Influences of
is spoken, the statement is slander.
Media and Information Literacy
General example of libel/slander: Spreading Media Innovation
false rumors about someone having an extra-
marital affair, damaging the person’s reputation. Innovation is the process of developing a
new method or process or product that
better serves existing uses or start to serve
Piracy a previously unidentified need. When we talk
Piracy refers to the unauthorized about media innovation, it includes the change
duplication of copyrighted content that is in several aspects of the media landscape – from
then sold at substantially lower prices in the development of new media platforms to new
the black market. It is illegal under the business models, to new ways of producing
Cybercrime Law, which states that acquiring any media texts changes in other areas such
digital copy of any copyrighted material is as education, society, economy and politics.
punishable by fine from Php 200,000 to Php
500,000 and six to twenty Innovation in media would mean new media
years in prison. The Intellectual Property Code associated with telephones and communications,
and the Anti–Camcording Law were computers and internet, virtual worlds, website
games, human computer interface, computer

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
animation and other related media ideas, the way we access information about
improvements and advancements. human life, relationships, education, careers,
Influence of Media on Education entertainment, and others, and the way we do
Nowadays, media plays a crucial role in business to promote products and services
strengthening society as it helps us to know the online are all conducted with modern media.
current societal issues not only locally but also These interactions are very different from
globally. It also enhances the teaching and before, when the most prominent forms of
learning processes inside the four walls of the media were magazines, newspapers and books.
classrooms. Media comes in different forms and
Economic Influence
The new media has made it possible for any
each form affects the way people learn and individual to offer products and services online.
interpret information.

Some platforms can be employed to reinforce The various media platforms are a means to
concepts and spark discussions, such as short augment people’s income. It is indeed true that
films, written articles, blog postings, and other the new media affect the economic progress and
digital media. Teachers can use modern stability of the country. Innovation in media has
technology, such as an interactive Smart Board, likewise created new online jobs opportunities
to deliver the lessons and activities. However, a such as tutorials in various subjects, airline
piece of chalk, blackboard, Manila paper and booking, art selling, product reviews on
other non-digital or non-interactive interactive YouTube, blogging, photography and other IT
instruments like CDs and DVDs can still be related jobs.
used to aid teachers in conducting lessons if the
resources are limited. Social media was once an expensive platform
for businesses to advertise their
Various media can be used in the classrooms to products/services. But nowadays, any media-
hone critical thinking and problem-solving literate person and business entity can set up
skills. For instance, a teacher can start and his / her/ its own brand to reach people and sell
facilitate a discussion on an opinion article in a products and services easily.
blog, asking students whether they agree on the Political Influence
position With the wider internet reach in the Philippines
taken by the author and why / why not. Indeed, and the corresponding increase in Filipino social
media’s power should be harnessed to educate media users, political individuals and parties and
people – enlightening people’s minds and government agencies have realized the
training people to form opinions and find effectiveness and power of social media
solutions to societal problems. platforms in terms of public communication
Digital Diplomacy, also called E-diplomacy or
Influence on Society Digi diplomacy is a government’s use of social
Media’s power appears unstoppable. media and information technology to
Almost everyone is exposed to countless media communicate to the public, especially foreign
images, advertisements, magazines, etc. With public. Foreign ministries, embassies and other
the advent of social media like Facebook, government agencies have social media
Instagram, Messenger, Twitter, email and the accounts especially on Twitter and Facebook.
like, we are connected in ways that were not
possible before. The communication line is
Module 8: Massive Open Online
always open. Because
of these, necessary societal interactions, Course
camaraderie, and development of friendships are Online Course. The word “massive” means large
facilitated. The way we now deal with people number or amount, “open” means accessible to
with different personalities, opinions, and all, “online” means connected to or available
through a system, and “course” means the act of

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
moving in a path from point to point. Therefore, platform. A cMOOC instructor or instructional
MOOC refers to a route or pattern of getting a team facilitates learning by finalizing,
content or information available through an aggregating, and assessing the students’
online system that can be accessed by many contributions
people. MOOC is also described as a pattern for to the course.
providing learning information or content online
to any person who needs to take up a course
with
no limit on attendance.

MOOCs are asynchronous web-based courses


geared towards enabling several

hundreds of students all over the world to enroll


and learn from top world-renowned academic
institutions at the same time. MOOCs deliver
content via recorded video lectures, online
readings, and online assessments, with various
degrees of student, student and student-
instructor interactions. Many MOOC-providers
offer free courses, which entice more people to
enroll.

Types of Massive Open Online


Course (MOOC)

1. xMOOCs
xMOOC stands for eXtended MOOC. xMOOCs
are based on traditional university course
structures and make use of established teaching
approaches and materials. Students will watch
pre-recorded lectures, complete required
readings, and participate in discussions as
produced and managed by a course instructor or
an instructional team from a higher education
institution. These are typically self-contained
and rarely utilize content external to the main
content delivery and learning platform.

2. cMOOCs
cMOOC stands for Connectivist MOOC.
cMOOCs are based on the connectivist learning
model that favors collaboration among learners
as a form of active learning. Students in
cMOOC work together to locate, evaluate, and
contribute to the course content by uploading
materials in the form of tweets, blog posts, wikis
and others, to the course using the learning

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy

Module 9: Media and materials for consumption, whether


Information Literate Individual free or paid.
 YouTube, a free video host, is also an
advertising medium. Advertisers pay to
Implication of Media and Information display their ads with the videos.
YouTube then pays video contributors
if their videos get enough views or if
Media and information literate individuals have their channels have a high subscriber
the ability to find, evaluate, and use reliable rate.
information, and communicate it through  It creates new job opportunities. For
various formats and media. Such literacy is example, new positions like social
important for learning, making sound decisions media managers or multimedia
and solving problems. The following are some specialists are now in demand.
of its effects on the individual and society:  Likewise, programmers for various
Personal platforms can easily find projects or
 It improves the quality of life. permanent jobs. More specialized jobs
 Communication has been made easier. lead to higher pay and therefore result
 Information has become widely in a better economy.
accessible. Educational
 Conducting research has become more  Media and information literacy
convenient improves learning environment through
 Long-distance communication between different interactive media platforms.
family members have become possible  Reinvention of learning modalities
through video calls or instant makes knowledge accessible to more
messaging. people.
 It provides entertainment through  Information can be easily accessed and
various cable channels and internet assessed, thus, making studying
access. convenient for students. Learning
Political resources can be easily improvised and
 It generates greater political customized to suit the aptitudes of
participation. different types of learners. Social
 In the fields of public service, the  Media and information-literate
media and the government have a long- individuals form groups that are said to
standing relationship. be more cohesive units than those
 Media keep the public and even the formed by people who are not, creating
government informed on what is a bond that does not only have
happening in the country, helping both relational implications but also create
sectors make political decisions. social impact.
 Through media reports of government  People are being connected in ways
activities and issues, the public are that were possible before.
informed of the political affairs in the  Media and information literate people
country and are further encouraged to would rarely, if ever, fall victim to fake
take a more active role in the news and consequently react to it in a
government. way that would destroy social
relationship.
 It allows people to develop camaraderie
and interaction.
 Different social networks sites like
Economic Facebook and Instagram can be used to
 It promotes economic opportunities. build support groups engaging in
 The new media have made it possible different advocacies.
for ordinary individuals to offer their

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
Professional Writer
 It builds professional networks. a writer is more associated with writing literary
 Looking and applying for a job works like poems and short stories. A writer is
becomes easy by checking different usually a person who writes stories or articles as
websites. an occupation, like a journalist, blogger or
 Job hunting becomes convenient for screenwriter.
applicants who can share their personal
profiles and other credentials to
prospected companies. Contributor
 An individual can conveniently work Like a writer, the contributor spends time
from home through the use of different writing articles about topics that are of particular
media. interest. Contributors can only submit articles
depending on the theme or space available. Most
Module 10: Text Information writers work full time in a publication or
publishing companies but some work as
and Media freelance writers or contributors. A freelance
writer is self-employed and is not connected to a
specific publication or company.
Text Information
Text information can be writer in script using
the Roman alphabet or a different script that is Columnist
appropriate to the language of the reader. Text someone who writes and shares his opinion,
information or textual information can be insights, and commentaries about social or
written in the language most appropriate to the political issues. In a newspaper or a magazine,
reader. For example, Japanese, Chinese, and articles written by columnists appear on a
Korean textbooks are using their own language. regular basis. Even though columnists are free to
express their opinion, they must abide by the
Creators of Text Information professional code of ethics for journalists. This
Readers are influenced and persuaded by the means that columnists should avoid using and
power of written words. A reputable and well- making biased and derogatory remarks.
organized material or written work is a
collective effort between writers and members
Blogger
of the editorial team. Below are the several
kinds of writers. a blogger is someone who writes personal
opinions on topics or issues that interest them.
Their work can be seen and read in online
Author journals or websites. Rather than writing a
someone who writes books, stories, or articles column for a magazine or a newspaper, a
on different kinds of topics. However, there is a blogger shares their insights, ideas, reflections,
difference in the focus of their writing. Usually, experiences, and activities through a blog entry.
an author writes stories or articles that are
lengthy, like a novel. They are also connected to
Editor
scholarly works, such as general reference
materials or a textbooks. An author is someone someone who coordinates with the author or
whose work has already been published. writer in planning, reviewing, and revising
content for publication. In addition, an editor’s
task is to coordinate with the layout artists to
ensure that all corrections are carried out from
start to end. The editor also gives the final say to
the final content of the written text.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
Publisher editorial department and later endorsed for
printing.
someone who is responsible for preparing,
acquiring, and managing a publication. The
publisher works with a team of writers, authors, Assessing and Evaluating Text
and layout artists and decides on the type and Information
theme of the material to be published. The following criteria should be considered in
assessing and evaluating text information.
Classifications of Text Information
The different sources of text information was 1. Accuracy and Factuality.
presented in the previous section. Print media, Text information should be precise and
such as books, newspapers, and magazines must be based on facts. It should be
contain various information. Text information is thoroughly researched and the data
classified into two: fiction and nonfiction. should be based on valid findings.
2. Objectivity. Text information
Fiction – This refers to stories that are should not contain any biases,
products of the writer’s imagination. Fairy tales, prejudice, or discrimination. If the
mythologies, and legends are examples of material contains information favoring
fiction texts. Most works of fiction are any side side or groups, each must be
considered as forms of literature. discussed fairly and exhaustively.
Nonfiction – Text information is classified 3. Language
as nonfiction if it is based on facts and reality. appropriateness. The level
Examples of nonfiction works are biographies, and kind of language should be
news, and scientific researches. Text information appropriate for the target audience or
like these are often present in textbooks, readers.
encyclopedias, periodicals, and journals. 4. Curriculum alignment. The
textbook material should be consistent
How Text Information is Produced with the curriculum and international
Text information is produced through the standards prescribed.
following steps: 5. Style and Format. Most
1. The writer selects a topic or an issue books are based on the Chicago
worth writing about. Manual of Style (CMOS) when it
2. The writer does a thorough gathering of comes to all editorial concerns like
information about the topic. capitalization, punctuation, and
3. The writer constructs an outline of the citation. On the other hand, academic
topic and composes the draft. papers follow the American
4. The writer goes back to the draft and Psychological Association (APA) Style.
develops it into a full text. Newspapers follow a particular house
5. The writer turns in the article to the style, depending on the news agency to
editor or publisher. which they belong.

For articles in newspapers or magazines, the Advantages of Text Information


editor decides whether the material is worthy of
publication, based on the quality of the material  Text information covers a wide variety
and the publication house’s style and theme. of topics.
 One can access text information easily.
For manuscripts written for possible publication  It is well-researched and
as a textbook or novel, the publisher usually has comprehensively discussed.
a team of reviewers who checks the quality of Limitations of Text Information
the manuscripts in terms of content and genre. If  The book should be updated regularly
the manuscript gets the approval of the to ensure accuracy and timeliness.
screening committee, it is forwarded to the

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Media Information and Literacy
 Text information can be lengthy, A heavy and solid look to the text is expressed
making it difficult or tiresome to read. by slab serif. Usually, large advertising signs on
billboards use the slab serif typeface.
Examples: Rockwell, Playbill, Blackoak
Text as Visual
A. The representation or style of a text in
the digital formal is called a typeface. Script
The brush-like strokes of the script typeface
B. A typeface, (also referred as font, font draws people’s attention to it. The reason behid
type, or type) is usually composed of why this font must be used sparingly must be
alphabets, numbers, punctuation marks, given. Most formal events such as weddings or
symbols and other special characters. evening charity balls use the script typeface.
Examples: Edwardian, Vladimir,
C. Different emotions and meanings are Kunstler
expressed when various font types are
used. In case there is an absence of Decorative
images and drawings, the easiest way Display or decorative typeface are artistic and
to communicate to people is through eye-catching since it can show a wide variety of
text. emotions (such as happiness, fear, horror, etc.)
or decorative fonts also cater to various themes
Types of Typefaces (such as spaceships, carnivals, holidays,
seasons, kiddie, etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz MT
Serif
One common form of a typeface is called serif.
Design Principles and Elements
It pertains to a short line at the top or bottom of
some styles of printed letters. This kind of
Emphasis – pertains to the force or intensity
typeface entails familiarity and readability in
of expression which contributes to the
large amounts of texts. Some publications such
importance or vivid impression to something. To
as books, newspapers, magazines, and
do this, a text can be enlarged, be bold or
researches normally use serif typeface for the
italicized, darkened or lightened, or underlined.
body of the text. Serif fonts are also used to
achieve a classic and elegant look in
Appropriateness – refers to how suitable
publications.
Examples: Times New Roman, Garamond, or appropriate the text is for the target audience,
intention or purpose, or event. The selection
Baskerville
criteria (tone, style, purpose, clarity) should be
followed in the creation of text-based content.
Sans Serif The discussion of font characteristics must be
A typeface which does not contain serif in the considered when choosing the typefaces to be
letters is called sans serif. This typeface conveys used in an output. Large bodies of text must use
a clean and minimalist look to the text. To fonts which are readable and clear.
express clear and straightforward meaning of the
text, road signages, building directories, and Proximity – refers to the distance of text
nutrition facts in food packaging use this elements from each other. Things that are
typeface. Moreover, sans serif fonts are mainly closely related should be brought together.
used in designing web pages to achieve a Otherwise, text elements should be placed far
modern style look. from each other. For example, the placements of
Examples: Arial, Helvetica, Tahoma, the main title and subtitle are usually close to
Verdana, Calibri each other.

Slab Serif Alignment – refers to the proper positioning


or state of adjustment of parts in relation to each

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
other (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The text produced. Other visual media are considered
positioned in the page can be left, right, center informally produced.
or justified.

Organization – refers to the act or process


of organizing various elements of text in a page. 4. Purpose of visual information
Although elements of text are sorted away from the primary purpose of visual information is to
each other (based on the principle of proximity), gain attention, create meaning, and facilitate
the organization sees to it that somehow, they retention.
are still connected with the rest of the elements
in the page.
5. Visual design elements
Repetition – the unity of the entire design the building blocks or basic units in the
and consistency of elements are the concerns of construction of a visual image. The Design
repetition. The repetition of some typefaces Elements are:
within the page are encouraged. However, when A. Line – describes a shape or outline. It
various typefaces are used on a page, it might can create texture and can be thick or
result in distraction and failure to communicate thin. Lines may be actual, implied,
the content of the text. vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or
contour.
Contrast – refers to the degree of difference B. Shape – usually a geometric area that
between things having similar or comparable stands out from the space next to or
natures (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). Visual around it, or because of differences in
interest in text elements is generated by contrast. value, color, or texture. Shape may also
Contrast can be achieved when we combine the be organic.
following elements like: large fonts with small C. Value – the degree of light and dark in
fonts, serif and sans serif, thin and thick a design. It is the contrast between
elements, and warm and cool colors. black and white and all the tones in
between. Value can be used with color
Module 11: Visual Information as well as black and white. Contrast is
and Media the extreme changes between values.
D. Texture – the way a surface feels or is
Visual Information perceived to feel. Texture can be added
Visual information is the artistic or creative to attract or repel interest of a visual
representation or interpretation of an idea, element. Visual texture is the illusion of
concept, or emotion using different media. the surfaces peaks and valleys,
resulting in a feeling of smoothness or
1. Visual media and information roughness in objects.
materials, programs, applications, and the like E. Color – determined by its hue (name of
that teachers and students use to formulate new color), intensity (purity of the hue), and
information to aid learning through the use, value (lightness or darkness of hue).
analysis, evaluation, and production of visual Color and color combination can play a
images. large role in the design. Color may be
2. Types of visual media used for emphasis or to elicit emotions
photography, video, screenshots, infographics, from viewers. Color may be warm,
data visualization (charts and graphs), comic cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in
strips/cartoons, memes, visual notetaking, etc. our visual perception, as it influences
3. Formally and informally our reactions of the world around us. It
produced visual media is therefore important to create color
visual media produced by formal organizations palettes that will evoke the appropriate
such as schools, government, and established audience reactions.
media/publishing outfits are considered formally

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
F. Form – a figure having volume and
thickness. An illusion of a 3-
dimensional object can be implied
through the use of light and shading.
Form can be viewed from many angles.

6. Visual Design Principles


Examples: are:

Vertical vs. Horizontal Line

Value

Shapes

Geometric. Organic
Abstract

/
a. Consistency of margins,
typeface, typestyle, and colors is necessary,
especially in slide presentations or
documents that are more than one page.

Color Combination b. Center of interest – an area


Texture that first attracts attention in a composition.
This area is more important when compared
to the other objects or elements in a
composition. This can be achieved by
contrast of values, more colors, and
placement in the format.

c. Balance – a feeling of visual


equality in shape, form, value, color, etc.
Balance can be symmetrical and evenly
balanced, or asymmetrical and unevenly
balanced. Objects, values, colors, textures,

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
shapes, forms, etc. can be used in creating meaning of the relationship between
balance in a composition. different objects seen

d. Harmony – brings together a MOVEMENT AND PERSPECTIVE in space.


composition with similar units. For example
shapes, you should consistently use these
types of lines and not put in just one
geometric shape.

HARMONY CAN BE ACHIEVED


THROUGH REPETITION AND RHYTHM

https://www.flickr.com/photos/m
astababa/31974462128
e. Contrast – offers some change in
value creating a visual discord in a
composition. Contrast shows the difference
between shapes and can be used as a Module 12: Audio Information
background to bring objects out and forward and Media
in a design. It can also be used to create an
area of emphasis.
Audio
f. Directional Movement - a Audio is defined as anything connected to
visual flow through the composition. It can sound, specifically when received,
recorded, transferred, or duplicated
be the suggestion of motion in a design as
(HarperCollins, n.d.). It is anything related to
you move from object to object by way of
the documentation and transmission of sound
placement and position. Directional (Cambridge University, n.d.). Audio is one of
movement can be created with a value the resources of media and information, along
pattern. It is with the placement of dark and with text, visual, and motion.
light areas that you can move your attention
through the format.
Audio Media and Audio Information
g. Rhythm – a movement in which
some elements recur regularly. Like a dance, Audio Media refers to the media
it will have a flow of objects that will seem communication that uses audio equipment to
like the beat of music. report, document, and deliver information
through the means of sound. It may also refer to
h. Perspective – this is created audio formats such as analog tape cassettes,
through the arrangement of objects in two- digital compact discs, and computer files
dimensional space to look like what they containing audio. On the other hand, audio
appear in real life. Perspective is a learned information is the file or sound created and
transferred by using high fidelity waves that are
heard through certain audio tools.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
keychain, that can be plugged into the
computer’s USB port
 Memory Card – a small, flat
flash drive used to save data such as
audio files, pictures, texts, and videos
for use on small, portable, or remote
computing devices
Types and Categories of Audio
 Computer Hard Drive – a
Information
secondary data storage device for
saving digital data
There are several types of audio file:  Internet/Cloud – a wide
network of remote servers in the
 Radio Broadcast – the act of internet meant to operate as storage and
sending a live or recorded audio retrieval of audio files and other
through radio waves meant for a large computer data
group of listeners
 Music – an artistic form of auditory Now, before we save our audio files, we need to
communication incorporating consider first the numerous audio file formats:
instrumental or vocal tones in a
structured and continuous manner  MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer
 Sound Recording – the 3) - a coding format for consumer
encoding of any sound from the audio, as well as a mean of sound
surroundings; the act or procedure of sequence compression for the
making a record of a certain sound transmission and playback of music on
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.) most digital audio players
 Sound Clip/Sound Effect –  M4A/AAC (MPEG-4
the sound, aside from dialogue and Audio/Advanced Audio
music, artificially made to create an Coding) - a file extension for lossy
effect in a movie, play, or other digital audio compression
broadcast production (Oxford
 WAV (Waveform Audio
University, n.d.)
File Format) - the Microsoft
 Audio Podcast – an episodic
audio file format standard used for the
series of digital audio or video file or
storage of digital audio data on
recording that can be downloaded by a
personal computers
user from a website to a media player
or computer to listen
 WMA (Windows Media
Audio) - a file extension developed
Aside from knowing the various types by Microsoft and used with Windows
of audio information, you must also learn the Media Player
different ways of storing audio files:
A Friendly Reminder: Hearing vs.
 Tape – a magnetic tape sound Listening
recording format on which sound can
“Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you
be documented are not hearing impaired, hearing simply
 Compact Disc – a plastic- happens. Listening, however, is something you
consciously choose to do. Listening requires
fabricated, circular tool on which concentration so that your brain processes meaning from
words and sentences. Listening leads to learning.”
audio, video, and other digital (University of Minnesota Duluth, 2011; Rosenblat,
information is recorded, stored, and 2009)

played back
 USB Flash Drive - an external
Characteristics of a Sound
hard disk drive, small enough to fit on a

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
The following are the characteristics of sound:
must for us to know the elements and principles
of sound design. It is important to get an
❖ Volume - the force of a sound understanding of what makes up an entire
❖ Tone - the musical or vocal sound of production soundtrack.
a definite quality (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.) Sound Design is the vivid use of sound
during a production in connection to the images
❖ Pitch - the degree of highness or and contents of the story to create an emotional
lowness of a sound (Oxford University, response. These are the elements of sound
n.d.) design or the elements that one must work with
❖ Loudness - the feature of a sound to produce soundtracks:
that determines the degree of the ❖ Dialogue – a composition in the
auditory sensation produced (Merriam- form of conversation between two
Webster, n.d.) people
❖ Sound Effect - the sound, aside
Purposes of Using Sounds from dialogue and music, artificially
or Audio Media made to create an effect in a movie,
play, or broadcast production (Oxford
Audio media have a vital role when it comes to University, n.d.)
the teaching and learning process. Some ❖ Music - an instrumental or a vocal
learners are auditory learners. These are learners sound that conveys emotions and ideas
who better understand lessons by listening to the in significant forms through the
content and concepts that they need to grasp. elements of color, harmony, melody,
This is the reason why it is important to use and rhythm
audio media along with text and visual media
❖ Silence – the complete absence of
since these will make the lessons more
noise or sound
motivating for learners. The following are some
of the purposes of using sounds or audio media
in facilitating learning: Aside from these elements that one
must work with in creating a soundtrack,
principles of sound design, or the audio
❖ These enable the learners to listen to techniques for merging the various elements or
the ideas and views of the experts and objects of sound design, should also be
other reliable people; considered:
❖ These allow learners to listen to
learning materials, like speeches; ❖ Mixing – the balance, combination,
❖ These serve as alternative guides for and control of numerous sound
the learners when they are doing their elements
tasks, such as experiments; and ❖ Pace – the editing and the time
❖ These grant the learners audio files of control of sound design; it has
important past events or sounds from numerous categories:
the settings that the learners cannot o Linear – the sounds that are
personally visit. permanent, used once, and
will be in the same place
Elements and Principles of Sound o Non-Linear – the sounds
Design that are much more open in
comparison to linear sounds
Nowadays, sound is an essential part of any o Multi-Linear
movie, play, or broadcast production. A well-
created soundtrack makes the audience enjoy
any dramatic presentation. Therefore, it is a

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
❖ Transition – the process of getting Motion Information, otherwise, is the file or
from one element or fragment of sound clip that is created using motion media.
design to another; it has various types: Occasionally, it is utilized as a support to the
o Segue – an uninterrupted visual tracking of a certain thing or object.
movement from one piece of In motion media, every graphic or image is a
music to another frame. Through rendering, or the act of
o Cross-Fade – the smooth displaying consecutively various frames
transition of a sound between per second, motion is produced. For one to
two side by side audio files on have a smooth animation, one must have 24
the same track frames or more per second.
o V-Fade – a switch from one
volume level to another softer This series of frames or graphics follows a
sequence to create a story or a message. This
or louder level
sequence is called a storyboard. It represents the
o Fade to Black – a type of shots planned for a commercial, film, or
V-Fade which has some television show (Oxford University, n.d.).
silence between the elements
of sound design Characteristics of Motion Media
❖ Stereo Imaging - the feature of
sound documentation and duplication Here are some characteristics of motion media:
concerning the supposed spatial
locations of the sound sources, both  These transfer messages to many
sideways and in depth. people
 These deliver the same message to the
audience at once
Module 13: Motion Information
 These represent messages that are
and Media typically indifferent and temporary
 These are multisensory
Motion, Motion Media, and Motion  These are formal, influential channels
Information of communication
 These are contributors in behavior and
There is no universally adopted definition for attitude alteration
the term “motion media.” Nevertheless, the very  These discuss some important issues,
idea relies on the definition of its first word, persons, organizations, or social
which is motion. movements

Motion is described as the act or process of Production of Motion Media


moving or being moved (Oxford University,
n.d.). It is the action of constantly moving from Motion media can be produced in two ways:
one place to the next or changing position Informal and Formal. Informally produced
(HarperCollins, n.d.). motion media are created by people just for
personal consumption. In contrast, formally
Therefore, motion media can be defined as a produced motion media are made by
media communication that provides the professionals, such as film directors, who follow
presence of spatial movement of texts the standard of the industry when it comes to the
and images. Practically, these are visual refinement and creation of motion media. The
media. Aside from that, motion media are formal production of motion media includes the
considered as collections of images and succeeding steps:
footages. These media are combined with other
media, such as text and audio, to produce  Generating of storyboard
multimedia.  Scriptwriting and dialogue recording

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
 Sketching for animation; Acting and periodicals, and sometimes movies and
shooting for video recorded audio for people to read,
 Adding background music and borrow, or refer to (Oxford University,
background details n.d.)
 Rendering
Basic Methods on Determining the
Formats of Motion Media Credibility of Motion Media

There are numerous widely accepted For us to know the trustworthiness of a motion-
formats of motion media: based media presentation, we must discuss the
basic methods on determining the credibility of
❖ Film – a series of moving graphics or motion media:
images, with accompanying of a
recorded sound ❖ Validity of the information – we need
❖ Television – a telecommunication to know if the information was peer
system for transmitting and receiving reviewed and provable
visual images and sounds that are ❖ Source – we need to identify the types
reproduced on screens (Oxford of source used to generate the
University, n.d.) information; we also need to determine
❖ Interactive Video – a kind of digital if the video was an actual footage of
video that involves the user’s the event or a mere representation of
interaction and participation the information learned about it
❖ Others (such as Internet and Mobile ❖ Relationship of the author to the event
Phone) – we need to learn if the author has
first-hand knowledge about the event
Sources of Motion Media ❖ Technical methods of detecting
tampered/fake video: Video
The following are some sources of motion smoothness o Lighting coverage
media: matches o Scale and size consistent -
scale refers to the size of an object in
❖ Internet - a universal computer relation to another object
network that delivers a variety of
information and communication Advantages of Motion Media
facilities (Oxford University, n.d.)
❖ Film and Television Studios - a place Here are some advantages of motion
where films, television shows, and media:
broadcast productions are produced
(HarperCollins, n.d.) ❖ These provide better mastery of processes
❖ Broadcast Channels - a terrestrial ❖ These display the procedures in detail and
frequency or computer-generated in sequence
number over which a broadcast station ❖ These allow for harmless observation
or broadcast network is disseminated ❖ These capture motion in a manner that can
❖ Video Channels - an account on an be viewed over and over
online media sharing or streaming ❖ These allow recreation of the scenes,
service from which one can create history, events, and phenomena
media content, such as videos,
❖ These contribute in molding personal and
accessible to other people who are also
social attitudes
using the service (Merriam-Webster,
n.d.)
❖ These provide problem-solving skills for
the viewers
❖ Library - a building or room that
contains collections of books,
❖ These promote cultural understanding and
appreciation

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
❖ These establish harmony among the people object will take; displays the change in
with different cultural backgrounds direction of a certain movement
 Timing – is used to explain or
Limitations of Motion Media strengthen the message or the event; it
has two kinds:
If there are advantages of motion media, there  Objective Timing - can be measured in
are also limitations. Here are the several seconds, minutes, hours, days, etc.
limitations of motion media:  Subjective Timing - is psychologically
experienced or felt
 These cannot be interrupted by the
viewers
 These are, at times, unsuitable for other Aside from the objects that a person must work
topics that are presented best using with in producing a certain motion, principles
stagnant pictures of motion design, or the motion techniques for
 These are subject to misinterpretation, merging the various elements or objects of
especially for younger audiences who motion design, should also be studied:
lack maturity
 These are oftentimes more expensive  Speed, direction, and timing should
than other forms of visual media portray natural laws of physics.
 Timing influences recall.
 Transitions are utilized to shift between
Elements and Principles of Motion scenes.
Design  Sound and color enhance depth and
purpose to a certain movement.
Motion is a vital part of any commercial, film,  Cartooning one’s image and text offers
or television show. It is significant because the dynamic movement. This can be easily
movement of the combination of texts and done by the following movements:
images or pictures delivers an effective message stretching, rotating, and squashing.
to the viewers. A well-crafted motion makes the  Blurring can be used in several ways.
audience appreciate any motion-based media In animation, blurring gives the illusion
presentation. This is the main reason why it is of fast movement. In videos, blurring is
significant to know the elements and principles frequently used to censor confidential
of motion design. Motion Design is a discipline information or sensitive content.
that applies the principles of graphic design to
filmmaking and video production through Module 14: Manipulative
utilization of animation and visual effects.
Information and Media
The following are the elements of motion Manipulative Information and Media
design or the things that a person must work
with to create a motion:
In the previous activity, you decoded the
important terms that you will encounter in this
 Speed – highlights the tone of the
lesson. Here, you will be able to have a depth of
movement; The two types are: o Fast
understanding of manipulative
Movement – provides alertness and
information and media. This refers to
escalating emotions o Slow Movement
the materials, programs, applications, and the
- indicates weariness, seriousness, or like that we can use to formulate new
sorrow information.
 Direction – specifies a movement from
one route to another; refer to the
Dimensions of Manipulative
growth or shrinkage of an object or
thing Information and Media
 Motion Path - refers to the spatial
movement that a thing or an animated

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
A. Definition, Characteristics and firms use media manipulation to satisfy their
Sources clients.
Manipulate means to handle,
manage, or influence something or someone Media manipulation is the strategy used by
skillfully. Although to manipulate may be used advertising or marketing firms to manipulate
to create order, it can also be done unfairly information in favor of a client who wants to
which will only favor one side. Meanwhile, promote their product or service. Through media
information is quite a broad term. Information manipulation, a firm can create an image or
can cover data, knowledge derived from argument which will favor their client using
different studies, experiences, or instructions propaganda techniques and suppression of
and even signals or symbols. information which can widely influence the
people.
Information sources can come from
virtually anywhere. These are in the form of Various research agreed that TV
books, journals, magazines, and even through advertisements have a positive influence on the
personal experiences expressed in blogs, videos, consumer’s buying behavior. So, some firms use
webpages, and many more. So, imagine just manipulative information to convince the
how information can be easily accessed by consumers to buy the product of their client.
someone anytime and anywhere. We all know Some of these firms are:
that one of the most influential users and
moderators of information is the media. 1. Marketing firm or Ad
Agency. They generate sales of
goods and services and directly
contribute to the company's
profitability. They usually offer
services like creating, planning, and
handling different forms of
advertisements to promote their clients
and their clients’ products and services.
2. Public Relations (PR) firm.
They coordinate relationships through
Nowadays, the term ‘media’ comes in the media with various publicities in
many forms. Media is defined as the order to gain public acceptance and
or approval of the client's activities,
including its sales activities. They
communication or mass communication through intend to change the public’s action by
physical objects (such as radio, television, influencing their opinions.
computers, or film). It can also be the means of
communication or a group of people working
together in the field of radio and television B. FORMAT AND TYPES
broadcasting, newspapers, magazines, and/or the Manipulative information and media
Internet, that reaches or influences people can be formally and informally produced,
widely. Media, as it is supposed to be, are organized, and disseminated through different
sources of credible information wherein types and formats. To better understand how
contents are provided through an editorial advertising and public relations firms
process determined by journalistic values manipulate information, we must understand the
attributed to an organization or a legal person. perspective of a viewer and/or a consumer.

We know that the people’s perception of Recall the times you have watched a
reality can be shaped based on what they read, TV commercial and became persuaded to buy a
hear, or watch through the various media certain product, and/or the times you believed in
platforms and technologies. That is why some fake news found on the internet. Those are

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
examples of media manipulation. The following 2. Crowd manipulation
are the different kinds of media manipulation:
Description: Crowd manipulation is the
intentional use of principles and techniques of
crowd psychology. This is used by advertising
firms to engage, control, and/or influence the
desires of the consumers to make them believe
that there is a great demand for the product
being advertised.

Example strategies used by advertising firms for


crowd manipulation:
Hired random people would attest to the efficacy
of the product.
False survey results or testimonies to convince
the consumers the benefits of the product.

1. Consu 3. Propaganda
mer
Description: It is the information or idea that an
advertising firm can release using different
forms of media which can help the image of
their client and adversely affect the image of its
opponent.

Example:
confusion ❖ Showing the charity work done by the client
Description: Consumer confusion is the state of while exposing the opponent’s slush funds.
mind of the consumers during purchasing
products that leads them to having lack of
confidence towards their purchasing decision. 4. Gatekeeping
This can even lead to incorrect purchasing
decisions. This is a result of having too many of Description: Gatekeeping is the type of
the same products in the market. Some sellers manipulation where information is being filtered
become creative with their packaging so it for dissemination (whether for publication,
stands out. Meanwhile, some try to attract the broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode
consumers with different kinds of promotions of communication). The public is informed with
which confuses the customers. only a portion of the truth for different kinds of
purposes.
Example: In a grocery store, there are various
Example:
promotions for each kind of product between
During a gas leak accident in a condominium,
the two different brands. Usually, consumers
only few casualties are mentioned to protect the
are
owner of the condominium.
confused as to which one they should
During a terrorist attack, the strategy of the
soldiers to rescue the hostages are not disclosed
❖ Two brands of detergent: to the public for security and protection
‘Buy One, Take One’ or ‘Buy One, Get One purposes.
Free’
❖ Two brands of shampoo:
‘Buy 10 plus 1’ or ‘Buy 10 plus free mug’
promo

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
5. Celebrity endorsements imminent danger or the tactic of purposely and
needlessly aiming to instill fear to the public.
Description: This is the use of celebrities as
endorsers of a certain product or services who Example:
will attest to its effectiveness and good quality. ❖ If the news exaggerated that the power of
Abu Sayyaf penetrated Luzon and risks planting
Example:
bombs in malls, there would be a decline of
❖ Kris Aquino, “The Queen of all Media”, was
people going to malls and even other public
named top celebrity endorser by YES! Magazine
places.
because of her credibility and gift of gab. She
endorses a lot of products and services which
includes brands of bakeshop, textiles, juices, C. Advantages and Limitations
canned goods, shampoo, telecom, feminine Advantages of Manipulative
wash and many more. Information
❖ It can boost the image of a person,
product, or services.
6. Hoax
❖ It can filter the information that would
Description: This is use of manipulative be disseminated to the public.
information which intends to deceive or defraud ❖ It can provide a sense of control and
the public. order when it comes to the kind and
amount of information to be publicized.
Example:
❖ In 2015, Peter Onneken and Diana Löbl, a
pair of documentary filmmakers from Germany,
and John Bohannon, a biologist and science Limitations of Manipulative
journalist based at Harvard, tricked millions of Information
people into believing chocolate could help them
lose weight.  It can be biased and/or subjective to
(source: protect the image of a person, product,
https://www.cjr.org/analysis/the_history_be or services.
hind_the_chocolate_hoax.php)  It can mislead the facts and conceal
sensitive issues.
 It can hide the truth that the public has
7. Psychological manipulation the rights to know.
Description: This is used by advertising
agencies which aim to influence and affect the D. Value of Manipulative
public’s belief, emotions, motives and/or Information and Media
reasoning towards a certain product, service, or
situation. To manipulate is an action that immediately
Example: connotes something negative, but what have you
❖ An advertising agency highlights the acquired during the lessons? Should we classify
slimming components of a juice product thus all manipulative information as negative and/or
creating a higher demand for that product with harmful? Can people still benefit from
slimming components and the premise that manipulative information?
being slim is better.
At this moment, you should be able to use some
selection criteria to evaluate the reliability and
8. Fear mongering or validity of manipulative information and media
scaremongering and its sources. You can identify whether a
Description: It is the dissemination of manipulative data is good or bad based on:
frightening and exaggerated rumors of an

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy

1.Motive or it means you are exposed to different forms of


multimedia. In this lesson, you will have a
purpose. deeper understanding of the different types and
forms of multimedia, characteristics, uses,
Description: It is important to identify the cause advantages and limitations, and how you will be
or the purpose why a particular group employed evaluating its validity and reliability.
it.
Example:
A general infomercial was released to inform the Multimedia of today can be defined
public regarding disaster-preparedness in case a as the seamless digital integration of text,
disaster like flood or earthquake happens. (Good graphics, animation, audio, still images and
motive or purpose) motion video in a way that provides individual
A TV commercial was released to create a good users with high levels of control and interaction.
image to a political candidate and to convince Presenting information in the form of
the public to vote for them even if they do not multimedia can be more interesting because it
have the integrity and good intentions to run for can be delivered in different modes. We call this
position. (Bad motive or purpose) a multimedia presentation.
A multimedia presentation can
incorporate images to make a visual impact on
viewers and/or insert video clips to appeal to
2.Degree of both visual and auditory senses

influence or
impact.
Description: It is the extent on how the
manipulation of information can produce effects
on the actions, behavior and/or opinions of the
public. Some advertising and public relations
firms engage in manipulation to increase the
degree of influence or impact to the public.
Example:
 If the general infomercial released for
disaster preparedness is misinterpreted,
the public might panic which will
produce a negative impact despite the
good motive or purpose.
Type of Multimedia Presentation
 Some commercials, like those As of today, there are many different kinds
involving cigarettes and liquor, can of multimedia tools which you can use to
influence people to consume things that organize information into a more appealing and
could be potentially dangerous to their interesting presentation.
health. It can also influence young
people to try it too.
1. Slideshow Presentation
Module 15: Multimedia It is a presentation of photographic slides or
electronic images projected on a surface or
Information and Media
displayed on a screen one after another as a
series. It is usually made using software
Multimedia Information and Media programs such as Microsoft Office PowerPoint
Presentation (PPT) where the user can present
text information with images, audio, and video
How many multimedia icons have you clips.
identified? If you have identified most of them,

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
3. Overhead Projector (OHP)
An Overhead Projector or OHP is like a film or
a slide projector which uses light to project an
enlarged image on a screen. In an OHP, the
source of the image is usually a page-sized sheet
of transparent plastic film where the image to be
projected is printed, hand-written or drawn on
the transparent plastic film. with the image to be
projected which can either be printed, hand-
written, or drawn. A presentation using an OHP
Aside from PowerPoint Presentation, there can only be used to display text and/or images.
are other software programs where
slideshows can be created made such as:
● Google Slides - for presentations that allow
online collaboration
● Zoho Show - for built-in broadcasting tools to
stream presentations
● Prezi - for non-linear and animated presentations
● Canva - for creative presentations using
different templates 3. Smart Board
● Evernote Presentation Mode - a presentation
An interactive whiteboard where you can
made from notes. “With one click of a button,
input or navigate information through touch
presentation mode expands your note to the
detection. Since it has touchscreen features, you
dimensions of your monitor so that everyone in
can navigate the information displayed on the
a group can clearly see the details of your note,
smart board using a mouse or just your
whether it's text, images, or attached PDF or fingertips.
MS Office files.”

2. Audio Visual Presentations

These are electronic presentations that contain


both sound and visual components, such as
slide-tape presentations, films, television
programs, and live theater productions.

Characteristics of Multimedia
Information
The multimedia of today can be a combination
of text, graphics, animation, audio, still images
and/or motion video. Thus, multimedia
information has different characteristics such as:
Electronic or digital.
A multimedia presentation can be
prepared and delivered electronically or
digitally through various computer

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
applications, software, and/or online Users of Multimedia Presentation
tools. Some of the people who widely use multimedia
presentations are:
Interactive. 1. Teachers or Lecturers – to present
A multimedia presentation is interactive lessons and appeal to the student’s visual
since it stimulates the visual and auditory and auditory senses.
sense of the audience. Actions such as
voice command, text entry, mouse 2. Motivational or Public
manipulation, touch screen, screenshot Speakers – to present, inform,
and/or video capture make the
influence, motivate or entertain their
multimedia presentation interactive.
audience.
Dynamic
A multimedia presentation is said to be 3. Salespeople – to display and
dynamic since it can be played, projected, showcase their offered products/services.
recorded, and/or accessed using different
kinds of technology and computer Evaluating and Rating Multimedia
applications. The combination of visual Information
graphics and/or images with sound effects Using multimedia presentations which
and/or background music make a include a combination of text, graphics,
presentation more dynamic. animation, audio, still images and/or motion
video, do not immediately guarantee that the
message to be conveyed to the audience is clear.
Different Uses of Multimedia The balance of information and entertainment
You can see various forms of multimedia not must also be achieved when using a multimedia
only on the internet, but also in public places. If presentation. The following are important things
you go to hotels, train stations, shopping malls, to consider as an audience in assessing
museums, and grocery stores, you will see multimedia information:
kiosks, digital bulletins, AVP presentations and
so on. Different fields of specializations also use 1. Content.
multimedia for different purposes.
The content of a multimedia presentation may
vary depending on the setting of the
presentation. For instance, a multimedia
Field of
Use of presentation in a biology class with the topic on
Specializati
Multimedia photosynthesis must contain both text and visual
on
information. An animation video will also be
Gamification of helpful for the students to visualize the
lessons, engaging processes in photosynthesis.
Education
classroom lectures,
online learning 2. Purpose or application.
The purpose or application of a multimedia
Entertainment Movies and animation presentation can be diverse. For example, an
audio-visual presentation (AVP) to be shown
Presentation of in a wedding reception should match the
Industry products/services,
mood of the occasion. The AVP should
Marketing, Advertising
include elements of text, images, and/or video
Surgery simulations, clips to make it more appealing to the
Medicine
medical presentations audience.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics


Media Information and Literacy
3. Manner of presentation. ● It empowers and supplements the
A multimedia presentation can be presented speaker for a more dynamic and more
in various ways. It can be done through a interactive lecture.
slideshow presentation or an audiovisual ● It makes information easier to
presentation. The following factors should be understand since it is presented in a
used in rating a multimedia presentation: creative manner.
a. Audience. One of the factors Limitations of Multimedia
that must be considered in Information
selecting your target audience is ● If it presents too much information, it
their age. Based on research the can overwhelm the audience.
age of a person can affect its
● It can cause the speaker to become too
attention span (the average
dependent on the technology.
attention span of an adult can
last about 20 minutes while a ● Most multimedia tools require a power
younger person usually has less) source. Therefore, the lack of
and presentation preference. electricity or drained batteries can
Some audience may prefer jeopardize the delivery of the
presentations that are information.
informative, direct, and with ● It takes a lot of time and effort to
graphical representations while conceptualize, plan, and organize an
others may prefer it to be more effective presentation. If the time given
broad, entertaining, and so on. to prepare one is too short, for example,
b. Topic. The type of presentation a day or two before the actual
must be aligned with the topic to presentation, the quality of the
make an effective and effective information and presentation might be
presentation. For example, if the compromised.
topic is about the sales of the
company, the audience expects a
presentation that includes
pictures, charts, and graphs.
c. Resources. The availability
of resources is a factor in
preparing presentations. For
instance, if schools do not have
enough budget to purchase smart
boards and LCD projectors, the
teachers would use their
LED/LCD TVs for playing
music, slideshows, and videos as
alternatives.

Advantages of Multimedia
Information
● It presents the information in a more
organized and in an interesting manner.

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

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