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SCIENCE ?

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5 views

SCIENCE ?

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dwctvsq7mr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SCIENCE

2nd Quarter Reviewer

Electricity and Magnetism


Audiovisual (AV)- the link between electricity and magnetism Broadcast
studio consists of:

Audio Console- converts analog audio and phone calls to a digital output.
Allows mixing of all sounds.
Microphones
Computers
Studio Monitors
Disc Players

Recording Technology- founded entirely or partially by electromagnetic


induction.

Electromagnetic Induction- relationship between electricity and magnetism

Transducers- devices that detect and convert audio

Force exerted by magnets: REPULSION or ATTRACTION

Ferromagnetic substance- if an object has attraction to the magnet, the


object contains ferromagnetic substance
and is considered naturally magnetic.
Magnetic Materials: Iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys (steel and alnico)

Stroking- one way of magnetization


Scientist who did great contributions to the developments of
Electromagnetic Wave Theory are as follows:

Andre Marie Ampere - He demonstrated the magnetic effect based on the


direction of current.

Michael Faraday - He formulated the principle behind electromagnetic


induction.

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz - He showed experimental evidence of


electromagnetic waves and their link to light.
James Clark Maxwell - He contributed in developing equations showing
the relationships of electricity and magnetism.

Hans Christian Oersted - He showed how a current carrying wires


behaves like a magnet.

A non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong magnetic field, like


copper for instance, will experience a magnetic force as indicated by the
wire's movement relative to the magnetic field.

Electric generator- device that converts mechanical energy to electrical


energy by rotating a coil

Magnetic poles- magnetic south or north

Magnetism- property of being able to attract objects

Accelerating charges causes a changing Electrical Field and Magnetic


Field, producing Electromagnetic waves.
- can travel in material medium and in vacuum (free space)
All EM waves have the same speed (the speed of light)
Wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency. As wavelength
decreases, the frequency of the wave increases.

Biological effects may be:

Non lonizing (lower energy):


Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet

lonizing (higher energy):


X-rays, Gamma rays

Electromagnetic Spectrum

- continuum of electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and


wavelength.

Lowest frequency to highest


Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays,
Gamma rays
1. Radio Waves

- longest wavelength
- discovered by Heinrich Hertz 1887
- produced by alternating current

WAVEBANDS - smaller region of radio waves


RADAR - Radio detection and ranging
MRI - Magnetic source imaging
GPS - Global positioning system
RFID - Radio frequency identification
LIDAR - Light detection and ranging

APPLICATIONS: Automatic doors, WiFi, Bluetooth, GPS, RFID

2. Microwaves

- discovered by James Clerk Maxwell 1864


- 300 MHz to 300 GHz

APPLICATIONS: Doppler radar, long-distance phone calls, send signals for


cable-television, microwave oven, Microwave Ablation (shrink or destroy
tumors) Microwave Imaging (progress of treatment)

3. Infrared

- discovered by William Herschel 1800


- literally mean below red
- higher temperatures produce shorter infrared waves
APPLICATIONS: remote control, burglar alarm systems, night vision
camera, thermometers, infrared induction, Medical
infrared imaging, surveillance

4. Visible Light

- only EM wave that can be seen by our naked eye


-sequence of colors from longest to shortest ROYGBIV red, orange, yellow,
green, blue, indigo, and violet
APPLICATIONS: It helps us see objects, traffic lights, commercial displays,
car headlights, television, liquid crystal display (LCD), used by plants in
photosynthesis

VLC- visible light comunication-an emerging form of wireless


communication technology. It can be used for simultaneous audio and
video streaming.
LASER- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

5. Ultraviolet Radiation

-discovered by John Wilhelm Ritter


- major source is sun

UVA, UVB, UVC


UV Light (black light)- detect forged bank notes, forensic investigation,
sterilize medical equipment
UVA- used to treat skin conditions like psoriasis and vitiligo
UV-stimulates the production of vitamin D

6. X-rays

-sometimes called roentgen ray


- discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
-produced by the sun and other stars
-classified as either soft or hard

APPLICATIONS: detect abnormalities in the skeletal system, dental


imaging, Computer axial tomography (CAT), airport security checks,
diffraction

7. Gamma Rays

- discovered by Paul Villard 1900


- astronomical objects, including the sun, clouds of interstellar matter, and
remnants of supernovae

APPLICATIONS: detect cracks in metals, food irradiation, Radiotherapy


External

radiotherapy- the patient is exposed to a beam of radiation

Internal Radiotherapy- radiation comes from implants or liquids placed


inside the body; sometimes call brachytherapy

Effects of Visible Light:

1. Visible light powers the photosynthetic cycle of a plant


2. Lack of sunlight can lead to depression and brain damage
3. Can cause photodegradiation of pigments and colorants.
4. Sunlight can cause breakdown of the object's molecular structure
5. Age-related macular degeneration

Effects of Infrared:
1. Exposure to infrared radiation for long periods may experience eye
damage
2. Can damage skin and tissues
3. Involved in the greenhouse effect
4. Elevated temperatures and changes in weather

Effects of Ultraviolet light (UV):

1. Overexposure to uv radiation may cause skin cancer


2. Damage of the eye
3. Suppression of immune system
4. Harmul UV rays cause reduction in the growth rate of photosythesis

Effects of Xray:

1. The radiation from xrays can harm living cells


2. Cataracts in the eys
3. Skin burns

Effects of Gamma Rays:

1. Can kill living cells


2. May be develop mil case of radiation poisoning
3. Risk of cancer

• Light ray coming from the source is traveling in many narrow


beams of light. Each beam of light travels in a straight line and
is called a light ray.

Properties of Light
● Light travels in straight lines
● Light can be reflected
● Light can be bent
● Light is a form of Energy

THE LAW OF REFLECTION states:

▪️ "the angle of incidence (incoming ray) equals the angle of reflection


(outgoing ray)"
▪️ The law works for FLAT, PLANE surfaces only.
▪️ The angles are measured from a perpendicular line to the surface
called a NORMAL..

Law of reflection:
a. Incident rav: ray of
Normal light that come into the mirror
Angle of Incidence
b. Reflected rav: ray of light that bounces off the mirror
c. Normal: line perpendicular to the mirror
d. Angle of incidence: angle between incident ray and the normal
e. Angle of reflection: angle between reflected ray and the normal

The Law of Reflection states that:

1. The angle of reflection r = the angle of incidence i


2. The reflected ray and the incident ray are on opposite sides of the
normal
3. The reflected ray, the incidence ray and the normal are on the same
plane

REFLECTION OF LIGHT RAYS FROM POLISHED SURFACE When


parallel light rays fall on a highly polished surface they are reflected as a
parallel beam. This is described as regular reflection.

Multiple Images
The number of Images, N, can be determined using the formula N=
(360/angle between the mirror) - 1

Types of reflection:
Specular/ Regular- reflection on smooth surfaces

Diffused/ Irregular- on rough surfaces

Spherical mirrors/Curved mirror- is a reflecting surface in which


its surface is a section of sphere
2 kinds:

Concave Mirror- converging mirror; reflective surface bulges away from the
light source
Convex mirror- diverging mirro; reflective surface bulges towards the light

Center of curvature (c) - center of sphere


Radius (r) - distance from the mirror
Vertex (v) - center of the mirror
Focal point/focus (f) - point between the center of c and v
Lens - transparent material made of glass or plastic

Types of lenses

Convex lens - thicker (center); thinner (edges); forms real and virtual

Concave lens - thicker (edges); thinner (center); upright and reduced


images

Real images - images formed on screen after reflection

Virtual images - formed by intersection of non-real rays


Image - formed when light strikes a reflecting surface such as a mirror or
lens.
Object - actual
Image - picture you see in the mirror

REAL IMAGE VIRTUAL IMAGE

Light rays actually intersect at the Light rays do not meet at the image
image
Appear erect, or right side up
Appear inverted, or upside down (upright)
Plane mirrors - the common, everyday flat mirrors Flat, 2d surface that
reflects the light coming from or reflecting off another object.
✓ The image is upright, but left-right reversed

Concave Mirror - mirror that is curved inward.


-Either virtual or real
Convex Mirror - mirror that is curved outward.
-Virtual image

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