Kinematics

REVISION MATERIAL
KINEMATICS PHYSICS
KEY CONCEPT

KINEMATICS

Distance and Displacement

Total length of path (ACB) covered by the particle, in definite time interval is called distance.
Displacement vector or displacement is the minimum distance (AB) and directed from initial position
to final position.
C

A B
Displacement in terms of position vector
From OAB r rB rA

rB x2i y2 j z2k and rA x1 i y1 j z1k

rr ( x2 x1 ) i (y 2 y1 ) j (z2 z1 )k r xi yj zk

Displacement r
Average velocity = = v av
Time interval t

Dis tance travelled

Average speed = Time interval

dr d ˆ dx ˆ dy ˆ dz ˆ
Velocity v xi yjˆ zkˆ i j k v xˆi v yˆj v z kˆ
dt dt dt dt dt

total change in velocity

Average Acceleration = .
total time taken

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REVISION MATERIAL (PHYSICS)
Acceleration
dv d dv x ˆ dv y ˆ dv z ˆ vdv
a v xˆi v yˆj v z kˆ i j k = a xˆi a yˆj a zkˆ , a=
dt dt dt dt dt dx

• Velocity is the slope of position time curve.

• Slope of velocity-time curve = acceleration at that time
• v-t curve area gives displacement.
• a-t curve area gives change in velocity.
S.N.Different Cases v–t graph s–t graph Important Points
v s
1. Uniform (i) Slope of s –t graph
v=constant s=vt
motion t
= constant
t
v = constant
(ii) In s – t graph s = 0 at t = 0

2. Uniformly v s (i) u = 0,
1 2
accelerated v=at s = at i.e. v = 0at t = 0
t t 2
motion with (ii) u = 0, i.e.,
u = 0 at t = 0 slope of s – t
graph at t=u,
should be zero
(iii) a or slope of v – t
graph is constant
3. Uniformly v (i) u 0,
s
accelerated 1 2 i.e., v or slope motion
u v=u+at s = ut + at
2
with u 0 t t
of s – t graph at
at t = 0 t = 0 is not zero
(ii) v or slope of s – t
graph gradually goes on
increasing.
4. Uniformly v s (i) s = s0 at t = 0
accelerated
u v = u +at 1
motion with s=s0+ut+ at2
2
t t
u 0 and
s = s0 at t = 0
v
5. Uniformly retarded s (i) Slope of s – t graph motion till
1 2
at t = 0 gives u s = ut – at velocity
u v=u–at 2
becomes zero t t (ii) Slope of s – t graph at t= t0
t0 t0
(iii) In this case u can't be zero.
v
6. Uniformly retarded s (i) At time t = to, v = 0
then accelerated in u or slope of s – t
t0
opposite direction o t t graph is zero
t0 (ii) In s – t graph slope or velocity first
decreases then increases with
opposite sign.
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 Kinematics
Motion with constant acceleration : Equations of motion
In vector form :
u v 1 2 1 2
v u at r r2 r1 s t ut at vt at
2 2 2
a
v2=u2+ 2a.s sn u (2n 1)
2
In scalar form (for one dimensional motion) :
u v 1 2 1 2
v = u + at s t ut at vt at
2 2 2
a
v2 = u2+2as sn u (2n 1)
2
Differentiation Differentiation
Displacement Velocity Acceleration
Integration Integration

Relative Motion
There is no meaning of motion without reference or observer. If reference is not mentioned then we
take the ground as a reference of motion. Generally velocity or displacement of the particle w.r.t.
ground is called actual velocity or actual displacement of the body. If we describe the motion of a
particle w.r.t. a object which is also moving w.r.t. ground then velocity of particle w.r.t. ground is its
actual velocity v act and velocity of particle w.r.t. moving object is its relative velocity v rel. and the
velocity of moving object (w.r.t. ground) is the reference velocity v ref. then v rel v act v ref

Relative velocity of Rain w.r.t. the Moving Man :

A man walking west with velocity v m , represented by OA . Let the rain be falling vertically downwards
with velocity v r , represented by OB as shown in fig. The relative velocity of rain w.r.t. man
v rm v r v m , will be represented by diagonal OD of rectangle OBDC.

v rm v 2r v 2m 2v r v m cos 90 v 2r v 2m Vertically up

If is the angle which v rm makes A vm –vm C

O
W E
with the vertical direction then
vr v rm

BD vm 1 vm
tan tan B
D
OB vr vr

Swimming into the River

A man can swim with velocity v , i.e. it is the velocity of man w.r.t. still water. If water is also flowing
with velocity vR then velocity of man relative to ground vm v vR

• If the swimming is in the direction of flow of water or along the downstream then v vm
vR

= v + vR
• If the swimming is in the direction opposite to the flow of water or along the upstream then
v
vR vm = v– vR

• If man is crossing the river i.e. and vR not collinear then use the vector algebra vm v vR
v
(assuming v > vR)

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REVISION MATERIAL (PHYSICS)

vR

v
vm

• For shortest path : B

To reach at B, vsin = vR vR
d
vm
vR v
sin
v
A
For minimum displacement
(For minimum displacement)
• For minimum time

B C

vR d
d
v vm then t min v
A
(for minimum time)

PROJECTILE MOTION
Horizontal Motion
u cos = ux
ax = 0
x = uxt or x = (u cos )t
Vertical Motion :
1 1
vy = uy – gt and uy = u sin y = uyt – gt2= usin t – gt2
2 2
Net acceleration = a a xˆi a yˆj gjˆ

At any instant
vx = ucos , vy = usin – gt
Velocity of particle at time t :
v v xˆi v yˆj u xˆi (u y gt)ˆj u cos ˆi (u sin gt)ˆj
If angle of velocity v from ground is , then
vy uy gt u sin gt gt
tan tan
vx ux u cos u cos

At highest point vy=0, vx=ucos

2u y 2u sin
Time of flight T
g g
2u 2 sin cos u 2 sin 2 2u x u y
Horizontal range R u cos T
g g g
It is same for and (90° – ) and maximum for = 45°

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 Kinematics
u2y u2 sin2 u 2y
Maximum height H
2g 2g 2g

gx2 x
Equation of trajectory y x tan x tan 1
2u cos2
2
R

Horizontal projection from some height u

2h
Time of flight T h
g
2h
Horizontal range R uT u R
g
Projectile motion on inclined plane- up motion

2u 2u sin
Time of flight T
g g cos

u2 u2 sin2
Maximum height Hmax
2g 2g cos

2u 2 sin cos
Range on inclined plane R OA 2
g cos

u2
Maximum range Rmax = g 1 sin at angle 4 2

Projectile motion on inclined plane (2-D) :

Down motion (put = – in above)

2u 2u sin
Time of flight : T = 2tH = a g cos

u2 u 2 sin2
Maximum height H
2a 2g cos

2u2 cos sin

Range on inclined plane R = OA
g cos2

u2
Maximum range Rmax = at angle
g 1 sin 4 2

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REVISION MATERIAL (PHYSICS)

EXERCISE
SINGLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE
1. An object is tossed vertically into the air with an initial velocity of 8 m/s. Using the sign convention
upwards as positive, how does the vertical component of the acceleration ay of the object (after leaving
the hand) vary during the flight of the object?
(A) On the way up ay > 0, on the way down ay > 0
(B) On the way up ay < 0, on the way down ay > 0
(C) On the way up ay > 0, on the way down ay < 0
(D) On the way up ay < 0, on the way down ay < 0
2. A physics teacher finds a scrap of paper on which one of his students has written the following equation:
02 – 52 = 2 × (–9.8) × x
of which of the following problem would this equation be part of the correct solution?
(A) Find the speed of an object 5 seconds after it was dropped from rest.
(B) Find the distance of an object has fallen 5 seconds after it was released from rest on Earth.
(C) Find the height from which a ball when released will strike the ground with a speed of 5 m/s.
(D) Find the maximum height to which a ball will rise if it is thrown upward with an initial speed of 5 m/s.
3. If a body starts from rest and travels 120 cm in the 6th second, with constant acceleration then what
is the acceleration :
(A) 0.20 m/s2 (B) 0.027 m/s2 (C) 0.218 m/s2 (D) 0.03 m/s2
4. A particle is thrown upwards from ground. It experiences a constant resistance force which can produce
retardation 2 m/s2. The ratio of time of ascent to the time of descent is [g=10 m/s2]
2 2 3
(A) 1 : 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2
5. A particle moves along a straight line such that at time t its displacement from a fixed point O on the
line is 3t2 – 2. The velocity of the particle when t = 2 is:
(A) 8 ms–1 (B) 4 ms–1 (C) 12 ms–1 (D) 0
6. The graph to the right is a plot of position versus time. For which labeled region is the velocity positive
and the acceleration negative?

(A) a (B) b (C) c (D) d

7. A body initially at rest, starts moving along x-axis in such a way so that its acceleration vs displacement
plot is as shown in figure. The maximum velocity of particle is

(A) 1 m/s (B) 6 m/s (C) 2 m/s (D) none

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 Kinematics
8. The velocity of a particle moving on the x-axis is given by v = x2 + x where v is in m/s and x is in m.
Find its acceleration in m/s2 when passing through the point x = 2m
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 11 (D) 30
9. The co-ordinates of a moving particle at a time t, are given by, x = 5 sin 10 t, y = 5 cos 10 t . The
speed of the particle is :
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 10 (D) None
10. From a building two balls A and B are thrown such that A is thrown upwards and B downwards
(both vertically) with same speed. If vA and vB are their respective velocities on reaching the ground,
then-
(A)vB > vA (B)vA = vB
(C)vA > vB (D)Their velocities depend on their masses
11. A lift is moving downwards with acceleration a. A man in the lift drops a ball inside the lift. The
acceleration of the ball as observed by the man in the lift and a man standing stationary on the ground
are respectively-
(A)g, g (B)g –a, g – a (C)g – a, g (D)a, g
12. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height h m. It takes T s to reach the ground. What is the
position of the ball in T/3 s ?
(A)h/9 m from the ground (B)7h/9 m from the ground
(C)8h/9 m from the ground (D)17h/18 m from the ground
13. The relation between time t and distance x is t = ax2 + bx, where a and b are constants. The acceleration
is-
(A)– 2abv2 (B)2bv3 (C)– 2av3 (D)2av2
14. A particle located at x = 0 at time t = 0, starts moving along the positive x-direction with a velocity 'v'
that varies as v = x . the displacement of the particle varies with time as

(A)t2 (B)t (C)t1/2 (D)t3

15. A body is at rest at x=0. At t = 0, it starts moving in the positive x-direction with a constant acceleration.
At the same instant another body passes through x = 0 moving in the positive x-direction with a
constant speed. The position of the first body is given by x1(t) after time ‘t’and that of the second
body by x2(t) after the same time interval. Which of the following graphs correctly describes (x1 – x2)
as a function of time ‘t’?

(x1-x2) (x1-x2)
(x1-x2) (x1-x2)

(A) t (B) O t (C) t (D) t t

O O O

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REVISION MATERIAL (PHYSICS)
16. An object, moving with a speed of 6.25 m/s, is decelerated at a rate given by
dv
= –2.5 v
dt
where v is the instantaneous speed. The time taken by the object, to come to rest, would
be :-
(A)4 s (B)8 s (C)1 s (D)2 s

17. A particle starts from rest. Its acceleration A) versus time (t) is as shown in the figure. The maximum
speed of the particle will be
a
2
1 0 m /s

t(s)
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(A) 110 m/s (B) 55 m/s (C) 550 m/s (D) 660 m/s
18. The velocity displacement graph of a particle moving along a straight line is shown. The most suitable
acceleration-displacement graph will be
V
vo

xo X

a a a a
x x x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x

19. A particle is projected with fixed speed u at an angle with horizontal. In which of the following case
length of the trajectory is maximum.
(A) = 15° (B) = 30° (C) = 45° (D) = 37°
20. A ball is dropped from rest from a height 4h. After it has fallen a distance d, a second ball is dropped
from rest from a height h. What should be d in terms of h, so that both ball hit the ground at same time.
(A) h (B) 2h (C) 2.5h (D) 3h
21. A particle is projected with a fixed speed. Find angle of projection with horizontal, so that area under
its trajectory is maximum
(A) = 30° (B) = 37° (C) = 45° (D) = 60°
22. A ball is thrown with a speed u at an angle with horizontal. At the highest point in the motion
strength of gravity is somehow magically doubled. What is horizontal distance travelled by ball

u 2 sin cos u 2 sin cos 1

(A) (B) 1
g g 2

u 2 sin cos 2u 2 sin cos

(C) 2 1 (D)
g g
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 Kinematics
23. If the acceleration as a function of time is given by a(t) = At, and if x = v = 0 at t = 0, what is x(t)?
At 2 At 2 At 3 At 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 6 2 6
24. Under what condition is the average velocity (which is defined to be the total displacement divided
by the time) equal to the average of the initial and final velocities, (vi + vf)/2?
(A) The acceleration must be constant
(B) It is true for other motions besides constant acceleration, but not for all possible motions
(C) It is true for all possible motions
(D) It is never possible
25. A car travels with constant speed v0 on a highway. At the instant it passes a stationary plice motorcycle,
the motorcycle accelerates with constant acceleration and gives chase. What is the speed of the
motorcycle when it catches up to the car (in an adjacent lane on the highway)?
(A) v0 (B) 3v0/2 (C) 2v0 (D) 3v0
26. You start from rest and accelerate to a given final speed v0 after a time T. Your acceleration need not
be constant, but assume that it is always positive or zero. If d is the total distance you travel, then the
range of possible d values is
(A) d = v0T/2 (B) 0 < d < v0T/2 (C) v0T/2 < d < v0T (D) 0 < d < v0T
27. You are driving a car that has a maximum acceleration of a. The magnitude of the maximum deceleration
is also a. What is the maximum distance that you can travel in time T, assuming that you begin and
end at rest?
(A) 2aT2 (B) aT2 (C) aT2/2 (D) aT2/4
28. A ball is dropped, and then another ball is dropped from the same spot one second later. As time goes
on while the balls are falling, the distance between them (ignoring air resistance, as usual)
(A) decreases (B) remains the same
(C) increases and approaches a limiting value (D) increases steadily
29. A ball is thrown at an angle with speed v0. A second ball is simultaneously thrown straight upward
from the point on the ground directly below the top of the first ball’s parabolic motion. How fast
should this second ball be thrown if you want it to collide with the first ball?

(A) v0/2 (B) v 0 / 2 (C) v0cos (D) v0sin

30. A ball has height h and is a distance away. You wish to throw a ball over the wall with a trajectory
such that the ball barely clears the wall at the top of its parabolic motion. What initial speed is required?
2 2 2
(A) 4gh (B) g / 2h (C) 2gh g / 2h (D) 4gh g / 2h

31. Two balls are thrown with the same speed v0 from the top of a cliff. The
angles of their initial velocities are above and below the horizontal,
as shown figure. How much farther along the ground does the top ball
hit than the bottom ball?

(A) 2v 02 / g (B) 2v 20 sin / g (C) 2v 20 cos / g (D) 2v 20 sin cos / g

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REVISION MATERIAL (PHYSICS)
32. A deer escapes from a leopard and runs aways in straight line with constant velocity. The leopard
again starts chasing the deer, when the deer has ran a distance 48 m. The leopard starts with initial
speed 30 m/s but due to fatigue it has to reduce its speed and it does so by reducing speed in equal
steps of 5 m/s after every 2 s interval. At what minimum speed must the deer run to escape away from
the leopard ?
(A) 6 m/s (B) 15.5 m/s (C) 17 m/s (D) 1 m/s
33. A boat can travel at a speed of 3m/s. Water flowing at a rate of 4m/s in a
river. A boatman wants to cross the river whilst covering shortest
possible distance. The direction should he row with bank is –

1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
(A) cos (B) sin (C) tan (D) cos
4 4 4 5

34. A particle moves along x axis. It starts from rest at time equal 0 from x = 0 and comes to rest at point
x = 1. No other information is available about its motion, at intermediate times (0 < t < 1). If denotes
instantaneous acceleration of particle then choose incorrect option
(A) cannot remain positive for all t in the interval 0 t 1

(B) cannot exceed 2 at any point in its path

(C) must be 4 at same point in its path

(D) must change sign during motion
35. A particle starts from point A with constant speed v on a circle of C
radius R. Find magnitude of average velocity during its journey
from :-
D B
(a) A to B O R

(b) A to C
A
(c) A to D
INTEGER TYPE
36. Assuming right side to be positive x, Determine the signs (positive or negative) of the position, velocity,
and acceleration for the particle in figure. Time interval for all displacement is same.

x
0
37. A body moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of –11 cm/s when its x coordinate is
3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2 s later is – 5 cm, what is the magnitude in cm/s2 of its acceleration?
38. At a distance L = 400m from the traffic light, brakes are applied to a locomotive moving at a velocity
v = 54 km/hr. Determine the position of the locomotive relative to the traffic light 1 minute after the
application of the brakes if its acceleration is –0.3m/sec2.

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 Kinematics
39. A flower pot falls off a window sill and falls past the window below. It takes 0.30 s to pass a window
3.45 m high. How far is the top of the window below upper window sill?
40. Speed of train is increasing linearly with time. The train passes a hut with speed 2 m/s and acquires
a speed of 12 m/s after 10 s. What is the speed of the train in m/s, 5 s after passing the hut?
41. A wheel rotates so that the angle of rotation is proportional to the square of time. The first revolution
was performed by the wheel for 8 sec. Find the angular velocity , 32 sec after the wheel started.
[Hint: Consider = kt2, find k ]
42. The angle through which a pulley turns with time t is specified by the function = t2 + 3t 5.
d
Find the angular velocity = at t = 5 sec .
dt

43. A body whose mass is 3 kg performs rectilinear motion according to the formula s = 1 + t + t2,
1
where s is measured in centimetres & t in seconds. Determine the kinetic energy mv2 of the body
2
in 5 sec after its start.
44. The length, breadth & height of a cuboid depends on time t as L = 1 + sin t; b = t2 – 1; h = (t + 1) find

the rate of change of volume with time at t = sec.

2

ANSWER KEY
1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D)
7. (A) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (C)
13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (B)
19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (D) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (B)
25. (C) 26. (D) 27. (D) 28. (D) 29. (D) 30. (C)
31. (D) 32. (C) 33. (A) 34. (B)

v 2v 2 2v
35. (a) 2 2 , (b) , (c) 36. Position = –ve, velocity = +ve & acceleration = +ve
3

37. 7 38. 25m 39. 5m 40. 7 41. 2 rad/sec.

3 2
42. 13 rad/s 43. 1.815 × 105 ergs. 44. +2 –2
2
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