Development, Validation, and Utilization of Hydropower-Integrated Flood Systems in

Farming

A Practical Research 2 Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Commonwealth High School

Leader: Pador, Zion Ashlley Mae P.

Assistant Leader: Claveria, Denise Argel M.

Members: Dunque, Raven July G.

Minoza, Elyzah Maris

Date of Submission

November 30, 2023

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the basic background and rationale for the study, paving the

way for exploring the complex dynamics of the Development, validation, and Utilization of

Hydropower-Integrated Flood Systems in Farming. This chapter lays the foundation for the

following chapters, providing a comprehensive understanding of the significance and

objectives of the study.

Background of the Study

Farmers encounter challenges when their agricultural yields are impacted by flooding.

Unfortunately, they often lack the necessary knowledge and resources to efficiently mitigate

this phenomenon, compelling them to reluctantly accept their circumstances. Grüneis et al.

(2021) point out that floods, increasingly prevalent due to climate change, are no longer

discharged rapidly to minimize damage, exacerbating the situation for farmers. In the

Philippines, flood is the most common natural disaster that causes the submerging of

agricultural lands due to excessive water accumulation resulting from flooding precipitates a

decline in agricultural productivity. One of the scenarios that happened in the Philippines is

the flood in Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, and the flood-induced mudslide

in Ifugao, have collectively affected at least 1,559 Filipino farmers and destroyed 882 metric

tons of crops in 1,770 hectares of agricultural land (Beatrice Pinlac, 2022).

Hydropower in the Philippines is an important component of the country's energy

mix. This involves harnessing the energy of flowing water, generally the energy of rivers and

dams, to produce electricity. In the Philippines, it has a total installed hydropower capacity of

about 3,701 MW. That represents about 16% of the national total. Of this, around 566 MW

are run-of-river and 3,135 MW are dam-type plants, including one 728 MW pumped storage
complex. (Mario Barbosa, Albin Königshofer, 2023). In addition, Hydropower development

can harvest renewable energy sources and can improve energy efficiency in certain areas.

Hydropower energy can have mitigation effects in low areas that usually have frequent

flooding following Guiamel and Lee (2020).

An ideal energy storage solution can be developed with the help of hydropower

models, which are essential for predicting power and energy requirements. Furthermore, as

Lindgren (2023) points out, these models include an essential component, which is the

estimation of wear and tear reduction. The application of these models is crucial for the

sustainable management of energy resources and also improves the efficiency of hydropower

systems. This study seeks to investigate the effectiveness of integrating hydropower with

flood control systems in farming, aiming to enhance the resilience and productivity of

agricultural landscapes.

The rise in global temperatures resulting from climate change has increased the

frequency and severity of extreme weather events, particularly floods, in various parts of the

world. These floods pose significant threats to agriculture as they cause soil erosion and crop

damage, and disrupt farm activities. Simultaneously, the increased need for cleaner energy

sources has fueled the development of hydroelectric projects. Combining hydropower with

flood control technologies provides an intriguing potential for addressing both energy-related

and agricultural issues, ultimately producing a sustainable solution.

The research on hydropower-integrated flood systems emphasizes some crucial topics

that require further study. While they investigate the technological, regulatory, and

operational challenges, researchers must also investigate how effectively these systems

balance flood control and renewable energy while preserving the environment and local

populations. The researcher ought to take into account the long-term environmental
consequences, such as what happens to wildlife and water quality. Furthermore, the

researchers must comprehend how these systems influence the individuals who live nearby,

such as whether the property prices are modified or if their occupations are harmed. To get

the most out of renewable energy, researchers must figure out how to improve the

hydropower components.

Hydropower-integrated flood systems have gained importance among researchers as a

solution to the dilemma of flood management and renewable energy production. The system

combines flood control infrastructure with integrated hydropower. It aims to minimize flood

risks while also utilizing the potential energy of flowing water. However, the effectiveness of

integrated hydropower system management in achieving the intended goals of environmental

sustainability and improving community resilience remains a subject of ongoing research.

Statement of the Problem

In this study, the researchers will study and understand the dilemmas, opportunities,

and outcomes associated with hydroelectric-integrated flood systems. It aims to address the

following points:

1. What is the level of acceptability of the design of a hydropower-integrated flood

system in terms of:

1.1 Size;

1.2 Material;

1.3 System Flow.

2. What is the level of acceptability of the hydropower-integrated flood system in terms

of functionality?

2.1 Canal
 2.2 Turbine

2.3 Pump

3. What is the level of acceptability as perceived by the experts in terms of:

3.1 Flood Management;

3.2 Sustainable Energy Generation

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research will only focus on the effectiveness of the hydropower-integrated flood

system in flood mitigation and power generated in farming fields. This study will be

conducted in a small prototype in one of the houses of the researcher.

In the development phase, the researchers begin by outlining the project's objectives

and goals. They will develop a thorough plan for the development and operation of a small-

scale prototype of the hydropower integrated flood system at 119A Bataan Road, Garcia

Heights Barangay Holy Spirit in collaboration with engineers and specialists.

In the validation phase, the researchers will put the prototype through rigorous testing

and trials to make sure that it functions as planned.

Gathering data will be a crucial aspect where you will learn about the system's

performance in terms of producing electricity and flood mitigation. The success of the system

will then be determined through a detailed analysis of the acquired data.

Finally, in the utilization phase, if the prototype proves successful, you'll consider

scaling up the system for broader applications. Continuous monitoring will be essential to

keep track of how the system performs in real-world conditions. Feedback from stakeholders

will help guide improvement.

 The research will not extensively explore the legal and regulatory framework

surrounding the implementation of hydropower-integrated flood systems, it will not directly

compare to the alternative sources of energy, such as solar and wind power.

Significance of the Study

When researchers examine this topic, they have to assess how these systems will cope

with climate change and how they contrast to other methods of managing floods and

generating energy efficiently. It's also crucial to look into how people in the local community

participate in making decisions about these systems, and whether they work differently in

various areas. By considering all of this, we can improve these systems' ability to handle

floods, generate renewable energy, and improve the lives of those who live nearby.

The Public. To help the public understand the new invention that can mitigate the flood.

The Engineers. It is to help the Engineers to innovate inventions regarding flood mitigation.

The Agriculturist. It helps to increase agricultural productivity.

The Future Researchers. To help them further study how to generate electricity using

Hydropower in mitigating floods.

The Farmers. It is to help the farmers to mitigate their crops.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter, Review of Related Literature (RRL), serves as an essential foundation

for understanding the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic, providing valuable

insights and perspectives that help inform and contextualize current research.

Flood System

In recent years, the need to regulate water levels in reservoirs has increased

significantly due to extreme weather conditions (Hydropower: Flood Control, 2019). The

challenge is to find a balance between two conflicting uses of water from hydropower plant

reservoirs: hydropower generation and flood control.

The Philippines has witnessed a surge in concern regarding flooding, a common

natural hazard stemming from typhoons, monsoons, and heavy rainfall (Kurata et al., 2023b).

Given the country's vulnerability to frequent flooding and projections of exacerbated weather

extremes due to climate change, it's vital to deepen our understanding of hydropower's

multifaceted role. According to Nguyen‐Tien et al. (2018), hydropower serves a dual function

by mitigating floods and droughts while ensuring a reliable and environmentally friendly

energy source.

Reservoirs, notably large-scale dams, serve diverse roles beyond hydroelectric power

generation. They provide household and industrial water, support irrigation systems, facilitate

navigation, offer recreational opportunities, and foster fishing and aquaculture. As an integral

aspect of overall water management, hydropower plays a crucial role in averting floods.

(Harnessing the Power of Dams for Flood Protection, 2023).

 Water represents an essential prerequisite for sustaining life, and its significance

becomes particularly pronounced during flood events. In such circumstances, the availability

of clean water becomes a paramount concern, given the prevalence of contaminated water

sources that are often unsuitable for consumption (Kamarudin et al., 2018).

Filtration

Flood filtration plays a pivotal role in flood control and recovery. When a flood event

transpires, it can lead to the contamination of water sources with a wide array of pollutants,

such as chemicals, bacteria, and viruses, as pointed out by Tracey (2020). Conversely,

farmers are keenly attuned to how water filtration can impact their crops. Given that farmers

exercise a high degree of influence over the inputs they employ, they consequently wield

substantial control over the crops they cultivate. The implementation of water filtration

furnishes farmers with an added layer of control, facilitating enhancements in growing

conditions, disease prevention, and augmenting crop yields, as highlighted by Fruit Growers

Supply (2021).

Filtration is an important element of the multi-barrier method used to remove pathogens in

water treatment processes. This approach is necessary to ensure the safety and quality of

drinking water. The presence of suspended solids and other particles in water can

significantly hinder the disinfection process, making it less effective at removing harmful

bacteria. Research, such as that published in the journal “Water” by Cescon and Jiang (2020),

indicates that high-performance particle removal through particulate filtration can

significantly improve the overall effectiveness of the disinfection process.

Hydropower

Hydropower is undoubtedly one of the most reliable and environmentally friendly

energy sources available globally. The study conducted by (Pakhtigian et al.,2019)

highlighted the outstanding potential of hydropower, even in times of drought or grid

disruption. What truly sets hydropower apart is its steadfast commitment to protecting the

environment, as it does not emit any greenhouse gases or pollutants into the atmosphere.

Additionally, it provides continuous, uninterrupted power, regardless of prevailing weather

conditions, which sets it apart from solar or wind alternatives. In the major renewable energy

production project, 2020 marks an important milestone, with renewable energy contributing

29% to global electricity output. According to a report by the Center for Energy and Climate

Solutions in 2023, it is worth noting that 16.8% of this renewable energy source comes from

hydropower, which remains reliable. This statistic highlights the growing importance of

hydropower in the transition to sustainable energy solutions. The same source saw an

unprecedented addition of more than 256 GW of renewable energy capacity, demonstrating

the growing importance of renewable energy sources such as hydropower.

The true potential of hydropower becomes apparent when it is used to provide

electricity to communities with limited access to conventional energy sources. The use of

hydroelectric turbines in water supply networks has been proven to be a viable and effective

method of electricity production. According to Chala et al. (2019), the mini/micro

hydropower plant, utilizing water energy, has become increasingly appealing for its

environmentally friendly operation and appropriateness for generating electricity in rural

areas. This technology is anticipated to be a sustainable solution in the future, providing

clean, cost-effective, and eco-friendly power sources.

However, it is important to acknowledge that in some parts of the world, especially in

regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, hydropower remains an underutilized energy

source, despite its inherent potential to provide clean and affordable electricity (George,

2023). This highlights the need for more comprehensive exploration and exploitation of

hydropower capacity in these underserved areas. When starting to build hydroelectric

projects, it is necessary to take into account the related costs. Although hydropower has low

operating and maintenance costs, a long lifespan, and cost-effective electricity production,

initial construction costs may be prohibitive for some stakeholders. While the initial

investment may be substantial, the ongoing operational costs and labor wages for a

hydroelectric dam are comparatively low. Additionally, the price of water remains stable,

unlike the variable costs associated with conventional fossil fuels and imported energy

sources. Nations adopting hydroelectric power stand to achieve significant cost savings, with

examples such as Paraguay, which derives a substantial portion of its energy from

hydroelectric dams (Nikki, 2023).

Stored Energy

Hydropower is a prime example of a reliable, environmentally friendly, and

sustainable energy source with the potential to change the global energy landscape. Its ability

to provide continuous power, even in adverse conditions, combined with minimal

environmental impact, makes it a key player in the renewable energy sector. The growing

adoption of hydropower around the world highlights its importance in achieving a cleaner

and more sustainable energy future. However, there is an urgent need to close the gap and

promote the use of hydropower in areas where hydropower potential remains untapped.

Balancing initial construction costs with long-term benefits is critical to exploiting the full

potential of this remarkable energy source.

Hydropower, as a renewable energy source, has come a long way in its development.

It took more than a century of experience and technological advances to exploit the full

potential of this remarkable energy source. As Elbatran et al. (2015) pointed out, the journey

towards efficient electricity generation from hydropower is increasingly progressive, marked

by continuous innovation and improvement.

 Micro-Hydropower

Traditionally, large dams have been the primary means of harnessing the immense

power of water to generate electricity. However, these large-scale hydropower projects often

require significant costs, both in terms of financial investment and environmental impact.

Construction of large dams can disrupt ecosystems, displace communities, and require

significant financial resources. These factors have led researchers and experts in the field to

explore alternative approaches, with micro hydropower systems emerging as a promising

solution.

Today’s water wheels are more efficient at a wider range of flow rates and under a

wider range of hydraulic conditions than their predecessors. According to Quaranta (2018),

“the efficiency of modern water wheels is consistently higher than that of their predecessors.”

This is a testament to the design and technological advances that allow modern water wheels

to be more efficient at a broader range of operating conditions.

One of the most exciting aspects of micro-hydro systems is their potential for

sustainability. In particular, run-of-the-river micro-hydropower systems illustrate this

concept. When managed effectively, these systems can produce electricity while minimizing

negative environmental and social impacts. As noted by Murni et al. (2013) noted that MHS

sustainability is twofold: it is both socially responsible and environmentally friendly.

The social responsibility aspect of micro hydropower arises from its ability to

empower local communities. Unlike large hydropower projects that often require community

relocation, MHS can be integrated into existing waterways without significant disruption.

This allows communities to maintain their lifestyle while still benefiting from the power
produced by these systems. Additionally, MHS projects can provide employment

opportunities and boost local economies, thereby strengthening their social sustainability.

From an environmental standpoint, micro hydropower systems have a smaller ecological

impact than large dams. They minimize habitat disturbance, reduce the risk of downstream

flooding, and are less likely to alter the river's natural flow regime. This makes it a more

environmentally friendly option for generating electricity from water resources.

Hydropower, especially in the form of micro-hydro systems, has great promise as a

renewable energy source. Although large dams play an important role in electricity

production, they also have significant limitations. Micro-hydro systems offer a more

sustainable and socially responsible alternative, capable of providing electricity while

minimizing environmental and social impacts. A better understanding of these systems

through research and development is essential to realizing their full potential and ensuring a

better, more sustainable energy future.

Sustainable Hydropower

To understand hydropower in detail, researchers need to understand the complex

dynamic of its potential reservoirs. China’s abundant hydropower reserves have provided

unprecedented benefits and opportunities for China’s rapid growth in hydropower over the

past 50 years. Li et al. (2018) At the heart of this advantage is the remarkable capacity of

hydroelectric power to store, mainly in terms of potential, within dams. This stored potential

emerges as an asset, ready to be used and transformed into hydroelectric power whenever the

need arises, providing unique capabilities for storing hydropower to meet both baseload and

peak load demand. Hydropower storage’s utility goes beyond storage and release, as it also

plays a critical role in controlling downstream water flow.

 According to 2022 Colorado State University Extension findings, a significant cost

factor associated with agricultural operations, especially center pivot irrigation, is the

electricity required to pump water through the system. shaft and move water forward across

the fields. Storage hydro projects can play a central role in reducing these electricity costs by

providing controlled releases of water downstream, allowing efficient water management for

agricultural purposes.

Essentially, the multifaceted benefits of pumped storage hydropower, from its ability

to store energy to its effect on downstream water flows, highlight its importance in the field

of renewable energy and its management. sustainable resources. A comprehensive

exploration of these aspects is essential for researchers who want to better understand the

potential of hydropower and its various applications to address energy and environmental

challenges.

Irrigation Canal

Understanding irrigation canals is crucial for the successful design and

implementation of irrigation systems. A canal, essentially an artificial channel, plays a pivotal

role in carrying water from its source, which could be a river, tank, or reservoir, to

agricultural fields for irrigation purposes. The research conducted by Zhang et al. (2019)

emphasizes that irrigation canal conditions primarily encompass canal distribution within

irrigation districts and the estimation of canal seepage.

Furthermore, K. and N. S. (2020) highlights the advantages and disadvantages

associated with irrigation canals. On one hand, canals serve multiple purposes, including

supporting hydroelectricity generation and ensuring that the water requirements of crops are

met, especially during fluctuations in rainfall intensity. Proper irrigation systems can also
help in averting dangerous droughts. However, on the other hand, improper management of

irrigation canals can lead to several challenges.

One major issue is the imbalance in water distribution, which can result in water

scarcity in some areas and waterlogging in others. This imbalance not only affects crop

productivity but also leads to the movement of harmful salts and alkalis from underground to

the surface, rendering the soil unproductive. Additionally, stagnant water in canals can

become a breeding ground for worms, mosquitoes, and insects, posing health risks to nearby

communities.

Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the proper maintenance and management of irrigation

canals to mitigate these challenges and ensure sustainable water use in agriculture.

Archimedes Turbine

In recent years, the Archimedean screw turbine has gained popularity in hydropower

applications, especially for low-head situations. Research has been done on its flow patterns

and how the quantity of blades affects its effectiveness. Results indicate that increasing the

number of blades improves efficiency and power output; about seven blades provide the best

performance. This finding raises the possibility of creating more affordable, smaller turbines

that produce more power at shallow head conditions (Eronofiardi et al., 2022).

Among water-friendly devices, the Archimedes Screw Turbine (AST) is particularly

suitable for run-of-river conditions and has a stable efficiency range of 30% to 49%. The

connection between screw geometry, efficiency, and energy conversion is still being

investigated after twenty years of research. Current research efforts are geared towards

harnessing water energy effectively, aiming to establish ASTs as environmentally friendly

power plants (Sari et al., 2021). The Archimedes screw was initially intended to be a pump,
but it has undergone substantial development to become a power-generating apparatus

(Budiarso et al., 2017).

Pumps

According to Adu et al. (2020), Small-hydropower projects (SHPs) utilize pump-as-

turbine technology to generate hydropower at a lower cost and with minimum environmental

impact. Because of its low acquisition and refurbishment costs, the pump-as-turbine (PAT)

approach is an ideal way to generate less electricity than traditional turbines. Mechanically,

PAT is a way of generating power from compressed fluid that flows via an impeller.

Pumped storage systems are utilized in various countries to balance daily energy

production loads. During off-peak seasons, surplus base-load capacity from sources like coal

or nuclear power is used to pump water uphill into storage dams. When demand peaks, this

water is released downhill through hydraulic turbines to generate electricity, converting

potential energy into electrical energy. Pump-as-turbine (PAT) systems can operate in both

pump and turbine modes, offering quick ramp-up and ramp-down capabilities. Given the

disparity between peak and off-peak wholesale energy prices, they are a cost-effective

solution for meeting peak demand. Approximately 160 GW of pumped storage facilities are

installed globally, with significant capacities in Japan, the USA, Europe, Scandinavia, and

China (Statista, 2024).

In conclusion, the investigation into the potential of hydropower to tackle energy and

environmental issues has provided insights. Climate change has unquestionably heightened
the frequency and severity of weather events, and floods which have significant implications

for the agricultural sector. Fortunately, innovative researchers have responded by developing

flood systems integrated with hydropower offering an advantage of protecting lands and

harnessing clean energy sources.

The research specifically focused on hydroelectric storage projects has revealed a

pathway in energy. In contrast to river-based hydropower systems, these projects offer

notable advantages. This capacity allows them to seamlessly cater to both the steady base

load and the surges in electrical demand during peak periods. Furthermore, the regulated

management of water flow, facilitated by pumped storage hydropower, adds another layer of

versatility.

Discoveries hold significance across diverse applications, including agriculture. These

hydropower initiatives play a vital role in effective resource management by substantially

reducing electrical expenses tied to operations like center pivot irrigation. Furthermore, their

multifaceted benefits underscore their critical role in the broader energy landscape,

positioning them as an efficient tool in addressing pressing energy and environmental

challenges.

However, in wrapping up the research, it's vital to acknowledge the limitations

encountered within the existing body of literature. One of the notable challenges that come

across the seasonal variability inherent in hydropower generation. This variability hinges on

the flow of water availability, making it a crucial factor. They must also provide information

on the socio-economic issues that have a significant impact on the implementation and

success of hydropower in agriculture. This entails exploring topics including the availability

of financing, assistance from the community, and the context of governmental legislation.
 Moreover, it must prioritize researching hydropower projects' long-term viability in

the agricultural setting. This thorough assessment should consider factors such as the

maintenance needs of these systems, their effectiveness over extended durations, and their

economic viability, in the run.

In summation, the dedicated efforts in comprehending the intricacies of micro-hydro

systems and pumped storage hydropower are nothing short of vital. The researcher must

continue to investigate these systems, uncover their hidden applications, and acknowledge

their contributions to the enormous task of mitigating energy and environmental issues.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The development, validation, and use of hydropower-integrated flood systems in

agriculture represent a multifaceted framework at the intersection of sustainable agriculture

and renewable energy technologies, aiming to revolutionize agricultural practices. Flood

control solutions while harnessing clean energy for agricultural sustainability.

The figure explains the progress of the study. It shows how it will be developed and

validated and how the research will be used.

Phase I: In this setting, the researchers commence their investigation by identifying a

question or problem they wish to explore. They then gather information, design experiments,

and formulate hypotheses. Moreover, will collect resources such as documents, funding, and

collaborators to support their work.

Phase II: During the research process, the first phase included the creation of a

prototype designed to exploit both energy production and water input data. According to the

method described by Llácer-Iglesias et al. (2021), the researcher found a diversity of

hydraulic machines. Considerations include whether the system operates under pressure or

atmospheric pressure, as well as the specific type of mechanical energy sought to be

 harnessed, whether potential, kinetic, or pressure-based. Developing a prototype is not only
Hydropower-Integrated Flood System in Farming
an engineering exercise but also a way to quantify and understand the energy production and

water dynamics in the system. By applying a systematic approach, the researcher aimed to
Designing the Prototype
shed light on the effectiveness and viability of the prototype in energy production, by

considering multiple factors that influence its performance in hydraulic machines. Therefore,
Procurement of materials to be used
this study integrates theoretical frameworks with practical applications, seeking to provide

valuable insights into the field of hydraulic machinery engineering. Phase III: The
Creation of Archimedes Turbine that will be used for
small-scale
researchers took their confirmed results and putapplications
them to use. This may involve implementing

new technologies, developing policy, or creating research-based educational materials .

Building the Prototype

Run Testing Specific Components

Evaluate the Prototype’s Turbine Pump Generator

durability and structural
stability. If it is rotating Amount of Electrical
properly the water by Output
reservoir.

Trial and Error Method

Outcome: find out if the turbine is generating enough

energy for the group.

Data Collection Method

Cronbach’s Alpha
 Figure 1: Research Design
The narrative follows the process of creating a working prototype for a farming flood

system that integrates hydropower, as seen in the flowchart that goes with it.

In order to ascertain which materials are required for the prototype to function, the

researchers will first design the device. After that, they will acquire the appropriate supplies

to carry out the project. After obtaining the necessary materials, the Archimedes turbine for

small- scale applications will be created, and the entire prototype will be constructed.

Following that, the researchers will start by putting particular parts through testing, such as

assessing the prototype's structural stability and longevity. Verify the turbine's functionality

and proper rotation, the pump's ability to supply water to the reservoir, and the generator's

ability to provide adequate energy for the pump to operate.

Testing's initial phase is devoted to assessing the prototype's structural stability and

longevity. By doing this, the system is guaranteed to be able to tolerate the forces generated

by water flow and other external elements. Subsequently, the focus shifts to testing specific

system components. Thorough testing is done on the turbine to see how well it converts water

flow into mechanical energy. In the same way, the system's pump component undergoes

testing to assess how well it manages floodwaters and redirects them for the production of
hydropower. The evaluation of the pump's capacity, efficiency, and dependability is done to

make sure it operates at its best. The generator component's capacity to transform mechanical

energy from the turbine into electrical energy is lastly checked. Measurements are made of

the generator's output voltage, to ensure that it functions properly and is compatible with the

rest of the system.

Finally, researchers use Cronbach's alpha, a measure of internal consistency and

degree of correlation between a set of items. This metric is a reliable measure of scale

reliability (SPSS FAQ, unconfirmed). The tools chosen for this study are Kappa.com and

Jamovi. Jamovi is Known for its user-friendly interface, Jamovi allows for a wide range of

statistical and descriptive statistics, including analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and

regression analysis (A Beginners Review of Jamovi Statistical Software for Economic

Research, 2021.). Cohen’s and Fleiss’ kappa are statistical tests that are often used to measure

agreement. The main difference between the two is that Cohen’s kappa is used to measure

agreement between 2 coders, whereas Fleiss's kappa can be used for more than 2 coders

(Turner, 2023).

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To provide clarity and guarantee a shared understanding of key concepts, it is crucial to

develop precise definitions of key terms and terminology within the context of this study.

Base Load. Is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time.

Center pivot irrigation. Is a mechanized, pressurized water irrigation method.

Downstream flooding. Refers to the overflow of areas situated downstream due to

excessive water discharge, typically caused by heavy rainfall.

Greenhouse gases. Gases in the earth’s atmosphere that trap heat.

 Grid Disruption. Refers to the interruption or failure of an electrical grid that causes

loss of power supply.

Habitat disturbance. It is when a natural environment or ecosystem is disrupted or

altered by human activities or natural events.

Hydropower. A form of renewable energy generated by harnessing the energy of

flowing water.

Hydroelectric storage. A method of storing energy by using surplus electricity to

pump water to a higher elevation, usually in a reservoir or elevated tank. This stored water

can then be released later to generate electricity when demand is high, effectively serving as a

form of energy storage in hydropower systems.

Initials construction costs. Refer to the expenses spent during the planning, design,

and physical construction of a project. This includes materials, labor, equipment, permits, and

other resources to build the project.

Micro Hydropower system. It is a small hydropower plant that has an installed

power generation capacity of less than 100 kilowatts (kW).

Multifaceted. It has many facets or aspects.

Peak load. A time period that depends on demand during which electrical power is

required continuously.

Potential energy. Is the stored energy an object possesses due to its position or

arrangement.

Pumped storage hydropower. Is a type of energy storage system that involves

moving water between two reservoirs at different elevations to store and generate electricity.
 Renewable energy. Is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a

higher rate than they are consumed.

Resilience. Is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to challenging life

experiences.

Run-of-the-river micro-hydropower systems. The natural downward flow of rivers

and microturbine generators to capture the kinetic energy carried by water.

Sustainable. Is the ability of something to last

Underutilized. The fact of not using something enough, or of something not being

used enough.
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher presents the methodology used to conduct research,

describing the systematic approach used to develop the prototype, collect data, and analyze

key variables for the investigation.

Materials and Tools

Materials/Tools Unit Unit Per Price Total

Plywood (3 ft x 3 ft) 1 pc. 400 pesos 400 pesos
Water Pump 12V 1 pc. 309 pesos 309 pesos
Nails ¼ kg 25 pesos 25 pesos
PVC Pipes (20mm x 0.5m) 1 pc. 80 pesos 80 pesos
PVC Pipes (57mm x 0.5m) 1 pc. 120 pesos 120 pesos
Tub 1 pc. 25 pesos 25 pesos
Electricity wire 1 yard 150 pesos 150 pesos
Tube ½ yard 50 pesos 50 pesos
PVC Pipe Cup 2 pcs. 10 pesos 20 pesos
TOTAL 1,179 pesos
Figure 2: Materials and tools of Hydropower-Integrated Flood System
 Conducting a thorough examination of available resources in the selected location,

evaluating their suitability for hydropower generation and flood management. Consider

factors such as water flow dynamics, elevation changes, and potential energy production

capabilities.

Constructing the prototype system based on the meticulously developed design,

prioritizing functionality. Ensure meticulous installation and seamless interconnection of

components to facilitate both hydropower generation and effective flood management.

Validate the hydropower-integrated flood system prototype against predefined

success criteria. Gather extensive and precise data on the prototype's performance,

encompassing its functionality, efficiency, and effectiveness in managing floods while

generating power.

Research Design

The research design employed in this study is categorized as developmental

research. According to Operacz, A., & Grahl-Madsen, M. (2018). Assessing hydropower's

potential is an essential part of researching renewable energy sources. Hydropower plant

implementation feasibility must be measured to determine the plant's potential output as a

renewable energy source. This paper's main goal is to provide an overview of the process for

figuring out hydropower's true potential. Examining the legal processes related to the

installation of small hydropower plants is part of this. The case study that is offered will show

how calculations are made and the outcomes obtained for the theoretical, technical, and

potential hydropower. (42: Developmental Research, n.d.). This research design helps create

a smart system for farms. It addresses two major issues: preventing floods on farms and

producing power from water. This system’s development, testing, and enhancement is a

rigorous process. It combines engineering and farming ideas to make a powerful and flood-
resistant setup that won't interfere with agricultural operations. The purpose of this design is

to be reliable, fitting farms precisely. It all comes down to applying innovative concepts to

protect farms and produce clean energy, which improves farming’s environmental and safety

aspects.

Figure 3: Top View of the Prototype

Ethical Issues

In this research, ethical considerations were paramount, especially in the development

and validation of a hydropower-integrated flood system prototype. To address ethical

concerns, the researcher will meticulously develop a comprehensive consent form, seeking

explicit permission from those participating in the confirmation process. This form is an

important tool to ensure that individuals are fully informed about the nature of the research,

its potential risks, and benefits.

The next important step is to submit the prototype for validation by experts. This

external validation process adds a level of control to ensure the robustness, accuracy, and
reliability of the developed system. The researcher must adhere to established procedures and

guidelines governing the development of such prototypes, with an emphasis on transparency

and accountability in the research process.

After successful validation, researchers will proceed to collect data from the

prototype. Researchers must follow established ethical procedures throughout the data

collection phase. Additionally, researchers agree to comply with any industrial or institutional

processes governing the development of such systems.

This commitment to ethical standards ensures that research not only advances

scientific knowledge but also promotes the rights and well-being of those involved, thereby

contributing to the integrity and credibility, overall reliability of research efforts.

Furthermore, for ethical consideration, strict adherence to established protocols will be

maintained, encompassing the utilization of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and

meticulous adherence to proper procedures, including the proper handling of materials to be

used in conducting the prototype.

Data Gathering Procedure

The primary objective of this study was to verify the validity of the proposed design

through a meticulous process that included seeking the opinions of reputable experts in the

field. These experts, including physics professors, professional engineers, and students, play

an important role in the validation process. They meticulously evaluate prototypes, drawing

on their extensive knowledge and experience, and provide valuable feedback to researchers.

This validation effort focuses on hydropower, flood control, and water systems, a

multifaceted infrastructure that requires scrutiny.

 The culmination of this validation effort is presented in a structured table format that

encapsulates the validated results. Following validation, the researchers conducted a detailed

evaluation of the prototype, examining the potential technical, regulatory, and operational

challenges associated with implementing an integrated hydroelectric flood system. This

comprehensive review is a critical moment to refine the prototype, paying particular attention

to resolving any issues identified during the validation phase. The ultimate goal is to improve

the overall feasibility and functionality of the proposed system, ensuring its resilience and

effectiveness in real-life situations. The combination of expert input, meticulous validation,

and further refinement forms the foundation of this study, underscoring our commitment to

driving innovation in hydropower and flood control.

Data Analysis

During the research process, the first phase included the creation of a prototype designed to

exploit both energy production and water input data. According to the method described by

Llácer-Iglesias et al. (2021), the researcher found a diversity of hydraulic machines.

Considerations include whether the system operates under pressure or atmospheric pressure,

as well as the specific type of mechanical energy sought to be harnessed, whether potential,

kinetic, or pressure-based. Developing a prototype is not only an engineering exercise but

also a way to quantify and understand the energy production and water dynamics in the

system. By applying a systematic approach, the researcher aimed to shed light on the

effectiveness and viability of the prototype in energy production, by considering multiple

factors that influence its performance in hydraulic machines. Therefore, this study integrates

theoretical frameworks with practical applications, seeking to provide valuable insights into

the field of hydraulic machinery engineering.

 The prototype validation process includes testing by a variety of experts, including

physics teachers, engineers, and engineering students, as well as input from experienced

engineering professors. These experts will assess the effectiveness of prototypes in important

areas such as hydropower generation, flood protection, and water system functionality. Their

combined expertise ensures a thorough evaluation that includes both theoretical

understanding and practical application. The researchers will use a research instrument

questionnaire in order to collect data from experts.

Subsequently, the researcher will ascertain the frequency, defined by the Government

of Canada and Statistics Canada (2021) as the number of occurrences of a particular value in

the dataset. The variable’s distribution comprises a compilation of frequencies encompassing

all potential values alongside their corresponding occurrence rates. These distributions are

effectively represented by frequency tables or graphs.

Furthermore, the researcher will analyze the percentage of the prototype. Percentage

Concepts and Definitions, state that a percentage is calculated by dividing one quantity by

another quantity and readjusting the latter to 100. Percentages expressed in (%) are not only

useful for comparison but also serve as a useful tool for evaluating differences compared to a

benchmark or baseline.

Finally, researchers use Cronbach's alpha, a measure of internal consistency and degree of

correlation between a set of items. This metric is a reliable measure of scale reliability (SPSS

FAQ, unconfirmed). The tools chosen for this study are Kappa.com and Jamovi. Jamovi is

Known for its user-friendly interface, Jamovi allows for a wide range of statistical and

descriptive statistics, including analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and regression

analysis (A Beginners Review of Jamovi Statistical Software for Economic Research, 2021.).

Cohen’s and Fleiss’ kappa are statistical tests that are often used to measure agreement. The
main difference between the two is that Cohen’s kappa is used to measure agreement between

2 coders, whereas Fleiss's kappa can be used for more than 2 coders (Turner, 2023).

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