OP AMP Basics

ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
OP AMP
Department of CSE
Topics to be covered
OP AMP
Application of OP AMP
Multivibrators
Amplifier
OP AMP
 OP AMP – Operational Amplifier
 The IC OP AMP was developed by Robert

Widlar in 1964.
 OP AMP is a direct-coupled high-gain

differential-input amplifier.
OP AMP
 By connecting few resistors,
capacitors; OPAMP can perform
many mathematical operations.
Hence the name Operational
Amplifier.
OP AMP
Terminal a – Inverting input
terminal.
Terminal b – Noninverting input
terminal.
Terminal c – Output terminal.
Circuit symbol of a basic

Terminal d,e – Power supply
OP AMP terminals.
OP AMP
The output voltage at terminal c
is proportional to the difference
of the two signal voltages
applied at the two input
terminals simultaneously.
The constant of proportionality
gives the open-loop voltage gain
(A) of the operational amplifier.
OP AMP
A is a real constant, and for an ideal

amplifier A approaches infinity for all
frequencies.
When i/p given to noninverting
terminal, Phase inversion does not
takes place at output.
OP AMP
•When i/p given to inverting terminal,
phase inversion takes place at output.
•The output voltage reaches upto
maximum value of saturation voltage.
Open-loop characteristic of an OP-AMP
Two operating
regions:
 Linear region
 Saturated
region
Open-loop characteristic of an OP-AMP
above
Open loop and closed loop
Open loop configuration
There is no feedback from output to input
side.
Closed loop configuration
There is feedback from output to input side.
 Positive feedback
 Negative feedback
OP AMP – Equivalent circuit
OP AMP – Equivalent circuit
Ri –Input Impedance.
Ro – Output Impedance.
Output Voltage – Vo = A(V1 – V2) [A – Open
loop gain ]
Therefore Vo= A𝑉𝑑 Where 𝑉𝑑 = V1 – V2.

Ideal OP AMP characteristics
Ri = ∞
Ro = 0
Vout = 0 when V1=0 and V2=0.
Bandwidth = ∞
A= ∞
Slew rate = ∞ [Volts/microsecond]
𝐴𝑑
CMRR = ∞ [ ] 𝐴𝑑 - Differential gain, 𝐴𝑐 – Common
𝐴𝑐
mode gain
An ideal OP AMP would exhibit the following
electrical characteristics:
•Infinite voltage gain.
•Infinite input resistance so that almost any
signal source can drive it and there is no
loading of the preceding stage.
•Zero output resistance so that output can
drive an infinite number of other devices.
•Zero output voltage when input voltage
is zero.
•Infinite bandwidth so that any frequency
signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be amplified
without attenuation.
•Infinite common-mode rejection ratio so
that the output common-mode noise
voltage is zero.
•Infinite slew rate so that output voltage

changes occur simultaneously with input
voltage changes.
OPAMP – 741 specification
Parameters Value
Input Impedance 2 Megaohm
Output Impedance 75 Ohm
5
Open-loop gain 10
Offset voltage 1 mV
Slew rate 0.5 Volts/microsecond
CMRR 70-90 db
Single-Ended Input
BTHESCCS301
Single-ended
input operation
results when the
input signal is
connected to
one input with
the other input
connected to
ground
Double-Ended Input
An input, Vd (Vi1 - Vi2)
applied between the two
input terminals (recall
that neither input is at
ground), with the
resulting amplified
output in phase with
that applied between the
plus and minus inputs.
Applications or circuits where OP AMP
is used
Active filters
Oscillator
Waveform Converter
ADC and DAC and many more…
Applications of OP AMP
Linear Applications
Inverting Amplifier
Non Inverting Amplifier
Voltage follower
Summing Amplifier
Linear Application
 Differential
 V to I
 I to V
Non - Linear Application
 Integrator
 Differentiator
Logarithmic
Antilogarithmic
Common-Mode Operation
BTHESCCS301
When the same input signals are

applied to both inputs, common-
mode operation results, as shown in
Fig. Ideally, the two inputs are
equally amplified, and since they
result in opposite polarity signals at
the output, these signals cancel,
resulting in 0-V output. Practically, a
small output signal will result.
Common-Mode Rejection
BTHESCCS301
 A significant feature of a differential

connection is that the signals which are
opposite at the inputs are highly amplified,
while those which are common to the two
inputs are only slightly amplified.
 The overall operation being to amplify the

difference signal while rejecting the common
signal at the two inputs.
 Since noise (any unwanted input signal) is

generally common to both inputs, the differential
connection tends to provide attenuation of this
unwanted input while providing an amplified
output of the difference signal applied to the
inputs.
 This operating feature is referred to as common-

mode rejection.
 One of the more important features of a differential circuit
connection, as provided in an op-amp, is the circuit’s ability
to greatly amplify signals that are opposite at the two inputs,
while only slightly amplifying signals that are common to
both inputs.
 An op-amp provides an output component that is due to the

amplification of the difference of the signals applied to the
plus and minus inputs and a component due to the signals
common to both inputs.
 Since amplification of the opposite input
signals is much greater than that of the
common input signals, the circuit
provides a common mode rejection as
described by a numerical value called the
common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
Differential inputs
When separate inputs are applied to the op amp the resulting
difference signal is the difference between the two inputs
𝑉𝑑 =𝑉𝑖1 -𝑉𝑖2
Common inputs
When both input signals are same , a common signal element due
to the two inputs can be defined as the average of the sum of the
two signals
1
𝑉𝑐 = (𝑉𝑖1 +𝑉𝑖2 )
2
Output Voltage
Since any signal applied to an op amp in general have
both in-phase and out-of-phase components , the
resulting output can be expressed as
𝑉𝑜 =𝐴𝑑 𝑉𝑑 +𝐴𝑐 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑑 - Difference voltage
𝑉𝑐 - Common voltage
𝐴𝑑 - Differential gain of the amplifier
𝐴𝑐 - Common-mode gain of the amplifier.
BTHESCCS301
BTHESCCS301
BTHESCCS301
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
BTHESCCS301
Thank you

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ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

 The IC OP AMP was developed by Robert

 OP AMP is a direct-coupled high-gain

Circuit symbol of a basic

A is a real constant, and for an ideal

Therefore Vo= A𝑉𝑑 Where 𝑉𝑑 = V1 – V2.

•Infinite slew rate so that output voltage

When the same input signals are

 A significant feature of a differential

 The overall operation being to amplify the

 Since noise (any unwanted input signal) is

 This operating feature is referred to as common-

 An op-amp provides an output component that is due to the

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