nwc agr

SUBJECT AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAST
QUESTIONS PAPERS AND MEMOS

PAPER 1 AND EXAMINATION
GUIDELINE
GRADE 12
YEAR 2018-2023 (JUNE)

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DESIGN
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
EXAMINATION GUIDELINES
GRADE 12
2021
These guidelines consist of 34 pages.
Copyright reserved Please turn over

Agricultural Sciences 2 DBE/2021
Examination Guidelines
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Assessment in Grade 12
2.1 Formal assessment in Grade 12 4

2.2 Format of the question papers for the external examinations in Grade 12 4
2.3 Cognitive level weighting 12
3. Elaboration of the content for Grade 12 (CAPS) 13
4. Conclusion 34

1. INTRODUCTION
The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Agricultural Sciences outlines the
nature and purpose of the subject Agricultural Sciences. This guides the philosophy underlying
the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12.
The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to:
 Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National
Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Agricultural Sciences.
 Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations.
This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any
depth with the school-based assessment (SBA).
These Examination Guidelines should be read in conjunction with:
 The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement
(CAPS): Agricultural Sciences
 The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National
Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF),
regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12)
 The national policy pertaining to the programme and promotion requirements of the National
Curriculum Statement, Grades R–12

2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12
2.1 Formal assessment in Grade 12
In grade 12 formal assessment (SBA) constitutes 25% and is set and marked internally and
moderated externally. The remaining 75% of the final mark for certification in Grade 12 is set,
marked and moderated externally
FORMAL ASSESSMENT: GRADE 12

TERM 1 TERM 2 TERM 3 CERTIFICATION MARK
Task-based Task-based Trial examination: SBA: weighting
assessment 1: 25% assessment 2: 25% 100%
Task-based assessment
Controlled test: 75% Mid-year Practical investigation: 10
examination: 75% Assignment: 10
Test-based assessment
Controlled test: 20
Mid-year examination: 30
Trial examination: 30
Total: 100
Examination external
Total: 300
100 100 100 Total certification mark: 400
2.2 Format of the question papers for the external examinations in Grade 12
In Grade 12 the formal school-based assessment (SBA) constitutes 25% of the final mark. It is set
and marked internally and moderated externally. The remaining 75% of the final mark for
certification in Grade 12 consists of a national examination which is set, marked and moderated
externally. This external examination consists of TWO PAPERS of 150 marks each. The grand
total is 300 marks.
The basic outline of these papers is indicated below:
PAPER 1
Duration: 2½ hours
MAIN TOPICS SECTION A SECTION B TOTAL
MARKS
 Animal Nutrition QUESTION 1 QUESTIONS 2–4
 Animal Production, 45 105
Protection and Control Multiple choice, (35 marks/question)
150
 Reproduction terminology, Each of the main topics per
matching items and question
term replacement

PAPER 2
Duration: 2½ hours
MAIN TOPICS SECTION A SECTION B TOTAL
MARKS
 Agricultural QUESTION 1 QUESTIONS 2–4
Management and 45 105
Marketing Multiple choice, (35 marks/question)
150
 Production factors terminology, Each of the main topics
 Basic Agricultural matching items and per question
Genetics term replacement
Basic format and outline of the national question papers for Agricultural Sciences P1
and P2.
SECTION A FOR PAPER 1:
This section consists of multiple-choice questions, matching items, terminology and term-
replacement questions. There must be an equal distribution of marks for these questions between
the main topics (Animal Nutrition, Animal Production, Protection and Control and Reproduction).
Each of the main topics will be allocated 15 marks. Learners need to know the terminology
involved in each topic.
The following provides an indication of the format, layout, instructions, number of questions per
subquestion and mark allocation for SECTION A:
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
There will be four different types of short questions in the following sequence:
Multiple-choice questions:
1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the
answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 D.
FOUR possible answers are provided per question and indicated as follows:
1.1.1 A cost-effective protein supplement for a ruminant animal is …
A fish meal.
B cottonseed oil cake meal.
C urea.
D carcass meal.
ANSWER:
1.1.1 C

Distribution of marks for this question:

 Animal Nutrition: 8
 Animal Production & Protection: 8
 Animal Reproduction: 4
Each question paper will have TWO combination-type questions.
In this question, learners may be expected to arrange items in the correct sequence, e.g.
Rumen→ abomasum → omasum → reticulum)
1.1.1→1.1.10 (10 x 2) (20)

Each subquestion carries 2 marks out of 20.
Matching-item questions:
1.2 Indicate whether each of the descriptions in COLUMN B applies to A ONLY, B ONLY,
BOTH A AND B or NONE of the items in COLUMN A. Write A only, B only, both A and B
or none next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK,
e.g. 1.2.6 B only.
TWO answers indicated by A and B in COLUMN A and a description indicated in COLUMN B.
EXAMPLE:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.6 A: Heartwater A protozoan disease transmitted by
a tick
B: Redwater
ANSWER:
1.2.6 BOTH A and B

1.2.1→1.2.5 (5 x 2) (10)
Terminology questions:
1.3 Give ONE word/term/phrase/concept for each of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term/phrase/concept next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the ANSWER
BOOK.
EXAMPLE:
The most common bacterial disease that affects the udder and milk production
ANSWER:
Mastitis


1.3.1→1.3.5 (5 x 2) (10)
Term-replacement questions:
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statements to make
the statements TRUE. Write only the correct word(s) next to the question numbers
(1.4.1 to 1.4.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
EXAMPLE:
Farm animals are poikilothermic animals with a constant body temperature that is normally
slightly higher than that of its surrounding environment.
ANSWER:
Homoeothermic

1.4.1→1.4.5 (5 x 1) (5)
Each subquestion carries 1 mark out of 5.
[45]
SECTION A FOR PAPER 2:
This section consists of multiple-choice questions, matching items, terminology and term-
replacement questions. There must be an equal distribution of marks between the main topics
(Agricultural Management and Marketing, Production Factors and Basic Agricultural Genetics) for
these questions. Each of the main topics will be allocated 15 marks. Learners need to know the
terminology involved in each topic.
The following provides an indication of the format, layout, instructions and number of questions
per subquestion and mark allocation for SECTION A:
SECTION A
There will be four different types of short questions in the following sequence:

QUESTION 1
Multiple-choice questions:
1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the
answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 D.
FOUR possible answers are provided per question and indicated as follows:
This process involves the production of the product and moving it to consumers:
A Marketing
B Processing
C Standardisation
D Grading
ANSWER: A

 Agricultural Marketing: 8
 Production Factors: 8
 Basic Agricultural Genetics: 4
Each question paper will have TWO combination-type questions.
In this question, learners may be expected to arrange items in the correct sequence, e.g.
Strengths → opportunities → threats → weaknesses
1.1.1→1.1.10 (10 x 2) (20)

Matching-item questions:
1.2 Choose a term/phrase from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–H) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER
BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 L.
EXAMPLE:
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Ability and desire to buy goods A. Supply
and services B. Demand
C. Elasticity of demand
ANSWER:
1.2.1 B

1.2.1→1.2.5 (5 x 2) (10)
Only EIGHT items marked A to H are given in COLUMN B as distractors for the descriptions in
COLUMN A.
Terminology questions:
1.3 Give ONE word/term/phrase/concept for each of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term/phrase/concept next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the ANSWER
BOOK.
EXAMPLE:
1.3.1 A legally binding agreement between the employer and the employee
ANSWER:
1.3.1 Contract

1.3.1→1.3.5 (5 x 2) (10)
Term-replacement questions:
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statements to make
the statements TRUE. Write only the correct word(s) next to the question numbers
EXAMPLE:
1.4.2 Mutants is a group of genes of which each adds to the value of certain phenotypic
characteristics.
ANSWER:
1.4.2 Multiple alleles

1.4.1→1.4.5 (5 x 1) (5)
Each subquestion carries 1 mark out of 5.
[45]

SECTION B FOR PAPER 1:
All questions are COMPULSORY and EACH question must be started on a NEW page ('Start this
question on a NEW page.').
QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION

This question is derived from animal nutrition content and is assessed through data-based
questions based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios, calculations, graphs, tables,
schematic representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus.
Questions covering most of the main content areas, numbered 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, etc. with
subquestions numbered as follows:
2.1
2.1.1
(a)
(b)
Content areas are indicated in the annual teaching plan of the CAPS document for
Agricultural Sciences.
Total marks [35]
QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL
This question is derived from animal production, protection and control content and is assessed
through data-based questions based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios,
calculations, graphs, tables, schematic representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus.
3.2
3.2.1
(a)
(b)
Total marks [35]
QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

This question is derived from animal reproduction content and is assessed through data-based
questions based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios, graphs, tables, schematic
representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus.
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
Total marks [35]
GRAND TOTAL: 150
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
This question is derived from agricultural management and marketing content and is assessed
through data-based questions based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios,
calculations, graphs, tables, schematic representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus.
2.1
2.1.1
(a)
(b)
Total marks [35]
QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
This question is derived from production factors and is assessed through data-based questions
based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios, calculations, graphs, tables, schematic
representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus.
3.2
3.2.1
(a)
(b)
Total marks [35]
QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
This question is derived from basic agricultural genetics and is assessed through data-based
questions based on diagrams, pictures, case studies or scenarios, calculations, graphs, tables,
schematic representations, flow charts and other forms of stimulus
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
Content areas are indicated in annual teaching plan of the CAPS document for Agricultural
Sciences.
Total marks [35]
GRAND TOTAL: 150

2.3 Cognitive level weighting
The table below provides a guide for the cognitive level weighting applicable to Paper 1 and
Paper 2. The key verb is used as a guide to judge the appropriate cognitive level of a question.
The context of the question will provide more details to measure the level of difficulty of a
question to place it at the most appropriate level. The marks per cognitive level need to reflect the
overall cognitive balance as a percentage (40% knowledge, 40% comprehension and application
and 20% analysis, synthesis and evaluation) for each of the question papers. The cognitive levels
will be made to scaffold within a question.
Cognitive levels, context words and key verbs for Paper 1 and Paper 2:
COGNITIVE
CONTEXT
LEVEL KEY VERBS
WORDS
WEIGHTING %
A Name, State, Give, Indicate, Provide, Arrange, Define, Label,
Knowledge List, Outline, Locate, Recognise, Select
40%
Describe, Identify, Restate, Review, Summarise, Classify,
B Compare, Define, Distinguish, Interpret, Match and Select,
Comprehension
Apply, Calculate, Draw, Explain, Identify, Illustrate, Prepare,
and application
40% Operate, Practice, Solve, Draw (Sketch), Modify, Adapt,
Compute, Discover, Survey, Gather, Prepare, Use, Show
Analysis, Categorise, Compare, Distinguish, Discuss, Examine,
Analysis Investigate, Test, Deduce, Relate, Classify, Contrast, Explain,
Generalise, Predict, Solve
C Arrange, Compose, Formulate, Organise, Plan, Assemble,
Synthesis Construct, Combine, Create, Depict, Design, Develop,
20% Incorporate, Integrate, Invent, Predict, Produce, Structure
Appraise, Assess, Comment on, Critically analyse, Evaluate,
Evaluation Conclude, Interrogate, Judge, Predict, Compare, Score, Justify,
Critique, Recommend
THE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY
Each of the cognitive levels A (basic knowledge), B (comprehension and application) and
C (analysis, synthesis and evaluation) is mainly determined by the key verbs used in the
questions. The level of difficulty for each of these categories must also be judged based on the
context of each question. The level of difficulty will fall into three different categories for each of
the cognitive levels, namely difficult, moderate and easy. The weighting of these categories
should be equal for each of the cognitive levels.
The following contextual issues need to be considered when assessing a question for its level of
difficulty:
 The detail of the knowledge or concepts required in the responses
 The amount/quantity of knowledge or concepts that is needed in the responses
 The complexity of the knowledge or concepts that is required in the responses
 The types and complexity of skills needed to complete the question
 The complexity of the phrasing of a question
 The level of extended thinking needed to respond to a question
 The basic context of a question
Each of the contextual issues above needs to be carefully evaluated in each question to make a
judgement on the level of difficulty of a question. This classification of questions needs to be
justified by the expected performances and perception of candidates to them.
Refer to previous question papers for some examples in this regard.

3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT FOR GRADE 12 (CAPS)
The tables below provide a brief outline of the content coverage for Paper 1 and Paper 2. The
total marks for each of the main topics need to be added together for each paper to measure the
content distribution of each paper.
PAPER 1
Main topic Mark allocation
 Animal Nutrition 50
 Animal Production, Protection and Control 50
 Animal Reproduction 50
TOTAL MARKS 150
PAPER 2
Main topic Mark allocation
 Agricultural Management and Marketing 50
 Production factors 50
 Basic Agricultural Genetics 50
TOTAL MARKS 150
Basic skills linked to the subject:
Questions in both Paper 1 and Paper 2 test the following skills:
 Ability to follow instructions

 Identifying labels/Labelling/Drawing/Diagrams/Schematic representations
 Plotting and interpretation of graphs/data
 Working out and interpreting calculations
 Organising/Recording and categorising data
 Extraction and/or manipulation and/or evaluation of data
 Hypothesis testing/Formulation/Using scientific methods

QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION
subquestions, e.g. 2.1.1.
The following aspects of the content will be assessed: (Remember this is just to indicate key
areas of focus, but it should be read in conjunction with ATP in the CAPS document.)
(a) Calculations:
Learners are expected to know FIVE calculations in Paper 1, namely digestibility

co-efficiency, nutritive ratio (NR), Pearson square, energy values and feed flow, but
will be assessed for a minimum of TWO calculations in the question. Further to the ability
how to calculate, learners are expected to explain the results of the calculated values in
feeding and be able to apply and relate the results to practical feeding practices (situation
on the farm).
NOTE:
Calculations
Generally, the criteria used for assessing calculations are as follows:
 Correct formula
 Substitution of values
 Simplifying the values
 Answer and correct units
 Proportionality (e.g. fodder flow)
 Interpretation of the results calculated (Relating results to daily farming practices)
(b) Components of feeds: Attention should be paid to the following with regard to minerals and
vitamins:
 Key: TWO – importance
 Key: Deficiency
(c) Types of feeds:

 Learners will be assessed on FOUR examples from each subdivision of the main
types of feed (four examples of protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich concentrates, four
examples of protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich dry roughages).
 Learners are expected to know the importance of feeding in each example of the main
group, e.g. the suitability of lucerne hay against maize stock.
Agricultural Sciences. [35]

QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL
(a) It is important to delineate between the:

 Production systems and farming systems
 Farming systems and the scale of production (subsistence farming, small-scale
production/commercial farming and large-scale production)
(b) Basic housing and equipment for various animals under intensive conditions at different
stages of production:
 Chickens
 Pigs (general facilities in a pig house, facilities for breeding pigs)
 Dairy (milking parlour)
(c) Sheltering structures for various purposes:

 Sheltering against adverse conditions (natural and build structures)
 Sheltering structures for storage (feed sheds)
(d) Handling of animals:

 Equipment and facilities (cattle, sheep and pigs)
 Design features of the handling facilities (cattle, sheep and pigs)
 Tools and equipment (examples of such tools/equipment used to perform various
management practices such as castration, dehorning, shearing, milking, hoof trimming,
vaccination, weighing, docking, ear tagging, injections in pigs, sheep and cattle)
 Behaviour of these animals when handled (pigs, sheep, chickens and cattle)
 Guidelines to handle (poultry, pigs, sheep and cattle)
(e) Learners are expected to plot a line or bar graph on the basis of the following criteria:
Graphs
 Correct heading with both variables
 Correct type of graph
 Correct units, e.g. OC
 Y-axis: Correct labelling and calibration
 X-axis: Correct labelling and calibration
 Plotting (80% and more correct plotting)
NOTE: The graph can be in any of the three questions in SECTION B.
Learners may be expected to interpret the plotting by:

 Identification of certain aspects
 Deducing the trends
 Making recommendations

(f) NOTE: For examination purposes diseases will be assessed as indicated in the
table below:
TYPES OF DISEASES
VIRAL BACTERIAL PROTOZOAN FUNGAL
Rabies, swine flu, avian flu Mastitis, Anthrax Heartwater, Coccidiosis Ringworm
RVF, NCD, FMD TB Anaplasmosis, Redwater Lumpy wool
ASPECT
1. Type of animal infected
2. Transmitting agent
3. Key symptom
4. Control
5. Preventative measures
6. Economic implications
7. Role of state in preventing diseases
NOTE: For examination purposes, parasites will be assessed as indicated in the table
below.
TYPES OF PARASITES
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
Liver fluke, roundworm Nasal worm, ticks, blowflies
Tapeworm Mites, lice
ASPECT
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
1. Concept: external parasite Concept: internal parasite
2. Examples of external parasites Groups of parasites
3. Life cycles (single/two/three host ticks) Life cycles
4. Control Symptoms
5. Preventative measures Preventative and control measures
6. Economic implications Financial implications
7. Role of the farmer in controlling external Role of the farmer in controlling the
parasites parasites
Content areas are indicated in annual teaching plan of the CAPS document for Agricultural
Sciences. [35]

QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
(a) Diagrams:
 Identification of parts and functions of the reproductive systems (bull or cow)
 Primary and secondary organs (bull and cow)
(b) Reproductive processes/techniques:
(i) Formation of gametes

 Concepts (oogenesis, spermatogenesis)
 Diagrams: flow diagrams
(ii) Oestrus cycle

 Stages
 Hormonal control
 Signs of heat (visible, behavioural)
 Synchronisation of oestrus
 Super ovulation
(iii) Courtship/Mating
(iv) Artificial insemination (AI)

 Concept
 Equipment and tools
 Collection of semen
 Dilution and dilutants
 Storage
 Requirements for a successful AI
 Technique
(v) Fertilisation
 Concept
 Process illustrated in a diagram
(vi) Pregnancy/Gestation
 Concept
 Duration
 Hormone responsible
 Stages of pregnancy/gestation
 Multiple births
 Embryo flushing
 Embryo transfer
 Problems of pregnancy

(vii) Parturition/Giving birth

 Signs of giving birth
 Stages
 Hormone responsible
(viii) Lactation
 Phases
 Hormonal control
 Lactation curve
Content areas are indicated clearly in the annual teaching plan of the CAPS document for

CONTENT MAPPING FOR PAPER 1
ANIMAL STUDIES: PAPER 1 (Animal Nutrition)
MAIN TOPIC SUGGESTED CONTENT COMMENTS

Animal nutrition  Compare the external structure of the alimentary canal of a ruminant (cow and sheep) and a non-ruminant Examples of
(fowl and pig) questions in previous
 Functions and adaptations of various structures of the alimentary canal question papers
 Description of the internal structure of the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum and small intestines
Digestion in Digestion in non-ruminants Examples of
non-ruminants  A brief explanation of the intake of feed questions in previous
(pig/fowl) and  The mechanical and/or chemical (enzymes) digestion processes in the mouth, stomach, small intestine and the question papers
ruminants (cow) large intestine
 Functions of the salivary glands, the liver, pancreas and intestinal glands (accessory glands)
Digestion in ruminants
 Definitions of rumination, regurgitation and peristalsis
 Explanation of the intake of food and the chewing of the cud (swallowing and re-swallowing)
 The differences in size and functionality of the four stomach compartments of a mature ruminant compared to a
young ruminant
Digestion in the rumen
 Describe rumen microbes as single-celled organisms found in the reticulorumen
 Briefly classify the different types of rumen microbes
Examples in previous
 Specific functions of different bacteria (cellulytic, proteolytic, amylolytic)
question papers
 Describe the most important requirements for normal functioning of rumen microbes/microorganisms
 Name the functions of the rumen microbes
 Explain the direct absorption of food in the rumen and small intestine directly by osmosis, diffusion and active
transport into the blood stream
Components of feed  Briefly describe the functions (importance) of water, proteins, carbohydrates (sugar, starch and crude fibre) and Examples of
fats/oils (ether extract) in animal production and growth questions in previous
 Indicate the basic bio-chemical functions, importance and deficiencies of the macro-elements (calcium, question papers
phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, potassium and sulphur) and trace-elements (iron, iodine, zinc,
selenium, copper, cobalt)
 Briefly indicate the basic functions and two deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins (B1; B2 ; B6 and B12/Vitamin B
complex) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K)


Digestibility of  Define the digestibility and digestibility coefficient of feeds Examples of
feeds  List the factors that affect/influence/determine the digestibility of feeds and explain their impact on digestibility questions in
 Describe the methods used to improve/increase the digestibility of feeds previous question
 Understand the different steps in the calculation of digestibility coefficient, interpretation and implication of papers
calculated values
Quality of feed, Quality of feed: biological value of proteins Examples of
energy value of  Define the concepts: biological value (BV), essential amino-acid index and ideal proteins questions in
feeds and nutritive  Explain the importance of animal proteins in rations previous question
ratio  Evaluate a feed protein in terms of biological value (egg protein and milk protein) papers
Energy value of feed
 Name the units in which energy value is expressed
 Define and outline gross energy, metabolic energy, digestible and net energy
 Describe the purpose/aims of calculating energy value of the feed
 Identify and draw a schematic representation of feed energy flow
 Use formulae to calculate the feed energy flow and interpret the results
Nutritive ratio
 Define the concept of nutritive ratio (NR)
 Describe the purpose/aims of the nutritive ratio in animal feeding
 Use different formulae to calculate and interpret the nutritive value of a feed
Types of feed  Illustrate the basic classification of animal feeds Examples
 Define roughages and concentrates available in
 Name the characteristics of roughages and concentrates previous question
 Describe the different types of roughages and concentrates papers
 Make a schematic representation of different types of animal feeds
 Importance of roughage and concentrates as feeds for different types of animals (ruminants and non-ruminants)


Subdivision of  Compare and give examples of protein-rich and carbohydrate-rich feeds Examples of
feeds Supplements to rations questions in
 Indicate the different ways of supplementing: minerals, vitamins, non-protein nitrogen and growth stimulants previous
Planning a feed Planning a feed flow programme question papers
flow programme  Define and describe a feed-flow programme, maintenance and production ration
 A brief overview of the Pearson square method (feed formulation)
 Calculate and draw the feed requirements using a single Pearson square method
 Interpret the Pearson square results for feed mixtures
 Conversion of the feed ratios into kilograms and percentages
 Interpret and describe fodder/feed flow/fodder production planning
 Explain the importance of fodder flow/fodder production planning
 Do a basic calculation of a feed/fodder flow program for a group of livestock (number of animals and feed needed
over a period of time)

QUESTION 3
Animal Production, Protection and Control

Animal production Animal production systems Examples of
 Describe and compare between intensive and extensive animal production systems questions in
Increasing animal  Distinguish between small-scale and subsistence, large-scale and commercial farming systems, subsistence previous question
production and commercial papers
Intensive farming  Study examples of intensive farming productions including broiler production, battery system, feedlots and a Various examples of
piggery questions in
 Describe how factors, like nutrition/feeding, environment, reproduction/breeding and general enterprise previous question
management are used to increase animal production under intensive farming (broiler production) papers
Extensive farming  Study examples of extensive farming productions including sheep farming, beef production and poultry Examples of
production questions in
 Describe how factors like nutrition/feeding, environment, reproduction/breeding and general enterprise previous question
management are used to increase animal production in extensive farming (beef production) papers
Animal shelter/  Give the importance or reasons for shelter/housing Examples of
Protection/  Identify different structures used for sheltering/housing livestock in an intensive animal production system questions in
Housing  Identify and describe different intensive production systems, like a backyard system, intensive/semi-intensive previous question
system and a free range system for poultry, pigs or dairy production papers
 Explain the basic housing or shelter requirements/guidelines for an intensive production system, like a holding
shed, feed shed and holding pens Examples of
 Identify and describe the different equipment/tools for intensive housing systems, like feeders, water supply, questions in
bedding and lighting previous question
papers
Behaviour and Behaviour of farm animals Various examples in
handling of farm  Describe the common behaviour of cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry under various conditions previous question
animals Handling of farm animals papers
 Give the reasons/importance of handling farm animals
 Describe the effect of incorrect handling on farm animals (harm and effect)
 State the basic guidelines for handling cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry
 Identify and describe the different techniques/tools/aids/facilities (design features, e.g. loading ramps, crush,
vehicle) utilised to handle farm animals
 The basic guidelines/requirements for transporting/moving farm animals from one farm to another/abattoirs

Animal diseases Animal health Various examples of
and protection  Describe the signs of poor health/sick animals (cattle, pigs and chickens) questions in
 Name and describe the methods of testing animal health previous question
 Various methods of administering medicine to animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens) papers
 Describe the sustainable use of medication
 Distinguish between infectious, non-infectious and metabolic animal diseases
 Identify and distinguish between the levels of seriousness of animal diseases (chronic, per-acute and acute)
Animal diseases
 Indicate the main micro-organisms causing diseases in animals
 Identify the most important diseases in South Africa based on the mode of transmission, animal host, symptoms
and control measures
Viral and bacterial  Evaluate viral diseases, like foot and mouth disease (FMD), rabies, Rift Valley fever (RVF), avian/bird flu, swine Various examples of
diseases fever/flu and Newcastle disease (NCD) questions in
 Explain bacterial diseases prescribed, such as anthrax, mastitis and tuberculosis (TB): transmission, host, previous question
symptoms and control measures papers
Protozoal and  Indicate protozoal diseases, like anaplasmosis, redwater, heartwater and coccidiosis Various examples of
fungal diseases  Describe fungal diseases, like lumpy wool and ringworm questions in
 Identify and explain the economic implications of these animal diseases previous question
 Describe the preventative/control measures for animal diseases papers
Internal parasites/  Define the term internal parasite Various examples of
Endoparasites  Identify and describe the main groups of internal parasites, like tapeworms, liver fluke and roundworms questions in
 Describe the life cycles, animal hosts, symptoms and treatment of tapeworms, liver fluke and roundworms previous question
 Explain the financial implications and detrimental effects of internal parasites papers
 Describe the basic preventative/control measures of internal parasites
External parasites/  Define the term external parasite Various examples of
Ectoparasites  Distinguish between ticks, nasal worm, blowflies, lice and mites as examples of external parasites questions in
 Identify and describe the life cycles of ticks (single/two/three host ticks), nasal worm (sheep) and blowflies, lice and previous question
mites (sheep) papers
 Explain the financial implications and detrimental effects of external parasites
 Describe the basic preventative/control measures of external parasites
Plant and metallic  Identify and describe the maize fungus, poison bulb, thorn apple as examples of plant poisoning Various examples of
salt poisoning  Discuss the treatment of animals suffering from plant poisoning questions in
 Describe the preventative/control measures of plant poisoning previous question
 Identify and describe common salt and urea poisoning (the symptoms and treatment) papers
 Indicate the preventative/control measures of salt poisoning
 Describe the basic principles of good health to control animal diseases and parasites/pests
 Indicate the role of the state in animal protection
QUESTION 4
Animal Reproduction

Animal Reproductive organs of cattle Some examples of
reproduction  Distinguish between the primary and secondary male reproductive organs/structures questions in
 List the functions of the testes, epididymis, scrotum and the accessory sex glands (vesicular glands; prostate; previous question
Male and female Cowper's gland) papers
reproductive  Describe the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis) and make a schematic representation of
systems spermatogenesis
 State the factors causing sterility and infertility in bulls
 Identify and describe the primary and secondary female reproductive organs (structure)
 Indicate the functions of the ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina
 Describe the process of ovigenesis/oogenesis and make a schematic representation of ovigenesis/oogenesis
Oestrus and  Define oestrus or the heat period Various examples of
oestrus cycle  Identify and describe the female sex hormones and their respective functions questions in previous
 Indicate and describe the periods/stages/phases of the oestrus cycle in cows question papers
 Noticeable signs/characteristics of oestrus in cows
 Describe the practical methods dairy farmers can adopt to assist with the identifying of cows on heat
Synchronisation  Define the concept of the synchronisation of oestrus/heat Examples of
of oestrus and  Briefly describe the various techniques/methods of synchronisation of oestrus/heat questions in previous
mating  Advantages and disadvantages of synchronisation of oestrus question papers
 Describe the basic factors causing sterility and infertility in females (cows)
 Define mating/copulation and ejaculation
 Describe natural mating by referring to male sexual display/courtship behaviour/pattern, factors that regulate
mating behaviour among bulls and the five main stages of mating/copulation


Artificial mating  Define artificial insemination Various examples of
(artificial  Indicate the main requirements for successful AI questions in
insemination,  List the advantages and disadvantages of AI previous
embryo  Describe the collecting of semen by using an artificial vagina or electrical stimulation/electro-ejaculator question papers
transplantation  State the basic requirements for semen collection and storage
and cloning)  Describe the characteristics of good quality semen (semen evaluation)
 Describe the dilutants and functions of such dilutants
 Identify the correct time for artificial insemination (timing for AI)
 Indicate and describe the correct technique for carrying out AI
Embryo  Identify and define embryo transplantation/transfer (ET), super ovulation, embryo flushing/harvesting, donor cows, Examples of
transplantation/ recipient cows questions in
transfer (ET)  Describe the aims/purposes of ET and embryo flushing/harvesting previous question
 List the advantages and disadvantages of ET papers
Nuclear transfer  Define nuclear transfer/cloning Examples of
(Cloning)  List the aims/purposes of animal cloning questions in
 Distinguish between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning previous question
 Indicate the advantages and disadvantages of cloning papers
Fertilisation and  Identify and define fertilisation, pregnancy/gestation, freemartins and placenta Examples of
pregnancy  Describe the fertilisation process questions in
 Describe the formation of multiple births (twins) and freemartins previous question
 Identify the phases/stages of pregnancy papers
 Give the main reasons for abortions
Birth/Parturition  Define parturition/birth and dystocia Some examples of
and dystocia  Signs/Characteristics of a cow approaching parturition questions in
 State the functions of the layers covering the foetus previous question
 Indicate the stages/phases of parturition papers
 Identify and describe the correct birth positions of a calf in the uterus just before birth
 Name the conditions which interfere with normal parturition process
 Describe the principal factors causing the retention of the placenta/afterbirth in cows
Milk production/  Identify and define the lactation, dry period and milk ejection Some examples of
Lactation  Identify and describe the structure of the udder of a cow (functions) questions in
 Discuss the milk ejection/milk let down process and hormones involved previous question
 Explain the importance and functions of colostrum for the new born calf papers
 Identify and describe the interpretation of the lactation curve and lactation cycle (period)

PAPER 2
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The following aspects of the content will be assessed as indicated: (Remember this is just to
indicate key areas of focus, but it should be read in conjunction with ATP in the CAPS document.)
(a) Concepts of market and marketing

(b) Differentiation between marketing and selling:
(c) Explanation of demand/supply schedule/curves/graphs
(d) Interpretation of price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply
(e) Market development
(f) Types of buyers
(g) Role of Marketing of Agricultural Products Act, 1996 (Act 47 of 1996) on effective marketing
(h) Explanation of different phases of the entrepreneurial process
(i) Examples of the key components of a business plan
(j) Application of the SWOT analysis as a management tool
(k) Learners are expected to plot a line or bar graphs on the basis of the following criteria:
Graphs
 Correct heading with both variables
 Correct type of graph
 Correct units, e.g. R/kg
 Y-axis: Correct labelling and calibration
 X-axis: Correct labelling and calibration
 Correct plotting (80% and more correct plotting)
Learners may be expected to interpret the plotting in terms of:

 Identification of certain aspects (equilibrium price)
 Deducing the trends
 Making recommendations

indicate key areas of focus, but it should be read in conjunction with ATP in the CAPS
document.)
Learners will be assessed on land, labour, capital and management based on the following:
(a) All aspects involving each production factor as stipulated in the CAPS document
(b) Interpretation of the law of diminishing returns, be it a table, statement or a graph
(c) Identification of the correct labour legislation from a scenario/case study
(d) Application of the following labour legislation as they affect farmworkers under various
conditions:
 Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA), 1997 (Act 75 of 1997)
 Labour Relations Act (LRA), 1995 (Act 66 of 1995)
 Unemployment Insurance Act (UIA), 2001 (Act 63 of 2001)
 Employment Equity Act (EEA), 1998 (Act 55 of 1998)
 Skills Development Act (SD), 1997 (Act 97 of 1998)
 Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA), 1993 (Act 85 of 1993)
 Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (COIDA), 1993 (Act 130 of
1993)
(e) Key aspects of a contract of employment
(f) On capital, learners will be assessed on the:
 Knowledge to identify the financial records:
o Income Statement
o Budgets
o Cash Flow Statement
o Balance Sheet
o Inventory
 Ability to interpret the data presented on these financial records:
o Income Statement to determine:
- Income
- Expenditure/Costs
- Profit/Loss
o Budgets:
- To distinguish between whole-farm and enterprise budgets
- To indicate the estimated income
- To indicate the estimated expenditure/costs
o Cash Flow Statements to determine:
- Income in a particular period
- Expenditure in a particular period
- Opening balance
- Closing balance
- Cash items
o Balance Sheet to determine the:
- Value of assets
- Value of liabilities
- Net worth of the business
Learners are expected to apply the information presented in the financial records to
determine:
o Profit/Loss
o Net worth
o Total income
o Total costs/expenditure
(g) Under management learners will be assessed on the:

 Identification of the applicable principles and skills based on a scenario or flow diagram
 Application of knowledge to identify the sources of risk based on the information
presented, whether in a flow diagram or a statement
Content areas are indicated clearly in the annual teaching plan of the CAPS document for
Agricultural Sciences [35]
indicate key areas of focus, but it should be read in conjunction with ATP in the CAPS
document.)
Background knowledge from Grade 10 content on the biological concepts (plant and animal cells
and cell division [mitosis and meiosis]) is key in this question.
Learners will be assessed on the implication of the principles of breeding:
(a) Key genetic concepts/terminology genetics, heredity, genes, chromosomes and alleles
(homozygous and heterozygous)
(b) Distinction between the following: genotype and phenotype, dominant and recessive genes
(c) Ability to do a monohybrid cross and how it relates to Mendel's law of segregation
(d) Ability to do a dihybrid cross and how it relates to Mendel's law of independent assortment
(e) Use the Punnett square, schematic diagrams and pedigree diagrams to solve genetic
problems
(f) Punnett square will be assessed as follows:
EXAMPLE:
Punnett square
b B 
B Bb BB
b bb Bb 
MARKING CRITERIA:
 Populated Punnett square 
 Correct gametes for Parent 1 
 Correct gametes for Parent 2 
 Correct offspring 

(g) Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative characteristics as it relates to variation

(h) Application of the patterns of inheritance that lead to different phenotypes of Inheritance in
agriculture environment
(i) Heritability as:
 Concept
 Implication in breeding
(j) Biometrics
 Understanding of statistical values to generate breeding values
 Interpretation of the knowledge of breeding values for future breeding
(k) Breeding systems learners will be assessed based on:
 Indication of the terminology (inbreeding, line breeding, crossbreeding, upgrading,
species crossing, outcrossing)
 Interpretation of flow diagrams on different breeding systems, patterns of inheritance
 Interpretation of information on multiple alleles and the effect of polygenes in enhancing
a heritable characteristic
 Identification of the breeding systems based on the examples given in the statements
 Stating advantages or disadvantages of the products of that breeding system
(l) Importance of variation and selection for breeding in agriculture
 Identification of external (environmental) and internal (genetic) causes of variation in a
scenario or statements
 The types of mutagenic agents and their effects
 Changes in chromosome structure
 Natural versus artificial selection
(m) Understanding of the concept genetic modification/engineering
 Its application to agriculture (plants and animals), aims, techniques, risks and benefits

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING, FACTORS OF PRODUCTION AND BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS: PAPER 2
Agricultural Management and Marketing

Agricultural  Define the market/marketing Examples of questions in
marketing  Distinguish between marketing and selling previous question papers
 List, identify and describe the main functions of agricultural marketing (transport, storage, packaging and
processing/value adding)
 Price determination and supply/demand
 Define and describe supply and demand
 Explain and interpret the law of supply and demand (the interpretation of the supply and demand curve/graph)
 Identify and explain the factors influencing the supply and demand of a product
 Identify and describe the price elasticity of supply/demand and price inelasticity of supply/demand
Market equilibrium  Define market equilibrium Some examples of
 Interpret a hypothetical supply and demand curve to indicate market equilibrium questions in previous
 Interpret the market equilibrium question papers
 Describe the development of a market
 Describe the importance of a market with regard to fixed prices, types of buyers and methods to promote
products
 List the approaches to marketing, including niche marketing, mass marketing and multisegment marketing
 Identify and explain sustainable agricultural marketing (green markets, eco-labelling)


Agricultural Free marketing Some examples of
marketing systems  Define the concept of free marketing questions in previous
 Indicate the general advantages and disadvantages of a free-market system question papers
 Identify and describe the main channels/options of free-market systems and their advantages and
disadvantages (farm-gate market, fresh-produce markets, stock sales, direct marketing and internet marketing)
Co-operative marketing
 Define the concept of agricultural co-operatives and their background
 Describe the principles of agricultural co-operative
 Name the types of agricultural co-operatives
 Describe the benefits/advantages of agricultural co-operatives
Controlled marketing
 Describe the concept of controlled marketing
Agricultural marketing chain or supply-demand chain
 Identify and describe a marketing chain/supply-demand chain
 Factors that hamper the marketing chain of agricultural products
 Indicate ways to streamline and improve the agribusiness chain
 Briefly describe the role of legislation in the effective marketing of agricultural products
Agricultural  Define an entrepreneur and entrepreneurship Some examples of
entrepreneurship  Describe the important aspects of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship questions in previous
and business  Describe the entrepreneurial success factors or personal characteristics question papers
planning  Identify the main distinct phases of the entrepreneurial process
Agribusiness plan
 Define and outline a business plan
 Identify and indicate the reasons for drawing up a business plan in the agricultural sector
 Outline the standard format and layout (components) of an agricultural business plan
 Indicate the problems encountered when drawing up an agribusiness plan
 Identify electronic resources used as a tool for drawing up an agribusiness plan
 Describe a basic SWOT analysis

Factors of production

Agricultural Land Some examples of
factors of  Identify the functions of land (in economic terms) questions in previous
production  Indicate the economic characteristics of land as a factor of production question papers
 Describe the techniques/methods of increasing land productivity
Land and labour Labour
 Define the term labour
 Describe the different types of labour in agriculture (with relevant examples)
 Identify and describe the problems associated with labour in agriculture
 Indicate the methods for increasing labour productivity
 Identify the labour legislation (Acts) affecting farmworkers in South Africa (LRA, BCEA, OHSA, COIDA and
SDA)
 Describe the standard format and layout (components) of a labour/farmworker contract
Capital Capital Some examples of
 Define the following terms: capital, assets, cash flow, budgets questions in previous
 Identify and describe the types of capital (with relevant examples) question papers
 List the methods of creating capital
 Identify and describe the sources of finance/credit (long-term, medium-term and short-term credit)
 Indicate the problems associated with capital as a factor of production
 Identify and describe the capital/financial management systems, including financial records, farm asset records
and farm budgets
 Indicate the differences between an enterprise budget and a whole farm budget (example of farm budget)
 Identify the components of a cash flow statement
 Distinguish between the main aspects which are included in a Cash Flow Budget Statement
 Define the concepts of farm management/management, strategic farm risk management
 Identify and explain the principles/components of management
 Indicate the general management skills needed to manage a farm business
 Identify and describe the internal and external forces which affect/influence farming businesses
 Discuss the primary sources of risk in farming business
 Identify and discuss the main risk management strategies/techniques (diversification strategies, risk-sharing
strategies)
 Discuss the law of diminishing returns as applicable to all factors of production – interpretation of graph

Basic Agricultural Genetics

Basic agricultural Genetic concepts Some examples of
genetics  Define basic genetic terminology, like genetics/heredity, genes, chromosomes and alleles (homozygous and questions in previous
heterozygous) question papers
Monohybrid  Distinguish between genotype and phenotype, dominant and recessive genes
inheritance  Indicate a monohybrid inheritance/crosses (Mendel's first law: law of segregation)
 Indicate a dihybrid inheritance/dihybrid cross (Mendel's second law: law of independent assortment)
Dihybrid inheritance  Use various methods, such as a Punnett square, genetic diagrams and schematic representations to illustrate
the crosses
 Describe Mendel's laws of segregation and independent recombination of characteristics
 Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative characteristics
The pattern of  Identify and describe the pattern of inheritance that leads to different phenotypes: incomplete dominance, Some examples of
inheritance co-dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance and epistasis questions in previous
 Define the concept of prepotency and atavism with relevant examples question papers
 Describe the sex chromosomes and sex-linked characteristics (examples)
Variation and  Define genetic terminology, like variation, mutation and selection Some examples of
mutation  Identify and describe the importance of variation and selection questions in previous
 Discuss the external (environmental) and internal (genetic) causes of variation question papers
 Identify the types of mutagenic agents and their effects (changes in chromosome structures)
Selection  Indicate the general principles of selection, like biometrics, heritability and estimated breeding values (EBVs), Some examples of
and compare natural and artificial selection questions in previous
 Indicate the selection methods used by plants and animal breeders (mass, pedigree, family and progeny question papers
selection) and breeding values
 Identify and describe inbreeding, line-breeding with relevant examples, cross breeding, upgrading, species
crossing, out-crossing and the advantages and disadvantages of these different breeding systems
Genetic  Define the concept of genetic modification/genetic engineering in plants and animals (with relevant examples) Some examples of
modification/  List the aims of genetic modification of plants and animals questions in previous
genetic engineering  Indicate the advantages of genetic engineering over traditional methods question papers
 Identify and describe the current uses/application of genetically modified plants
 Indicate the techniques used to genetically modify plants/animals
 Describe the potential benefits of genetically modified crops
 Name the characteristics of GMOs
 Indicate the potential risks of GMOs

4. CONCLUSION
This Examination Guidelines document is meant to articulate the assessment aspirations

espoused in the CAPS document. It is therefore not a substitute for the CAPS document which
educators should teach to.
Qualitative curriculum coverage as enunciated in the CAPS cannot be over-emphasised.
NOTE: Any information taken from any supporting documents such as

textbooks, journals and even these guidelines should be verified for accuracy
and correctness before use in order to avoid dissemination of misleading facts
that are not scientifically and practically tested.
Copyright reserved
SA Exam Papers | This paper was downloaded from saexampapers.co.za

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organized by Abutimalesela 0798975624
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2
NOVEMBER 2022
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
This question paper consists of 15 pages.
*AGRSE2*

Page 6
Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/November 2022
NSC
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
1. This question paper consists of TWO sections, namely SECTION A and

SECTION B.
2. Answer ALL the questions in the ANSWER BOOK.
3. Start EACH question on a NEW page.
4. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.
5. You may use a non-programmable calculator.
6. Show ALL calculations, including formulae, where applicable.
7. Write neatly and legibly.

Page 7
NSC
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 B.
1.1.1 Market equilibrium occurs when the …
A supply and the demand are not equal.

B supply is more than the demand.
C market supply is equal to the market demand.
D demand is lower than the supply.
1.1.2 The following is NOT a component of selling:
A Management is sales-volume oriented.

B The emphasis is on the consumer's needs.
C The focus is on the seller's needs.
D The emphasis is on the agricultural product.
1.1.3 An operational production plan in a business plan focuses on the …
A number and type of employees.

B recruitment of suitable personnel.
C summary of the enterprise details.
D monitoring of performance and ensuring quality control.
1.1.4 The descriptions below address opportunities that could be realised

through the SWOT analysis.
(i) New markets opening to increase sales

(ii) New technologies to improve efficiency of the business
(iii) Limited resources to farm effectively
(iv) Access to a grant from government
Choose the CORRECT combination:
A (i), (ii) and (iv)

B (ii), (iii) and (iv)
C (i), (iii) and (iv)
D (i), (ii) and (iii)
1.1.5 The part of the expenditure of a farming enterprise which is NOT

influenced by the level of production:
A Demand costs
B Fixed costs
C Supply costs
D Variable costs

Page 8
NSC
1.1.6 The type of labour hired solely to erect a kraal:
A Permanent
B Seasonal
C Full-time
D Casual
1.1.7 The action by a farmer to address undercapitalisation on the farm:
A Keep old non-viable tractors

B Pay higher wages
C Hire specific machinery
D Invest more money in the bank
1.1.8 The skill that enables the manager to protect the business from
monetary losses:
A Financial management
B Decision-making
C Interpersonal
D Problem-solving
1.1.9 The following statements are about Mendel's laws of inheritance:
(i) Pairs of alleles separate randomly during meiosis.

(ii) Pairs of alleles arrange themselves dependently of each other.
(iii) Pairs of alleles arrange themselves independently of each other.
(iv) In a heterozygous state a dominant allele influences the physical
appearance of an organism.

C (i), (ii) and (iii)
D (i), (iii) and (iv)
1.1.10 An example of a heterozygous genotype for the colour of flowers:
A FRFR
B FWFW
C FRFW
D FBFB (10 x 2) (20)

Page 9
NSC
1.2 Choose a word/term in COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 K.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 A form of sustainable agricultural A retailer
marketing that is responding to the
increasing environmental concerns B internal
1.2.2 The type of buyer working as an C agrimarketing

agent for commission
D X-rays
1.2.3 Medium-term investment assets
E external
1.2.4 Forces originating from the farm
which have an impact on farm F broker
management
G fixed capital
1.2.5 Damages the DNA molecule and
causes it to break H green marketing
I movable capital
J nitric acid
(5 x 2) (10)
1.3 Give ONE word/term for EACH of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the ANSWER
BOOK.
1.3.1 The marketing system where the price of a product is decided upon by
the government
1.3.2 A practice where uneconomic pieces of farmland are put together to

increase productivity
1.3.3 A type of dominance where none of the parent characteristics are

visible in the offspring
1.3.4 A technique where an electric current is passed through a solution

containing the desired genes
1.3.5 An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes (5 x 2) (10)

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NSC
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in EACH of the following statements to

make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question numbers
1.4.1 Price monopoly is the setting of the price of goods and services with no
bargaining allowed.
1.4.2 The money which is paid back to a financial institution over and above
the money borrowed is credit.
1.4.3 Estimated breeding value is the use of statistics to analyse biological

data.
1.4.4 The occurrence in chickens of an extra toe after it has been absent for
many generations is an example of prepotency.
1.4.5 A small piece of the DNA that carries hereditary information of a

characteristic is known as a chromosome. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

Page 11
NSC
SECTION B
Start this question on a NEW page.
2.1 The graph below shows quantities of two agricultural products available in a
market over a period of six months.
Quantities of two products available over a period of six months
Product 1 Product 2
Quantity (tons)
Months of the year
2.1.1 Indicate the quantity of product 1 that was available in month 3. (1)
2.1.2 Identify the product that shows constant availability over a six-month
period. (1)
2.1.3 State the problem that may occur in the market with product 2 if the
demand is 20 tons. (1)
2.1.4 Name the factor that may hamper the marketing of product 1. (1)
2.1.5 Name TWO factors that can influence the demand of product 1 and 2. (2)

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2.2 The flow chart below illustrates the marketing system and the channels used
when marketing products.
MARKETING
SYSTEM
A B C
Products are Farmers market Livestock is sold

sold to hawkers through an agent. to the highest
from the farm. bidder.
2.2.1 Identify the marketing system illustrated above. (1)
2.2.2 Identify channels A and B that are used in the marketing system in
QUESTION 2.2.1. (2)
2.2.3 State ONE advantage of channel A for EACH of the following:
(a) Farmer (1)
(b) Consumer (1)
2.2.4 Name ONE disadvantage of channel C to sellers. (1)
2.3 A group of youth near a livestock farm decided to collect manure from the
farm to generate biofuel that is used as a source of energy. They drafted a
business plan, which was used to secure funding from a bank, and bought a
biogas digester. An old building was used as a factory and skilled personnel
was hired to run the business. The business flourished and they started to
service the community.
2.3.1 Identify THREE phases of entrepreneurship in the scenario above. (3)
2.3.2 Give TWO other reasons for drafting a business plan, except for the
one in the scenario above. (2)
2.3.3 Indicate a success factor of this group which enabled them to do

EACH of the following:
(a) For other people to believe in their idea and work with them (1)
(b) Investing in new equipment with the hope of succeeding in the

business (1)

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2.4 The table below shows bags of potatoes offered in a market over a period of
five weeks.
WEEKS PRICE (RAND) QUANTITIES OFFERED (BAGS)

1 10 500
2 20 1 000
3 30 1 500
4 40 2 000
5 50 2 500
2.4.1 Draw a line graph showing the quantities of potatoes offered at

different prices. (6)
2.4.2 Describe the marketing law applicable to the data provided in the (2)
table above.
2.4.3 Name TWO factors, other than the price, that could have contributed
to the quantities of potatoes offered. (2)
2.5 The schematic representation below shows the marketing chain stages that
the product passes through from the farm to the consumers.
Farm Grading Processing Storage
Consumer Retailer Wholesaler Transport
2.5.1 Indicate TWO costs in the schematic representation above that could
increase the price of a product when it reaches the consumer. (2)
2.5.2 Identify the stage in the marketing chain above in which the following
occurs to improve the agribusiness:
(a) Installing cold rooms to prevent spoilage before transporting to

the wholesaler (1)
(b) Improving road infrastructure for the product to reach the

processing stage (1)
2.5.3 State TWO ways in which the retailer can make the product known to
the consumer. (2)
[35]

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NSC
3.1 The availability of agricultural land is limited.
3.1.1 State TWO other economic characteristics of land. (2)
3.1.2 State TWO ways in which the productivity of land can be improved. (2)
3.1.3 State TWO functions associated with land as a production factor. (2)
3.2 The graph below shows the number of people employed by a farmer and their
outputs.
Quantity of outputs
Number of people employed
3.2.1 Identify the production factor illustrated in the graph above. (1)
3.2.2 Deduce, from the graph above, the relationship between the number
of people employed from 1 to 5 and their outputs. (2)
3.2.3 Name TWO problems of labour in a farming enterprise. (2)
3.2.4 State TWO ways in which the farmer can improve the economic
conditions of farm workers. (2)

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NSC
3.3 Indicate the labour legislation that regulates EACH of the following:
3.3.1 Leave days, working hours, salaries and overtime (1)
3.3.2 Aims to develop and improve the competencies of labourers to operate

machinery effectively (1)
3.3.3 Farm workers to wear overalls and gumboots for their daily operations (1)
3.4 The table below provides information on the assets and liabilities on a farm.
ASSETS/LIABILITIES VALUE (RAND)

A Value of the farm R3 500 000
B Tractor loan R365 000
C Value of vehicles R275 000
D Bank overdraft R150 000
E Mortgage loan R4 200 000
F Cash R50 000
G Value of buildings R650 000
3.4.1 Identify the item from the table above that represents EACH of the
following:
(a) Asset (1)
(b) Liability (1)
3.4.2 Use a formula to calculate the net worth of the farm. (4)
3.4.3 Refer to the calculation in QUESTION 3.4.2 to indicate the viability of

this farming business. (1)
3.4.4 Give a reason to support the answer to QUESTION 3.4.3. (1)

Page 16
NSC
3.5 The picture below represents a farm with different farming enterprises.
E A
F
D
C
3.5.1 Identify the type of capital represented by EACH of the following:
(a) C (1)
(b) B (1)
3.5.2 Indicate the problem of capital item F. (1)
3.5.3 Name a type of credit that is used to acquire EACH of the following
capital items represented by:
(a) D (1)
(b) E (1)
3.6 A farming business should be well managed to be successful and to achieve

the intended goals and objectives.
3.6.1 Define the term management. (2)
3.6.2 State TWO management principles of a business to be successful. (2)
3.6.3 Name TWO risk management techniques. (2)

[35]

Page 17
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4.1 The illustration below shows the crossing of farm animals where the same bull
was used repeatedly to improve the growth rate of the herd.
Simmentaler cow x Brahman bull Crossing 1
Simbra heifer F1 x Brahman bull Crossing 2
Simbra F3
4.1.1 Name the breeding system represented by EACH of the following:
(a) Crossing 1 (1)
(b) Crossing 3 (1)
4.1.2 Define the breeding system represented by Crossing 3. (1)
4.1.3 State ONE disadvantage of the breeding system represented by

Crossing 2. (1)
4.1.4 State TWO advantages of the breeding system represented by

Crossing 1. (2)
4.2 Variation is caused by both internal and external factors.
4.2.1 State TWO internal causes of variation. (2)
4.2.2 State TWO important aspects of variation in breeding. (2)
4.3 Match the methods of selection below with EACH of the following statements.
mass selection; family selection; progeny selection; pedigree selection
4.3.1 Animals are selected based on the records of their ancestors. (1)
4.3.2 Selection is based on the quality of relatives of its own generation. (1)
4.3.3 Farm animals are selected based on individual performance. (1)
4.3.4 Selection is based on the quality of the offspring. (1)

Page 18
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4.4 The Punnett square below represents the crossing between a bull, which is
heterozygous for both characteristics, and a heterozygous polled white cow.
KEY:
Characteristic 1: (horn conformation)

H – polled (no horns)
h – horned
Characteristic 2: (hair colour)

W – white
R – red
RW – roan
ƃ
Ƃ HR HW 17 hW
1 2 3 4
HW HHRW HHWW HhRW HhWW
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
hW HhRW HhWW hhRW hhWW
13 14 15 16
4.4.1 Give the genotype of the following individuals:
(a) Female parent (1)
(b) Gamete numbered 17 (1)
4.4.2 Determine the phenotypes of EACH of the following individuals:
(a) Number 9 (1)
(b) Number 16 (1)
4.4.3 Indicate the number of horned roan cattle in the Punnett square above. (1)
4.4.4 Indicate the number of polled red cattle in the Punnett square above. (1)

Page 19
NSC
4.5 Farm animals have sex chromosomes, known as gonosomes, and body
chromosomes, known as autosomes. Horses have 64 chromosomes and
goats have 60.
4.5.1 Indicate EACH of the following:
(a) The number of sex chromosomes in goats (1)
(b) The number of pairs of autosomes in horses (1)
4.5.2 If a ram (XY) is mated with an ewe (XX):
(a) Indicate the percentage chance of male offspring that could

be produced (1)
(b) Determine the ratio of the male to female offspring (1)
4.6 The table below shows heritability of different characteristics in farm animals.
HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTIC
Milk Eye colour Fleece weight
production
HERITABILITY (%) 40 70 20
4.6.1 Define the term heritability. (2)
4.6.2 Identify the following from the table above:
(a) Qualitative characteristic (1)
(b) Quantitative characteristic (1)
4.6.3 Indicate the percentage of environmental effect on milk production. (1)
4.6.4 Explain the relationship between heritability and the estimated

breeding value (EBV). (2)
4.7 Genetic modification is the technique of changing the characteristics of an

organism by inserting genes from another organism to the DNA of the original
organism.
4.7.1 State TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional

breeding methods. (2)
4.7.2 State TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment. (2)

[35]
TOTAL SECTION B: 105

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
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SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS/

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
2022
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
TableMountain
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Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/2022
SC/NSC

SECTION B.
question paper.

TableMountain
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 B.
1.1.1 A person who recognises a business opportunity and is willing to

take a risk:
A Labourer
B Manager
C Supervisor
D Entrepreneur
1.1.2 ONE of the following statements regarding selling is NOT

CORRECT:
A Emphasis is on agricultural products

B Marketing management is based on sales volume
C Focus is on the needs of sellers
D Planning is long-term, based on new products for the future
1.1.3 … occurs at the point where the market supply and the market
demand curves meet.
A Market equilibrium
B Market development
C Surplus
D Shortage
1.1.4 Cooperative marketing has the following advantages for farmers:
(i) Provides better chances of negotiating a good price

(ii) Ensures easy access to funding
(iii) Prices of products fluctuate and producers are affected
(iv) Markets are preserved for members
A (i), (iii) and (iv)

C (i), (ii) and (iv)
1.1.5 An example of an internal force that affects a farming business:
A Natural forces like hail and floods

B Labour demands for higher wages
C The drop of the milk price in the market
D Changes of lifestyle choices
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1.1.6 ONE of the following is NOT a function of land:
A Acts as a store of wealth

B Depreciates over time
C Enables the production of food, fibre and fuel
D Provision of space and area
1.1.7 … is the main component of a cash flow statement.
A Income
B Net worth
C Assets
D Liabilities
1.1.8 The use of machinery to replace human labour:
A Training
B Mechanisation
C Ploughing
D Supervision
1.1.9 An example of a qualitative characteristic in animals:
A Weight gain
B Milk production
C Gender of offspring
D Growth rate
1.1.10 … is the pattern of inheritance that controls the fur coat colour in
rabbits with the alleles C, Ch, Cch and c.
A Co-dominance
B Polygenic inheritance
C Multiple alleles
D Atavism (10 x 2) (20)
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1.2 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
Write only the letter (A–H) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Cooperatives market their goods in large A hedging
quantities for more bargaining powers
B qualitative
1.2.2 Entering into future contracts to ensure a
secure market and price C motivation
1.2.3 The value of assets increasing over time D quantitative
1.2.4 Providing incentives and recognition of E contract

work done with rewards
F depreciation
1.2.5 The genetic characteristics that give rise
to a range of phenotypes from one G economy of scale
extreme to the other
H appreciation
(5 x 2) (10)
1.3 Give ONE word/term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the
word/term next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
1.3.1 A measure of how much the supply or demand of a product

changes with a change in price
1.3.2 The activity that involves the combination and co-ordination of

human, physical and financial resources
1.3.3 The passing on of traits from generation to generation
1.3.4 Measuring genetic characteristics by using computer technology
1.3.5 The picking of individual cultivars based on the records of their

respective offspring (5 x 2) (10)
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1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in the following t o m a k e t h e

statements TRUE. Write the appropriate word(s) next to the question
numbers (1.4.1 to 1.4.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.4.1 A marketing plan is a tool that helps a farmer to evaluate the

business for future prospects.
1.4.2 Management refers to the physical endeavour performed in

expectation of remuneration.
1.4.3 Prepotency refers to the expression of one gene that is controlled

by another pair of genes.
1.4.4 A sudden change in the genetic composition of an organism is

known as selection.
1.4.5 A gene is a thread-like structure made up of DNA molecules.

(5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 The schematic representation below shows marketing in agriculture.
The main functions of marketing
A B C D
Changing of Safe- Placing of Movement of
products from keeping of products in products
a raw to a products containers for from the farm
more usable until they the to the
form are needed convenience consumer
of the farmer
and the
consumer
Consumers
2.1.1 Identify the functions of agricultural marketing represented by

B and D. (2)
2.1.2 Indicate TWO guidelines that farmers should consider when

performing marketing function C. (2)
2.1.3 Name TWO advantages of marketing function A to the consumer. (2)

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2.2 The graphs below show the relationship between price and quantity of
agricultural products.
Price (R)
Price (R)
2.2.1 Identify in graphs A and B above the curves that represent EACH
of the following:
(a) Demand (1)
(b) Supply (1)

2.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 2.2.1(a). (2)
2.2.3 Name TWO factors that influence demand of agricultural products. (2)
2.2.4 Deduce the relationship between price and quantity from
graph A above. (2)
2.3 The schematic representation below shows different entrepreneurial success
factors.
A B
Able to negotiate Buying new
contracts with equipment to
markets increase
production
ENTREPRENEURIAL
SUCCESS FACTORS
D C
Understanding
Ability to
of taxation and
generate new
exchange rates ideas
2.3.1 Write down the letter (AD) that represents the following
entrepreneurial success factors:
(a) Innovation (1)
(b) Interpersonal skills (1)
(c) Risk taking (1)
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2.4 The diagram below shows examples of different marketing approaches.
A B
A farmer decides to use a type of A producer divides the target
marketing with one offer or one market into different portions in
strategy that would appeal to most order to target each of them with a
consumers different message or product
APPROACHES
C
New farmers sell pasteurised goat
milk to local consumers who are
allergic to cow milk
2.4.1 Identify the marketing approaches represented by A, B and C

above. (3)
2.5 The flow chart below shows different stages in a marketing process.
Producer Processing Distribution Retailer Consumer
STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 STAGE 5
2.5.1 Name the marketing process in the flow chart above. (1)
2.5.2 Indicate TWO costs visible in the flow chart above that might
influence the high price at STAGE 4, except for production. (2)
2.5.3 Name TWO factors that could hamper the marketing of the product
at STAGE 3. (2)
2.5.4 Indicate ONE way to streamline and improve the marketing

process stated in QUESTION 2.5.1. (1)
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2.6 Fresh produce markets are set up in large centres where farmers deliver their
produce which is then sold through a market agent.
2.6.1 State TWO advantages of the marketing channel in the statement

above for the farmer. (2)
2.6.2 The use of an agent increases the marketing cost for the farmer.
Justify this statement. (1)
2.6.3 Name the marketing system that makes use of the channel above. (1)
2.7 Indicate TWO roles of legislation in agricultural marketing. (2)
2.8 A business plan is a document that describes a potential business, its goals
and objectives.
2.8.1 Name the component of a business plan containing particulars of

the business owner. (1)
2.8.2 Give TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan. (2)

[35]
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3.1 The graph below shows an economic characteristic common to land as a
production factor with regard to inputs and outputs.
30
Quantity of outputs (kg)
25
20
15
10
Quantity of inputs (kg)
3.1.1 Identify the economic characteristic shown in the graph above. (1)
3.1.2 Describe the implication of the economic characteristic identified in
QUESTION 3.1.1. (2)
3.1.3 Compare the output response with regard to the quantity of inputs
that increases from 5 to 10 and from 10 to 15. (2)
3.1.4 Name TWO measures the farmer can take to improve the
productivity of land. (2)
3.2 The picture below shows a farming enterprise.
3.2.1 Indicate the management strategy undertaken by the farmer to

reduce the impact of risk shown in the picture above. (1)
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3.2.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.2.1. (1)
3.2.3 Name the risk management strategy when the cost of a farming
enterprise is distributed equally among the group of farmers. (1)
3.2.4 Indicate the source of the risk that may be due to a disease
outbreak. (1)
3.2.5 Name TWO management principles a farm manager could employ

to deal with risks. (2)
3.3 Below is part of a contract between a farmer and a farm worker.
CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT
1. Particulars of employer: Mybag Farms
2. Name: TR Trevor
3. ID: 5113110123187
4. Particulars of employee:
4.1 Name: MN Chukucha
4.2 ID: 9613259876087
5. Job title: Machine Operator
6. Payment details:
6.1 Mode of payment: Monthly cheque
6.2 Amount: R2 300
7. Terms of employment:
7.1 Duration of contract: 2 January 2021 to retirement
7.2 Working hours: 06:00 to 18:00
7.3 Leave: Five days paid leave per annum
8. Protective clothing: None
Employee's signature: …………………………. Date: 02/01/2021
Employer's signature: …………………………. Date: 02/01/2021
3.3.1 Define the term contract. (2)
3.3.2 Indicate the type of farm worker who has to sign the contract above
based on the term of employment. (1)
3.3.4 Name the labour legislation that has been violated by the employer
in EACH of the following sections of the contract above:
(a) Number 7 (1)
(b) Number 8 (1)
3.3.5 Identify, in the contract above, TWO reasons that may lead to the
movement of farm workers from the farm to other industries. (2)
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3.4 The picture below shows a farm with different types of capital.
A B
3.4.1 Identify the type of capital represented by A, B and C in the picture

above. (3)
3.4.2 Indicate TWO methods by which a farmer can create more capital. (2)
3.4.3 Name TWO problems associated with capital as a

production factor. (2)
3.5 The table below shows assets and liabilities of a farming business for the year
ending on 28 February 2021.
ASSETS VALUE (R) LIABILITIES VALUE (R)

A CURRENT LIABILITIES
Positive bank balance 10 000 Sundry creditors 20 000
Farm produce sold 15 000 Production loans 35 000
Growing crops 6 000
Subtotal 31 000 Subtotal 55 000
Medium-term assets Medium-term liabilities
Vehicles and Machinery 420 000 Vehicle finance 280 000
Livestock 60 000 Loan repayment 60 000
Subtotal 480 000 Subtotal 340 000
Long-term assets Long-term liabilities
Farm land 950 000 Bond repayment 450 000
Buildings 400 000 Loans 120 000
Subtotal 1 350 000 Subtotal 570 000
TOTAL ASSETS 1 861 000 TOTAL LIABILITIES B
3.5.1 Name the financial statement above. (1)

3.5.2 Identify A in the financial statement above. (1)
3.5.3 Calculate the value of B in the financial statement above. Show
ALL calculations. (2)
3.5.4 Calculate the net worth of the farming business above.
Include the formula. (3)
[35]
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4.1 The flow chart below shows a schematic representation of line breeding.
A 6 2
8 4
C 1
B 7 3
4.1.1 Identify, in the flow chart above, TWO common ancestors of

individuals A and B. (2)
4.1.2 Indicate the relationship between individuals 2 and 3. (1)
4.1.3 Name TWO advantages of line breeding. (2)
4.2 The pedigree diagram below shows the inheritance of coat colour in goats. It
shows how coat colour can be traced back over several generations.
KEYS Unshaded (White) = d = Male
Shaded (Dark) = D = Female
1 2
3 4 5 6
7 8
9 10 11
4.2.1 State the number of generations obtained from parents 1 and 2 in

the pedigree diagram above. (1)
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4.2.2 Indicate the number of white male individuals in the pedigree

diagram in QUESTION 4.2. (1)
4.2.3 Determine the genotypes of EACH of the following individuals:
(a) 1 (1)
(b) 5 (1)
4.2.4 Refer to the pedigree diagram in QUESTION 4.2 and indicate

whether the following individuals are homozygous or heterozygous:
(a) 6 (1)
(b) 10 (1)
4.2.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 4.2.4(b). (2)
4.3 Indicate the sex chromosomes in EACH of the following:
4.3.1 Male cattle (1)
4.3.2 Female cattle (1)
4.4 In certain species of plants blue flower colour (B) is dominant over purple (b).
A plant with heterozygous blue flowers was crossed with a homozygous
purple-flowered plant.
Draw a Punnett square to indicate the result of a cross between the two
plants. (4)
4.5 Traditionally subsistence farmers used a selection and breeding method

whereby the genetically best bulls for growth, health and fertility were shared
between family and friends. They also cared for their animals by utilising the
best available pastures and keeping them away from wet and muddy areas.
4.5.1 Identify the type of selection illustrated in the passage above. (1)
4.5.2 Give ONE animal production characteristic used by subsistence

farmers in the passage above for selection purposes. (1)
4.5.3 Indicate how the following aspects were used by the subsistence
farmers in the scenario above to improve EACH of the following
phenomena on a farm:
(a) Genetic variation (1)
(b) Environmental variation (1)

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4.6 The table below provides data on an experiment conducted with a dihybrid
crossing in plants.
CHARACTERISTIC NUMBERS OBTAINED NUMBERS

(thousands) EXPECTED
(thousands)
Large + tall (L+T) 10 9
Large + short (L+S) 3 3
Small + tall (S+T) 2 3
Small + short (S+S) 1 1
4.6.1 Draw a combined bar graph of the different characteristics with the
numbers obtained and numbers expected. (6)
4.6.2 Deduce, from the graph, the trend of the obtained numbers. (1)
4.7 With recent developments a maize cultivar was genetically modified by

inserting the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into the plasma of the plant
to make it more resistant against pests.
4.7.1 Identify the technique used in the passage above to modify the
maize cultivar genetically. (1)
4.7.2 State TWO potential benefits of genetically modified crops to the

environment. (2)
4.7.3 Name TWO potential risks of genetically modified crops. (2)

[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
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2022
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
These marking guidelines consist of 11 pages.
Page 48
SS/NSS – Marking guidelines
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 D 
1.1.2 D 
1.1.3 A 
1.1.4 C 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 B 
1.1.7 A 
1.1.8 B 
1.1.9 C 
1.1.10 C  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 G 
1.2.2 A 
1.2.3 H 
1.2.4 C 
1.2.5 D  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Price elasticity 

1.3.2 Management 
1.3.3 Heredity 
1.3.4 Biometrics 
1.3.5 Progeny selection  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 SWOT analysis 

1.4.2 Labour 
1.4.3 Epistasis 
1.4.4 Mutation 
1.4.5 Chromosome  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 Marketing functions
2.1.1 The main functions of marketing

B - Storage  (1)
D - Transportation  (1)
2.1.2 TWO guidelines for packaging

 Product identification 
 Recyclability/biodegradability 
 Containment/easy handling 
 Protection 
 Should improve shelf life 
 Health risk/free from chemicals/cleanliness 
 Appeal to the target market  (Any 2) (2)
2.1.3 TWO advantages of processing to the consumer

 Provides job opportunities 
 Easy to handle the product/convenience 
 Can buy farm products and keep for longer at home 
 Product availability in all seasons/ensures food security 
 Provides quality improved products 
 Makes the products more appealing  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 Demand and supply curves
2.2.1 The curves of demand and supply

(a) Demand - H (F E D)  (1)
(b) Supply - G (A B C)  (1)
2.2.2 Reason of the demand curve

 The higher the price of a product  the lower the demand 
 The lower the price of a product  the higher the demand 
 There is an inverse relationship  between price and demand 
 Has a negative/downward slope  to the right  (Any 1) (2)
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2.2.3 TWO factors influencing demand of agricultural products

 Price of the product/price expectations 
 Quality of the product 
 Consumer taste and preferences 
 Fashion/advertising 
 Change in consumer income 
 Number of consumers 
 Socio-economic factors/buying power 
 Legislation 
 Research 
 Price of substitutes/competitive or complementary products 
 Festive season 
 Usefulness of the product  (Any 2) (2)
2.2.4 The relationship between price and supply

 The higher the price  the more the quantity supplied 
 The lower the price  the lower the quantity supplied  (Any 1) (2)
2.3 Entrepreneurial success factors
2.3.1 Identification of the letters

(a) C  (1)
(b) A  (1)
(c) B  (1)
2.4 Marketing approaches
2.4.1 Identification of the types of marketing approaches

A - Mass marketing  (1)
B - Multi-segment marketing  (1)
C - Niche marketing  (1)
2.5 Marketing
2.5.1 The marketing process

Agri-business/marketing/supply-demand chain  (1)
2.5.2 TWO costs influencing the high price at stage 4

 Processing costs 
 Distribution/transportation costs  (2)
2.5.3 TWO factors hampering marketing of the product at stage 3

 Accidents/delays 
 Poor infrastructure/bad roads 
 Theft 
 Perishability/spoilage/damage of the product 
 High cost of fuel  (Any 2) (2)
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2.5.4 ONE way to streamline and improve agri-business chain

 Improve road infrastructure 
 Improve access to market information 
 Provide storage facilities 
 Provide access to finance 
 Use cold storage and refrigerated transport 
 Grading/standardisation of products to facilitate marketing/pricing 
 Processing products close to where they are produced 
 Combining loads with other producers  (Any 1) (1)
2.6 Marketing channel
2.6.1 TWO advantages of fresh produce market

 Large volumes can be sold 
 Farmer takes advantage of higher price in times of short supply 
 Farmer can employ an agent to perform the task of marketing 
(Any 2) (2)
2.6.2 Justification of an agent increasing the marketing cost

The farmer pays the commission to the agent  (1)
2.6.3 Indication of the marketing system

Free marketing  (1)
2.7 TWO roles of legislation in agricultural marketing

 Increases market access to all participants 
 Controls sale and export of perishable products 
 Sets and maintains national standards 
 Promotes food safety 
 Regulates market agents and improve their functioning 
 Promotes a fair accessible and sustainable market place for consumer
products and services 
 Prevents unfair marketing and business practices  (Any 2) (2)
2.8 Business plan
2.8.1 Component of a business plan showing ownership of a business

Title page  (1)
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2.8.2 TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan

 Document the business idea 
 Test the feasibility and economic viability of a business 
 Determine the financial needs of the business 
 Secure funding for the business 
 Guide daily operations 
 Ensure effective business management 
 Allow the farmer to foresee problems 
 Gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/competitors 
 Reposition the business to deal with changes in the market 
(Any 2) (2)
[35]
3.1 Land
3.1.1 The economic characteristic of land

The law of diminishing returns  (1)
3.1.2 Implication of the law of diminishing returns

 Output will initially increase at an increasing rate with increase of
input 
 A further increase in input will result in increased output at a
decreasing rate  (2)
3.1.3 Output response to the inputs as it increases from

 5 to 10: An input of 5 units resulted in an output of 10 units/
output increases at an increasing rate with an increase
in inputs  (1)
 10 to 15: An input of 5 units resulted in an output of 5 units/
output increases at a decreasing rate with an increase
in inputs  (1)
3.1.4 TWO measures to improve productivity of land

 Development of disease resistant cultivars/breeds 
 The use of fertilisers/manure/compost 
 Appropriate use of land/better care of agricultural land 
 Adapting to/use of scientific methods/technology/precision/
organic farming/correct cultivation methods/crop rotation 
 Consolidation of small/uneconomic farming units 
 Restoring land potential/resting land/correct land utilisation 
 Responsible application of chemicals/pesticides/herbicides 
 Mechanisation 
 Adapting to appropriate policies/legislation 
 Water provision/management/irrigation  (Any 2) (2)
Page 53
3.2 Risk management strategy
3.2.1 Identification of the risk management strategy

Diversification  (1)
3.2.2 Reason
There are different production enterprises on the farm  (1)
3.2.3 Risk management strategy when production costs is distributed

equally
Risk-sharing  (1)
3.2.4 The source of risk

Production risk 
Technical risk  (Any 1) (1)
3.2.5 TWO management principles the farm manager can employ

 Planning 
 Organizing and coordination 
 Implementation 
 Control/monitoring  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Contract between a farmer and a farm worker
3.3.1 Definition of a contract

A legally binding document  between the employer and employee  (2)
3.3.2 Indication of the type of farm worker

Permanent/fulltime worker  (1)
3.3.3 Reason
The contract will terminate at retirement  (1)
3.3.4 Labour legislation

(a) Number 7 - Basic Conditions of Employment Act/BCEA
(Act No. 75 of 1997)  (1)
(b) Number 8 - Occupational Health and Safety Act/OHSA
(Act No. 85 of 1993)/  (1)
3.3.5 TWO reasons that lead to the movement of farm labourers

 Poor working conditions/less leave days 
 Low wages/salaries 
 Longer working hours/ 
 Lack of protective clothing  (Any 2) (2)
3.4 Capital
3.4.1 Identification of the types of capital

A - Movable  (1)
B - Fixed  (1)
C - Working/floating/production  (1)
Page 54
3.4.2 TWO methods to create more capital

 Production/own capital 
 Savings 
 Credit/loans 
 Grants  (Any 2) (2)
3.4.3 TWO problems associated with capital

 Scarcity/difficult access to capital 
 Expensive/high cost/interest rates 
 Depreciation 
 Law of diminishing returns 
 Undercapitalisation 
 Overcapitalisation 
 High risk  (Any 2) (2)
3.5 Balance sheet
3.5.1 Name of the financial statement

Balance sheet  (1)
3.5.2 Identification of A from the financial statement

Current/short term assets  (1)
3.5.3 Calculation of B
 R 55 000 + R 340 000 + R 570 000 
 = R 965 000  (2)
3.5.4 Calculation of the net worth

 Net worth = Total assets – Total liabilities 
 = R 1 861 000 – R 965 000 
 = R 896 000  (3)
[35]
4.1 Line breeding flow chart
4.1.1 TWO common ancestors of individuals A and B

 1
 4
 5 (Any 2) (2)
4.1.2 The relationship between individuals 2 and 3

Siblings/brothers and sisters  (1)
Page 55
4.1.3 TWO advantages of line breeding

 Leads to stronger prepotency in the progeny 
 Undesirable recessive characteristics can be identified/
uncovered for elimination from the herd 
 Favourable characteristics of an outstanding ancestor are quickly
laid down in the progeny 
 Progeny display a high degree of homozygosity  (Any 2) (2)
4.2 Pedigree diagram
4.2.1 The number of the generations

3 (1)
4.2.2 The number of white males

4 (1)
4.2.3 Genotypes of the individuals

(a) 1 - Dd  (1)
(b) 5 - dd  (1)
4.2.4 Indication of homozygous or heterozygous

(a) 6 - Heterozygous  (1)
(b) 10 - Homozygous  (1)
4.2.5 The reason to support the answer to QUESTION 4.2.4(b)

 The offspring is white in colour which is recessive  and can
only be expressed in homozygous condition 
 White recessive  pure breed  (Any 1) (2)
4.3 The sex chromosomes
4.3.1 Male cattle - XY  (1)
4.3.2 Female cattle - XX  (1)
4.4 Punnet square
4.4.1 Punnet square
Gametes B b
b Bb bb
b Bb bb
MARKING RUBRIC
 Correct gametes of parent one 
 Correct gametes of parent two 
 Correct genotypes of the offspring 
 Punnet Square (populated with gametes and offspring)  (4)
Page 56
4.5 Variation and selection
4.5.1 Type of selection

Artificial selection  (1)
4.5.2 ONE animal production characteristic used by farmers

 Growth 
 Health 
 Fertility  (Any 1) (1)
4.5.3 How to improve each of the following

(a) Genetic variation
Best bulls for growth/health/fertility were shared  (1)
(b) Environmental variation
Utilising the best available pastures/keeping them away from
wet/muddy areas  (1)
4.6 Graph
4.6.1 A combined bar graph of the different characteristics with the

numbers obtained and numbers expected
Numbers obtained and expected (thousands)
Different characteristics with the numbers obtained and

expected
12
Obtained Expected
10
0
L+T L+S S+T S+S
Characteristics
CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES
 Correct heading 
 X axis - correctly calibrated with label (Characteristics) 
 Y axis - correctly calibrated with label
(Numbers obtained and expected) 
 Correct unit (Thousands) 
 Combined bar graph 
 Accuracy (80% + correctly plotted)  (6)
Page 57
4.6.2 Deduction of the trend of the obtained numbers

The obtained numbers are declining/decreasing  (1)
4.7 Genetic Modification
4.7.1 Identification of the technique

Bacterial carriers/Agro-bacterium tumefaciens  (1)
4.7.2 TWO potential benefits of GM crops to the Environment

 Less chemicals/pesticides/insecticides are used/less susceptible
to diseases 
 It is target specific  (2)
4.7.3 TWO potential risks of genetic modified crops

 Health 
 Environmental 
 Socio-economic  (Any 2) (2)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 58
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2022
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 59
NSC

SECTION B.
question paper.
Page 60
NSC
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the
question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 B.
1.1.1 Market equilibrium occurs when the …
A supply and the demand are not equal.

B supply is more than the demand.
C market supply is equal to the market demand.
D demand is lower than the supply.
1.1.2 The following is NOT a component of selling:
A Management is sales-volume oriented.

B The emphasis is on the consumer's needs.
C The focus is on the seller's needs.
D The emphasis is on the agricultural product.
1.1.3 An operational production plan in a business plan focuses on the …
A number and type of employees.

B recruitment of suitable personnel.
C summary of the enterprise details.
D monitoring of performance and ensuring quality control.
1.1.4 The descriptions below address opportunities that could be realised

through the SWOT analysis.
(i) New markets opening to increase sales

(ii) New technologies to improve efficiency of the business
(iii) Limited resources to farm effectively
(iv) Access to a grant from government

C (i), (iii) and (iv)
1.1.5 The part of the expenditure of a farming enterprise which is NOT

influenced by the level of production:
A Demand costs
B Fixed costs
C Supply costs
D Variable costs
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NSC
1.1.6 The type of labour hired solely to erect a kraal:
A Permanent
B Seasonal
C Full-time
D Casual
1.1.7 The action by a farmer to address undercapitalisation on the farm:
A Keep old non-viable tractors

B Pay higher wages
C Hire specific machinery
D Invest more money in the bank
1.1.8 The skill that enables the manager to protect the business from
monetary losses:
A Financial management
B Decision-making
C Interpersonal
D Problem-solving
1.1.9 The following statements are about Mendel's laws of inheritance:
(i) Pairs of alleles separate randomly during meiosis.

(ii) Pairs of alleles arrange themselves dependently of each other.
(iii) Pairs of alleles arrange themselves independently of each other.
(iv) In a heterozygous state a dominant allele influences the physical
appearance of an organism.

1.1.10 An example of a heterozygous genotype for the colour of flowers:
A FRFR
B FWFW
C FRFW
D FBFB (10 x 2) (20)
Page 62
NSC
1.2 Choose a word/term in COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 A form of sustainable agricultural A retailer
marketing that is responding to the
increasing environmental concerns B internal
1.2.2 The type of buyer working as an C agrimarketing

agent for commission
D X-rays
1.2.3 Medium-term investment assets
E external
1.2.4 Forces originating from the farm
which have an impact on farm F broker
management
G fixed capital
1.2.5 Damages the DNA molecule and
causes it to break H green marketing
I movable capital
J nitric acid
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 The marketing system where the price of a product is decided upon by
the government
1.3.2 A practice where uneconomic pieces of farmland are put together to

increase productivity
1.3.3 A type of dominance where none of the parent characteristics are

visible in the offspring
1.3.4 A technique where an electric current is passed through a solution

containing the desired genes
1.3.5 An organism with more than two sets of chromosomes (5 x 2) (10)
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NSC
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in EACH of the following statements to

1.4.1 Price monopoly is the setting of the price of goods and services with no
bargaining allowed.
1.4.2 The money which is paid back to a financial institution over and above
the money borrowed is credit.
1.4.3 Estimated breeding value is the use of statistics to analyse biological

data.
1.4.4 The occurrence in chickens of an extra toe after it has been absent for
many generations is an example of prepotency.
1.4.5 A small piece of the DNA that carries hereditary information of a

characteristic is known as a chromosome. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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NSC
SECTION B
2.1 The graph below shows quantities of two agricultural products available in a
market over a period of six months.
Quantities of two products available over a period of six months
Product 1 Product 2
Quantity (tons)
Months of the year
2.1.1 Indicate the quantity of product 1 that was available in month 3. (1)
2.1.2 Identify the product that shows constant availability over a six-month
period. (1)
2.1.3 State the problem that may occur in the market with product 2 if the
demand is 20 tons. (1)
2.1.4 Name the factor that may hamper the marketing of product 1. (1)
2.1.5 Name TWO factors that can influence the demand of product 1 and 2. (2)
Page 65
NSC
2.2 The flow chart below illustrates the marketing system and the channels used
when marketing products.
MARKETING
SYSTEM
A B C
Products are Farmers market Livestock is sold

sold to hawkers through an agent. to the highest
from the farm. bidder.
2.2.1 Identify the marketing system illustrated above. (1)
2.2.2 Identify channels A and B that are used in the marketing system in
QUESTION 2.2.1. (2)
2.2.3 State ONE advantage of channel A for EACH of the following:
(a) Farmer (1)
(b) Consumer (1)
2.2.4 Name ONE disadvantage of channel C to sellers. (1)
2.3 A group of youth near a livestock farm decided to collect manure from the
farm to generate biofuel that is used as a source of energy. They drafted a
business plan, which was used to secure funding from a bank, and bought a
biogas digester. An old building was used as a factory and skilled personnel
was hired to run the business. The business flourished and they started to
service the community.
2.3.1 Identify THREE phases of entrepreneurship in the scenario above. (3)
2.3.2 Give TWO other reasons for drafting a business plan, except for the
one in the scenario above. (2)
2.3.3 Indicate a success factor of this group which enabled them to do

EACH of the following:
(a) For other people to believe in their idea and work with them (1)
(b) Investing in new equipment with the hope of succeeding in the

business (1)
Page 66
NSC
2.4 The table below shows bags of potatoes offered in a market over a period of
five weeks.
WEEKS PRICE (RAND) QUANTITIES OFFERED (BAGS)

1 10 500
2 20 1 000
3 30 1 500
4 40 2 000
5 50 2 500
2.4.1 Draw a line graph showing the quantities of potatoes offered at

different prices. (6)
2.4.2 Describe the marketing law applicable to the data provided in the (2)
table above.
2.4.3 Name TWO factors, other than the price, that could have contributed
to the quantities of potatoes offered. (2)
2.5 The schematic representation below shows the marketing chain stages that
the product passes through from the farm to the consumers.
Farm Grading Processing Storage
Consumer Retailer Wholesaler Transport
2.5.1 Indicate TWO costs in the schematic representation above that could
increase the price of a product when it reaches the consumer. (2)
2.5.2 Identify the stage in the marketing chain above in which the following
occurs to improve the agribusiness:
(a) Installing cold rooms to prevent spoilage before transporting to

the wholesaler (1)
(b) Improving road infrastructure for the product to reach the

processing stage (1)
2.5.3 State TWO ways in which the retailer can make the product known to
the consumer. (2)
[35]
Page 67
NSC
3.1 The availability of agricultural land is limited.
3.1.1 State TWO other economic characteristics of land. (2)
3.1.2 State TWO ways in which the productivity of land can be improved. (2)
3.1.3 State TWO functions associated with land as a production factor. (2)
3.2 The graph below shows the number of people employed by a farmer and their
outputs.
Quantity of outputs
Number of people employed
3.2.1 Identify the production factor illustrated in the graph above. (1)
3.2.2 Deduce, from the graph above, the relationship between the number
of people employed from 1 to 5 and their outputs. (2)
3.2.3 Name TWO problems of labour in a farming enterprise. (2)
3.2.4 State TWO ways in which the farmer can improve the economic
conditions of farm workers. (2)
Page 68
NSC
3.3 Indicate the labour legislation that regulates EACH of the following:
3.3.1 Leave days, working hours, salaries and overtime (1)
3.3.2 Aims to develop and improve the competencies of labourers to operate

machinery effectively (1)
3.3.3 Farm workers to wear overalls and gumboots for their daily operations (1)
3.4 The table below provides information on the assets and liabilities on a farm.
ASSETS/LIABILITIES VALUE (RAND)

A Value of the farm R3 500 000
B Tractor loan R365 000
C Value of vehicles R275 000
D Bank overdraft R150 000
E Mortgage loan R4 200 000
F Cash R50 000
G Value of buildings R650 000
3.4.1 Identify the item from the table above that represents EACH of the
following:
(a) Asset (1)
(b) Liability (1)
3.4.2 Use a formula to calculate the net worth of the farm. (4)
3.4.3 Refer to the calculation in QUESTION 3.4.2 to indicate the viability of

this farming business. (1)
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NSC
3.5 The picture below represents a farm with different farming enterprises.
E A
F
D
C
3.5.1 Identify the type of capital represented by EACH of the following:
(a) C (1)
(b) B (1)
3.5.2 Indicate the problem of capital item F. (1)
3.5.3 Name a type of credit that is used to acquire EACH of the following
capital items represented by:
(a) D (1)
(b) E (1)
3.6 A farming business should be well managed to be successful and to achieve

the intended goals and objectives.
3.6.2 State TWO management principles of a business to be successful. (2)
3.6.3 Name TWO risk management techniques. (2)

[35]
Page 70
NSC
4.1 The illustration below shows the crossing of farm animals where the same bull
was used repeatedly to improve the growth rate of the herd.
Simmentaler cow x Brahman bull Crossing 1
Simbra F3
4.1.1 Name the breeding system represented by EACH of the following:
(a) Crossing 1 (1)
(b) Crossing 3 (1)
4.1.2 Define the breeding system represented by Crossing 3. (1)
4.1.3 State ONE disadvantage of the breeding system represented by

Crossing 2. (1)
4.1.4 State TWO advantages of the breeding system represented by

Crossing 1. (2)
4.2 Variation is caused by both internal and external factors.
4.2.1 State TWO internal causes of variation. (2)
4.2.2 State TWO important aspects of variation in breeding. (2)
4.3 Match the methods of selection below with EACH of the following statements.
mass selection; family selection; progeny selection; pedigree selection
4.3.1 Animals are selected based on the records of their ancestors. (1)
4.3.2 Selection is based on the quality of relatives of its own generation. (1)
4.3.3 Farm animals are selected based on individual performance. (1)
4.3.4 Selection is based on the quality of the offspring. (1)

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NSC
4.4 The Punnett square below represents the crossing between a bull, which is
heterozygous for both characteristics, and a heterozygous polled white cow.
KEY:
Characteristic 1: (horn conformation)

H – polled (no horns)
h – horned
Characteristic 2: (hair colour)

W – white
R – red
RW – roan
♂
♀ HR HW 17 hW
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
4.4.1 Give the genotype of the following individuals:
(a) Female parent (1)
(b) Gamete numbered 17 (1)
4.4.2 Determine the phenotypes of EACH of the following individuals:
(a) Number 9 (1)
(b) Number 16 (1)
4.4.3 Indicate the number of horned roan cattle in the Punnett square above. (1)
4.4.4 Indicate the number of polled red cattle in the Punnett square above. (1)
Page 72
NSC
4.5 Farm animals have sex chromosomes, known as gonosomes, and body
chromosomes, known as autosomes. Horses have 64 chromosomes and
goats have 60.
4.5.1 Indicate EACH of the following:
(a) The number of sex chromosomes in goats (1)
(b) The number of pairs of autosomes in horses (1)
4.5.2 If a ram (XY) is mated with an ewe (XX):
(a) Indicate the percentage chance of male offspring that could

be produced (1)
(b) Determine the ratio of the male to female offspring (1)
4.6 The table below shows heritability of different characteristics in farm animals.
HEREDITARY CHARACTERISTIC
Milk Eye colour Fleece weight
production
HERITABILITY (%) 40 70 20
4.6.1 Define the term heritability. (2)
4.6.2 Identify the following from the table above:
(a) Qualitative characteristic (1)
(b) Quantitative characteristic (1)
4.6.3 Indicate the percentage of environmental effect on milk production. (1)
4.6.4 Explain the relationship between heritability and the estimated

breeding value (EBV). (2)
4.7 Genetic modification is the technique of changing the characteristics of an

organism by inserting genes from another organism to the DNA of the original
organism.
4.7.1 State TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional

breeding methods. (2)
4.7.2 State TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment. (2)

[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 73
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2022
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 74
NSC – Marking Guidelines
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 C 
1.1.2 B 
1.1.3 D 
1.1.4 A 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 D 
1.1.7 C 
1.1.8 A 
1.1.9 D 
1.1.10 C  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 H 
1.2.2 F 
1.2.3 I 
1.2.4 B 
1.2.5 D  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Controlled marketing 

1.3.2 Consolidation 
1.3.3 Incomplete dominance 
1.3.4 Electroporation 
1.3.5 Polyploidy  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Fixing 

1.4.2 Interest 
1.4.3 Biometrics 
1.4.4 Atavism/throwback 
1.4.5 Gene  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 75
SECTION B
2.1 Availability of agricultural products over a period of six months
2.1.1 Indication of the quantities of product 1

30 tons  (1)
2.1.2 Identification of the product

Product 2  (1)
2.1.3 Stating of the problem

 There will be a surplus/spoilage/storage costs 
 The price of the product will be less  (Any 1) (1)
2.1.4 Factor hampering marketing of product 1

 Seasonal fluctuation 
 Perishability 
 Accidents/theft 
 Lack of infrastructure 
 Lack of capital 
 Lack of market information 
 Long distances to markets  (Any 1) (1)
2.1.5 TWO factors influencing the demand

 Price 
 Change in consumer income/buying power 
 Number of consumers 
 Tastes and preferences of consumers 
 Price of competing/complementing/substitute products 
 Range of products available 
 Usefulness of the product 
 The quality of the product 
 Festive season/fashion 
 Research 
 Socio-economic factors 
 Legislation 
 Advertising 
 Price expectations  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 Marketing system
2.2.1 Identification of the marketing system

Free marketing  (1)
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2.2.2 Identification of the channels

A - Farm gate marketing  (1)
B - Fresh produce marketing  (1)
2.2.3 ONE advantage of CHANNEL A/farm gate

(a) Farmer - No market chain costs/no transportation costs/
no intermediaries/higher income/immediate payment  (1)
(b) Consumer - Products will be fresh/better quality/lower prices/
have bargaining power  (1)
2.2.4 ONE disadvantage of CHANNEL C/stock sale to sellers

 Prices may be lower than the market price 
 Seller may not get the expected price/less profit 
 Small-scale farmers may not have money to take animals to
auction sale  (Any 1) (1)
2.3 Entrepreneurship
2.3.1 Identification of THREE phases of entrepreneurship

 Identifying the opportunity 
 Developing a business plan 
 Resource mobilization 
 Starting and managing the enterprise  (Any 3) (3)
2.3.2 TWO other reasons for drafting a business plan

 To test the feasibility/economic viability of the business idea 
 Helps to define goals 
 Outlines the roles and responsibilities of individuals 
 Provides time frames for completion of activities 
 Provides guidelines for decision making/to compare progress 
 To guide daily operations 
 Helps manager to plan for capital requirements 
 Provides clear strategies/objectives to follow 
 To ensure effective business management 
 Allows to foresee problems which reduces risks 
 Repositioning the business to deal with changes in a market 
 To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/competitors 
 Attract investors/partners  (Any 2) (2)
2.3.3 Indication of success factors

(a) Leadership/organization/management/interpersonal skills/
confidence  (1)
(b) Risk taking/confidence/positive thinking  (1)
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2.4 Supply
2.4.1 Line graph
Line graph showing quantities of potatoes offered

at different prices
60
50
40
Price (R)
30
20
10
0
500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500
Quantities (bags)
CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINE
 X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantities) 
 Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Price) 
 Correct units (R and bag) 
 Line graph 
 Accuracy (80%+ correctly plotted)  (6)
2.4.2 Law of supply

 The higher the price  the higher the supply 
 The lower the price  the lower the supply  (Any 1) (2)
2.4.3 TWO factors other than price that contributed to supply

 Environmental conditions/nature 
 Availability of technology 
 Knowledge on production 
 Production costs 
 Subsidies/taxation/legislation 
 Number of suppliers 
 Price expectation/profit margin of the product 
 Demand of the product 
 Seasonal production 
 Political instability 
 Possibility of increasing/decreasing the supply of goods 
 Stability of the product  (Any 2) (2)
Page 78
2.5 Marketing chain
2.5.1 TWO costs increasing the price of a product

 Production costs 
 Packaging costs 
 Processing costs
 Storage costs 
 Transportation/distribution costs 
 Grading costs  (Any 2) (2)
2.5.2 Stage at which the agribusiness chain can be improved

(a) Storage  (1)
(b) Farm  (1)
2.5.3 TWO ways of making the product known to the consumer

 Advertising/radio/television/billboards/newspapers/internet/
brochures/posters/flyers 
 In-store promotion 
 Exhibitions/trade fares 
 Sponsorship 
 Direct mailing 
 Marketing agent 
 Personal selling  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
3.1 Land
3.1.1 TWO other economic characteristics of land

 Is required for production 
 Land is fixed/found in a specific environment 
 Indestructible 
 Land appreciates 
 Durability 
 Varies in production potential 
 Restrictedness 
 Passive factor for production/primary production factor 
 Source of wealth/can be bought/sold/used as a collateral 
 Subjected to the law of diminishing returns  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.2 TWO ways in which the productivity of land can be improved

 Improving water management/supply 
 Restore land potential/responsible use of pesticides 
 Farm land more efficiently/consolidate uneconomic units 
 Crop rotation/intercropping/rotational grazing 
 Research 
 Use of scientific methods/technology/improve soil fertility/
precision farming  (Any 2) (2)
Page 79
3.1.3 TWO functions associated with land as a production factor

 Asset (used as collateral in obtaining loans) 
 Provides space for agricultural activities 
 Provides food/feeding for humans/animals 
 Source of raw materials 
 Source of minerals  (Any 2) (2)
3.2 Labour productivity
3.2.1 Identification of the production factor

Labour  (1)
3.2.2 Deduction of the relationship

An increase in the number of workers  resulted to the increase in
output  (2)
3.2.3 TWO labour problems

 Poor labour management/supervision/late arrival/theft 
 Scarcity of labour/lower wages 
 Lack of training/skills 
 HIV/AIDS/other diseases/absenteeism 
 Competition from industries 
 Socio-economic problems 
 Labour unrest  (Any 2) (2)
3.2.4 TWO ways to improve the economic conditions of farm workers

 Paying higher wages 
 Providing incentives for workers 
 Paying bonuses 
 Providing medical insurance/pension 
 Supplying them with farm products at reduced prices 
 Entering into partnership deal with workers 
 Provide education and training to workers  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Indication of labour legislations
3.3.1 Basic Conditions of Employment Act/BCEA (Act 75 of 1997)  (1)
3.3.2 Skills Development Act/SDA (Act 97 of 1998)  (1)
3.3.3 Occupational Health and Safety Act/OHSA (Act 85 of 1993)  (1)
Page 80
3.4 Assets and liabilities
3.4.1 Identification of
(a) An asset
 Value of the farm 
 Value of vehicles 
 Cash 
 Value of buildings  (Any 1) (1)
(b) A liability
 Tractor loan 
 Bank overdraft 
 Mortgage loan  (Any 1) (1)
3.4.2 Calculation of the net worth of the farm

Net worth = Assets – Liabilities 
= (R650 000+R50 000+R275 000+R3 500 000) –
(R365 000+R150 000+R4 200 000)
= R4 475 000  – R4 715 000 
= – R240 000  (4)
3.4.3 Indication of the viability of a farming business

Not viable  (1)
3.4.4 Reason
Net worth is negative/–R240 000/no profit/loss/value of assets is less
than the value of the liabilities  (1)
3.5 Capital items
3.5.1 Identification of the type of capital

(a) C - Movable capital  (1)
(b) B - Fixed capital  (1)
3.5.2 Indication of the problem of capital in F (tractor)

Depreciation/loses value/high fuel costs  (1)
3.5.3 Types of credit

(a) D - Short-term credit  (1)
(b) E - Long-term credit  (1)
3.6 Management
3.6.1 Definition of management

Effective combination and coordination of human, physical and
financial resources  to achieve a specific goal, usually maximising
profits  (2)
Page 81
3.6.2 TWO management principles

 Planning/setting goals 
 Implementation
 Leading/directing 
 Organization/coordination 
 Decision making 
 Communication 
 Motivation 
 Monitoring 
 Control  (Any 2) (2)
3.6.3 TWO risk management techniques

 Diversification 
 Risk sharing  (2)
[35]
4.1 Breeding systems
4.1.1 (a) Crossing 1 - Cross breeding  (1)

(b) Crossing 3 - Inbreeding  (1)
4.1.2 Definition of inbreeding

The breeding of closely related animals  (1)
4.1.3 ONE disadvantage of inbreeding

 Leads to inbreeding depression 
 Loss of genetic variation 
 Increase the expression of lethal genes 
 Undesired genes are made more homozygous 
 Undesirable characteristic/deformities can be bred into the
progeny 
 Leads to reduced vitality 
 Less resistance to diseases 
 An expensive system  (Any 1) (1)
4.1.4 TWO advantages of cross breeding

 Produce hybrid vigour/heterosis 
 Development of new breeds 
 Increased adaptability 
 Increases genetic variation 
 More resistant to pests/diseases 
 Improves performance of animals  (Any 2) (2)
Page 82
4.2 Variation
4.2.1 TWO internal causes of variation

 Mutation 
 Meiosis/crossing-over/recombination of genes 
 Random fertilisation  (Any 2) (2)
4.2.2 TWO importance of variation

 Forms the basis of selection 
 Improves existing breeds/cultivars 
 Development of new breeds/plant cultivars  (Any 2) (2)
4.3 Selection
4.3.1 Pedigree selection  (1)
4.3.2 Family selection  (1)
4.3.3 Mass selection  (1)
4.3.4 Progeny selection  (1)
4.4 Punnett square
4.4.1 The genotype

(a) Female parent - HhWW  (1)
(b) Number 17 - hR  (1)
4.4.2 Determination of the phenotype

(a) Number 9 - Polled and roan  (1)
(b) Number 16 - Horned and white  (1)
4.4.3 Number of horned roan cattle

2 (1)
4.4.4 Number of polled red cattle

0 (1)
4.5 Sex chromosomes and determination
4.5.1 Sex chromosomes

(a) Number of sex chromosomes in goats - 2  (1)
(b) Pairs of autosomes in horses - 31  (1)
4.5.2 Sex determination

(a) Indication of the percentage chance - 50%  (1)
(b) Determination of the ratio - 1:1  (1)
Page 83
4.6 Heritability
4.6.1 Definition of heritability

The degree to which a characteristic  is determined by genetic
factors  (2)
4.6.2 Identification of characteristics

(a) Qualitative - Eye colour  (1)
(b) Quantitative - Milk production/fleece weight  (1)
4.6.3 Indication of the percentage of the environmental effect

60%  (1)
4.6.4 Explanation of the relationship

 The higher the heritability of the trait  the higher the estimated
breeding value 
 The lower the heritability of a trait  the lower the estimated
breeding value  (Any 1) (2)
4.7 Genetic modification
4.7.1 TWO advantages of genetic modification over traditional breeding

methods
 It is precise 
 It is faster 
 Not limited to organisms of the same species  (Any 2) (2)
4.7.2 TWO negative effects of GM crops on the environment

 Leads to development of super weeds 
 Beneficial insects can be killed 
 Leads to the excessive use of herbicides/pollution 
 Reduces biodiversity  (Any 2) (2)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 84

2021
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 85
SC/NSC

SECTION B.
question paper.
Page 86
SC/NSC
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
Choose the correct answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
1.1.1 A market approach that focuses on a small target segment of the

market:
A Price
B Mass
C Multi-segment
D Niche
1.1.2 … in a market divide large shipments of produce to sell them in

smaller units.
A Brokers
B Retailers
C Exporters
D Importers
1.1.3 The following is NOT a way to streamline and improve an

agribusiness chain:
A Improved access to markets

B Providing storage facilities
C Lack of capital
D Improving road infrastructure
1.1.4 The straight line Y in the graph below represents the … a product.
Y X
Price in rand
X
Y
0 Quantity of the product per time unit
A market equilibrium of
B shortage of
C demand for
D supply of
Page 87
SC/NSC
1.1.5 A method to improve labour productivity:
A Long working hours

B Lack of education
C Working without supervision
D Better working conditions
1.1.6 The production factor that has a financial value and is a primary
natural agricultural resource:
A Labour
B Capital
C Land
D Management
1.1.7 ONE of the following is NOT a problem associated with capital:
A Application of fertilisers
B High risk factor
C Undercapitalisation
D High interest rate
1.1.8 The Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995) deals with the
following issues:
(i) Procedures for the resolution of labour disputes

(ii) Prevention of unfair labour practices
(iii) Health and safety of workers
(iv) Social justice and fair working conditions
A (i), (ii) and (iii)

B (i), (ii) and (iv)
C (ii), (iii) and (iv)
1.1.9 An example of the phenotype in cattle is the …
A total product of the environmental variation.

B sum of the environmental variation and genetic variation.
C total product of the genetic variation.
D colour of the hair and the presence of horns.
1.1.10 A male animal that has 98 chromosomes will have the following:
A 49 pairs of autosomes and an XY chromosome

B 48 pairs of autosomes and an XY chromosome
C 49 pairs of autosomes and an XX chromosome
D 48 pairs of autosomes and an XX chromosome (10 x 2) (20)
Page 88
SC/NSC
1.2 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the description in COLUMN A.
ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 J.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 The path a product follows from A fixed costs
the farmer to the consumer
B genetic modification
1.2.2 The costs that depend on
production of an enterprise in a C permanent
farming venture
D marketing chain
1.2.3 A form of risk management
where a contract ensures E part-time
guaranteed compensation for
losses F variable costs
1.2.4 The type of farmworker who G marketing supply

works throughout the year
H insurance
1.2.5 An example of biotechnology
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 The quantity of products demanded exceeds the quantities offered
1.3.2 A legal binding document between the farmer and the farm worker
that needs to be signed on employment
1.3.3 A phenotypical expression by which one allele masks the effect of

another
1.3.4 A pattern of inheritance in which the expression of one gene is

controlled by another gene
1.3.5 The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring (5 x 2) (10)
Page 89
SC/NSC
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statements

to make them TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question numbers
1.4.1 A marketing approach that responds to increasing concerns about the

environment, is advertising.
1.4.2 The provision of incentives and recognition of work with rewards to

increase labour productivity is referred to as innovation.
1.4.3 Mass selection is based on the quality of the animal's ancestors.
1.4.4 Colour-blindness is a sex-linked trait which is characterised by blood-

clotting failure.
1.4.5 Atavism is the phenomenon in which a characteristic is determined by

various pairs of genes. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 A farmer needs to understand how the market works and how best to place the
product.
2.1.1 Define the concept marketing. (2)
2.1.2 Indicate for EACH of the descriptions below, (a) to (c), whether it refers
to marketing or selling. Write down only the question number with the
answer, e.g. (d) selling.
(a) Market survey conducted on 300 customers to determine their

needs (1)
(b) Focus on acquiring money to buy a container to sell the produce

in that season (1)
(c) Focus on the number of bags of potatoes sold at a time (1)
2.2 The diagram below shows the demand for maize meal at different prices within
a period of two months.
Demand A Demand B
Maize meal Maize meal
12,5 kg 12,5 kg
Price R55 and 100 bags demanded Price R85 and 95 bags demanded
2.2.1 Identify the marketing concept illustrated by demand A and B above. (1)
2.2.3 Explain the reason why consumers responded in such a way to the
price change. (2)
2.2.4 Identify the factor that led to the difference in the number of bags
demanded. (1)
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2.3 Avocado pear farmers grouped themselves in order to produce and sell their
produce together.
2.3.1 Identify an agricultural marketing system used by the farmers. (1)
2.3.2 Indicate the role of the marketing system in QUESTION 2.3.1. (1)
2.3.3 Name TWO benefits of the marketing system in QUESTION 2.3.1 for
the farmers. (2)
2.3.4 State TWO factors that may hamper the marketing of avocado pears. (2)
2.4 The pictures below show the marketing of grapes using specially designed
cardboard boxes that have holes on the sides and which are recycled after use.
GRAPES
2.4.1 Identify the marketing function illustrated above. (1)
2.4.2 State THREE characteristics of the cardboard boxes which make them
suitable for marketing grapes. (3)
2.4.3 Give ONE reason for using cardboard boxes with holes. (1)
2.5 The following illustrates the table of contents of a business plan:
Business plan
Content page
Title page ------------------------------------------------------- p. 1
Summary of the enterprise details ----------------------- p. 2
Overview of the enterprise --------------------------------- p. 4
Human resource plan --------------------------------------- p. 8
2.5.1 Give ONE aspect that should be included in EACH of the following
components of a business plan:
(a) Title page (1)
(b) Human resource plan (1)
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2.5.2 Name an electronic resource used as a tool for drawing up a business

plan. (1)
2.5.4 State ONE problem that could be encountered when drawing up a

business plan. (1)
2.6 Answer the questions below on entrepreneurship.
2.6.1 The statements below indicate the phases of the entrepreneurial

process.
Rearrange the phases of the entrepreneurial process below in the

CORRECT order by writing down only the letters (A to D).
A. Determine the available labour, machinery and equipment.

B. Production and supply of goods.
C. Plan the business to secure funding.
D. Realisation of the absence of suitable products and services. (4)
2.6.2 SWOT analysis is used in a farming enterprise.
Indicate TWO aspects of the SWOT analysis that are regarded as:
(a) Internal aspects (2)
(b) External aspects (2)

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3.1 Match the following economic characteristics of land with the statements below.
Write down only the question number and the answer, e.g. 3.1.4 durability.
specific environment; durability; indestructibility; availability; restrictedness
3.1.1 The life of soil is unlimited if used correctly. (1)
3.1.2 Only 12% of the soil in South Africa can be cultivated. (1)
3.1.3 Soil may be damaged, but cannot be destroyed. (1)
3.2 State TWO economic functions of land. (2)
3.3 Government proposed a 5% increase in the minimum wage for farmworkers.

Some farmworkers work 10 hours and more per day for six days a week.
Researchers have also reported the highest number of new HIV/Aids infections
on farms.
3.3.1 Name the labour legislation used to address the wage issue in the
scenario above. (1)
3.3.2 Identify TWO problems experienced by farmworkers in the scenario

above. (2)
3.3.3 State TWO ways in which the impact of HIV/Aids infections on farms
could be addressed. (2)
3.3.4 Name TWO types of temporary farmworkers based on the terms of

employment. (2)
3.4 The table below illustrates a record of income and expenses of a farm with
three different enterprises.
EXPENSES (RAND)
DATE ITEM BOUGHT CATTLE TOMATOES MAIZE GENERAL
06/01 Mineral lick 3 510
08/02 Medicines 4 190
10/03 Fuel 6 250
11/04 Truck licence 720
20/06 Fertilisers 14 500 2 500
25/07 Seeds 2 800 800
30/09 Pesticides 5 341 10 000 1 930
TOTAL 13 041 27 300 5 230 6 970
INCOME (RAND)
DATE ITEM SOLD CATTLE TOMATOES MAIZE GENERAL
10/01 Maize 45 000
30/08 Tomatoes 160 000
20/12 Cattle 455 000
TOTAL 455 000 160 000 45 000
PROFIT/LOSS - 132 700 39 770
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3.4.1 Calculate the profit or loss of the cattle enterprise from the record of
income and expenses above. Show ALL calculations, including the
formula. (3)
3.4.2 Compare the tomato and maize enterprises in terms of their profit. (2)
3.4.3 Identify TWO overhead expense items in the income statement above. (2)
3.5 A farmer inherited a 20 ha farm with machinery, vehicles, livestock and

investments in cash, all worth R20 300 000, and credit of R420 000 for a truck.
3.5.1 Identify the TWO types of capital in the scenario above. (2)
3.5.2 Give the total value of the assets in the scenario above. (1)
3.5.3 Deduce the type of credit obtained by the farmer from the scenario
above. (1)
3.5.4 Justify the answer to QUESTION 3.5.3. (1)
3.5.5 Name the capital item that is regarded as a liability in the scenario
above. (1)
3.6 The table below shows agricultural products and the prices in 2010 and 2020.
PRODUCT 2010 2020

Yellow maize (R/ton) 1 000 2 900
Chicken (c/kg) 820 2 400
Wheat (R/ton) 2 200 5 400
Beef (c/kg) 1 100 6 200
Soy beans (R/ton) 2 500 5 700
Lamb (c/kg) 1 700 9 200
Pork (c/kg) 950 2 600
White maize (R/ton) 1 100 3 100
Draw a bar graph to compare the prices of animal products in 2010 with those
in 2020. (6)
3.7 Differentiate between internal and external forces that influence a farming
business. (2)
3.8 Define risk sharing as a strategy of management. (2)

[35]
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4.1 A dairy farmer divides the cows into three groups according to the different
feeds they are provided with. The cows are genetically identical and are kept
under the same conditions. The farmer measures the milk yield. The table
below shows the milk yield.
GROUP MILK YIELD PER COW TOTAL NUMBER

PER YEAR (LITRES) OF COWS
0–1 999 1
1 2 000–3 999 5
4 000–5 999 8
5 000–6 999 2
2 7 000–8 999 5
9 000–10 999 6
4 789–5 999 3
3 6 000–7 999 1
4.1.1 Identify in the table above the number of cows that produced the
highest quantity of milk. (1)
4.1.2 Identify the factor that could have led to the differences in milk yield in
the information given above. (1)
4.1.3 Indicate whether the cause of the differences in milk production in

QUESTION 4.1.2 is genetic or environmental. (1)
4.1.4 Name TWO genetic causes of variation. (2)
4.2 The diagram below shows a crossing of a white rose plant with a red rose
plant, which produced F1-offspring with pink flowers.
Parents: RR X WW
Red
Red White
F1: RW
Pink
4.2.1 Determine the type of dominance in the diagram above. (1)
4.2.2 Use a Punnett square to determine the genotypes of the

F2-generation if the F1-offspring interbreed. (4)
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4.2.3 Assume that the F2-generation in QUESTION 4.2.2 produced

700 offspring.
Determine the following:
(a) Phenotypic ratio of the F2-generation (1)
(b) Number of pink offspring (Show the calculations.) (2)
(c) Percentage of red offspring (1)
4.3 A farmer breeds Hereford bulls with traditional Nguni-type cows. The offspring
tend to have a higher growth rate and are more resistant to parasites and
diseases.
4.3.1 Identify the animal breeding system applied in the scenario above. (1)
4.3.3 Deduce TWO characteristics of the offspring in the scenario above

that makes them better than the parents. (2)
4.3.4 State TWO advantages of inbreeding. (2)
4.4 Below is a pedigree diagram that shows the inheritance of disease resistance
in a family of goats. R represents high disease resistance and r represents
low disease resistance.
P1
1 2
F1 3 4 5 6
KEY: Low disease-resistant male
High disease-resistant male
High disease-resistant female
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4.4.1 Determine whether the following individuals are homozygous or

heterozygous:
(a) 4 (1)
(b) 5 (1)
4.4.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 4.4.1(b). (1)
4.4.3 Indicate the genotypes of the individuals below by referring to the

pedigree diagram above:
(a) 2 (1)
(b) 7 (1)
4.5 Mutations may make cells look and function differently from normal cells and
are sometimes caused by mutagenic agents.
4.5.1 Define the term mutation. (2)
4.5.2 Name TWO types of mutagenic agents. (2)
4.6 The diagram below represents the genetic modification technique in plants.
Desired genes
A B C D
tumefaciens DNA
4.6.1 Identify the genetic modification technique illustrated above. (1)
4.6.2 Label A and D. (2)
4.6.3 Define the structure represented by D. (2)
4.6.4 State ONE advantage of genetic modification over traditional methods. (1)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
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2021
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
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SC/NSC – Marking Guidelines
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 D 
1.1.2 B 
1.1.3 C 
1.1.4 C 
1.1.5 D 
1.1.6 C 
1.1.7 A 
1.1.8 B 
1.1.9 D 
1.1.10 B  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 D 
1.2.2 F 
1.2.3 H 
1.2.4 C 
1.2.5 B  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Shortage 

1.3.2 Contract 
1.3.3 Dominant 
1.3.4 Epistasis 
1.3.5 Heredity  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Green marketing/eco-labelling 

1.4.2 Motivation 
1.4.3 Pedigree 
1.4.4 Haemophilia 
1.4.5 Polygenic inheritance  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 100
SECTION B
2.1 Marketing
2.1.1 Definition of the concept marketing

The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing,
promotion  and distribution of ideas, goods and services to
consumers  (2)
2.1.2 The differences between marketing and selling

(a) Marketing  (1)
(b) Selling  (1)
(c) Selling  (1)
2.2 Inelasticity of demand
2.2.1 Deduction of the marketing concept

Price inelasticity of demand  (1)
2.2.2 A reason for the answer

The demand changed slightly despite the huge change in price  (1)
2.2.3 Explanation of the reason why consumers responded in this way

Maize meal is a necessity/staple food  people will therefore buy
maize meal even with a price increase  (2)
2.2.4 Identification of the factor leading to the differences in the

number bags demanded
Price  (1)
2.3 Cooperative marketing of avocadoes
2.3.1 Identification of the agricultural marketing system

Cooperative marketing  (1)
2.3.2 Indication of the role of agricultural marketing system

Production/selling/marketing  (1)
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2.3.3 TWO benefits for the marketing system to farmers

 Lower marketing costs/cost distribution 
 Requirements/services are supplied cheaper/bulk purchasing 
 More bargaining power 
 Access to funding/credit to producers 
 Higher prices are obtained 
 Elimination of the intermediaries 
 Potential for growth 
 Access to better infrastructure 
 Branding 
 Risk sharing 
 Farmer spend more time on producing than on marketing 
 Access to professional expertise  (Any 2) (2)
2.3.4 TWO factors that may hamper the marketing of avocadoes

 Perishability/spoilage 
 Seasonal fluctuations in production 
 Lack of capital 
 Poor infrastructure 
 Wide distribution of production areas 
 Ineffective control over production 
 Risk/theft/accidents 
 Standardization 
 Large volume in relation to value/bulkiness  (Any 2) (2)
2.4 Marketing function
2.4.1 Identification of the marketing function

Packaging  (1)
2.4.2 THREE characteristics of the cardboard boxes which make them

suitable
 Clean/dry/undamaged/suitable for the product 
 No foreign tastes/odours 
 Free of visible signs of fungal growth 
 Strong/rigid/solid 
 Recyclable/biodegradable 
 Easy to handle 
 Identification  (Any 3) (3)
2.4.3 Reason for using cardboard boxes with holes

Allow air flow/reduce spoilage/health reasons  (Any 1) (1)
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2.5 Drawing up a business plan
2.5.1 ONE aspect that should be included in

(a) The title page
 Name of the business/person 
 Logo 
 Address 
 Contact details of the business/person  (Any 1) (1)
(b) Human resource plan

 Number and type of employees 
 Competencies and skills needed  (Any 1) (1)
2.5.2 Indication of an electronic resource
Computer software programmes  (1)
 To test the feasibility/economic viability of the business idea 
 To secure funding 
 To determine financial needs/budget 
 To guide daily operations/outlines roles and responsibilities 
 To allow the entrepreneur to foresee problems 
 To reposition/analyse the business 
 To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities and
competitors 
 To ensure effective business management 
 Mapping out the objectives/goals of the enterprise 
 Provides information on the internal/external business
environment 
 Provision of time frames  (Any 2) (2)
2.5.4 ONE problem encountered when drawing up a business plan
 Incomplete/with gaps 
 Vague 
 Unrealistic assumptions/over ambitious 
 Hiding weaknesses and risks 
 Not taking the competition into account 
 Using the incorrect format 
 Insufficient research 
 Insufficient technical details  (Any 1) (1)
2.6.1 Rearrangement of the phases of the entrepreneurial process
 D (1)
 A (1)
 C (1)
 B (1)
Page 103
2.6.2 TWO aspects of the SWOT analysis
(a) Internal - Strength  weaknesses  (2)

(b) External - Opportunities  threats  (2)
[35]
3.1 Land
3.1.1 The life of soil is unlimited if used correctly - Durability  (1)
3.1.2 12% of the soil in South Africa can be cultivated - Availability  (1)
3.1.3 Soil may be damaged but cannot be destroyed - Indestructibility  (1)
3.2 TWO economic functions of land
 Land provides space/area 
 Provides raw materials 
 Provides minerals 
 Food security 
 Serves as collateral/security  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Labour
3.3.1 Labour legislation

Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997)/BCEA  (1)
3.3.2 TWO problems experienced by farm workers
 Long working hours 
 HIV/AIDS infections  (2)
3.3.3 TWO ways to address the impact of HIV/AIDS infections on

farms
 HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns/education/workshops 
 Provisions of condoms 
 Nutritional schemes 
 Provision of ARV's 
 Avoid multiple partners 
 Support groups 
 Treatment of STI’s  (Any 2) (2)
3.3.4 TWO types of temporary farm workers
 Casual worker 
 Seasonal worker  (2)
3.4 Income and expense record of a farm
3.4.1 Calculation of the profit or loss of the cattle enterprise

 Profit/loss = total income – total expenditure 
 = R455 000 – R13 041 
 Profit = R441 959  (3)
Page 104
3.4.2 Comparing the profit of the tomato and maize enterprises

 The profit of tomatoes is higher  than that of maize 
 The profit of maize is lower  than that of tomatoes  (Any 1) (2)
3.4.3 TWO overhead expense items

 Fuel 
 Truck licence  (2)
3.5 Capital
3.5.1 Indication of the types of capital

 Fixed 
 Movable 
 Floating/working/production  (Any 2) (2)
3.5.2 Total value of the assets

R20 300 000  (1)
3.5.3 Deduction of the type of credit obtained by the farmer

Medium term credit  (1)
3.5.4 Justification of the answer

It is used to purchase movable capital/truck  (1)
3.5.5 Capital item regarded as a liability

Truck  (1)
3.6 Graph
Bar graph showing the prices of animal products in 2010 and 2020
Price of animal products in 2010 and 2020

10000
9000
2010 2020
8000
7000
Price (c/kg)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Chicken Beef Lamb Pork
Products
Page 105
 X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Products) 
 Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price) 
 Correct units (c/kg) 
 Bar graph 
 Accuracy  (6)
3.7 Differentiation between the internal and external forces
Internal forces - Those that have their origin on the farm and can be dealt
with on the farm  (1)
External forces - Those factors the farmer has no control over  (1)
3.8 Definition of risk sharing as a strategy of management
The strategy in which the cost of consequences of a risk  is distributed
amongst several stakeholders  (2)
[35]
4.1 Variation
4.1.1 Identification of the number of cows with the highest milk yield
6 (1)
4.1.2 Identification of the factor leading to the differences in milk yield

Feeding/Nutrition  (1)
4.1.3 Indication of the cause of the differences in milk production

Environmental  (1)
4.1.4 TWO genetic causes of variation

 Meiosis/crossing over/recombination of genes 
 Fertilisation 
 Mutation  (Any 2) (2)
4.2 Crossing of white rose with a red rose to produce pink flowers
4.2.1 Determination of the type of dominance

Incomplete dominance  (1)
4.2.2 Punnett square determining the genotypes/phenotypes of the F2
Gametes R W
R RR RW
W RW WW
MARKING CRITERIA
 Correct gametes for parent 1 
 Correct gametes for parent 2 
 Punnett square with gametes and offspring  (4)
Page 106
4.2.3 (a) Phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation

1 red : 2 pink : 1 white  (1)
(b) Calculation of the pink offspring
 2 x 700 
4
 = 350  (2)
(c) The percentage of red offspring - 25%  (1)
4.3.1 Identification of the animal breeding system

Cross breeding  (1)
4.3.2 Reason for the answer

Two different breeds are crossed/Hereford and Nguni  (1)
4.3.3 TWO characteristics of the offspring that makes it better

 Higher growth rate 
 More resistant to pests/parasites/diseases  (2)
4.3.4 TWO advantages of inbreeding

 Uniform/homozygous offspring are produced 
 Farmer obtain pure-bred groups 
 Good characteristics from the ancestors are maintained 
 Bad recessive genes can be eliminated 
 Help with selection between family groups 
 Herd has greater prepotency  (Any 2) (2)
4.4 Pedigree
4.4.1 Determination of homozygous or heterozygous

(a) 4 - Homozygous  (1)
(b) 5 - Heterozygous  (1)
4.4.2 Reason for the answer

The offspring has the recessive allele from the male parent/offspring 7
is homozygous recessive because it received one of its recessive
allele from parent 5  (1)
4.4.3 Indicate the genotype of individual:

(a) 2 - Rr  (1)
(b) 7 - rr  (1)
4.5 Mutations
4.5.1 Definition of mutation

Is a sudden change  in the genetic composition of an organism  (2)
Page 107
4.5.2 TWO types of mutagenic agents

 Physical 
 Chemical 
 Biological  (Any 2) (2)
4.6 Genetic modification technique in plants
4.6.1 Identification of the genetic modification technique

Agrobacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers  (1)
4.6.2 Labelling structures

A - Recombinant plasmid  (1)
D - Transgenic plant/Genetically modified plant/GMO  (1)
4.6.3 Definition of genetically modified plant

A plant whose DNA has been manipulated through technology  to
change its original DNA  (2)
4.6.4 ONE advantage of genetic modification

 It is faster 
 More precise 
 Not limited to organisms of the same species  (Any 1) (1)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 108
SENIOR CERTIFICATE/
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2020
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 109
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SECTION B.
question paper.
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 A free marketing channel where goods are sold to the highest
bidder is known as … marketing.
A farm gate
B direct sale
C internet
D stock sale
1.1.2 Which ONE of the following elements of a SWOT analysis is

a strength of a business?
A Consumers cannot easily access the market

B Production of high-quality products
C High demand for a product
D Many producers selling a product
1.1.3 This process involves the production of the product and moving it
to consumers:
A Marketing
B Processing
C Standardisation
D Grading
1.1.4 Oversupply in a market can be avoided by the following:
(i) Converting excess produce to other consumable products

(ii) Entering into future contracts with wholesalers
(iii) Increasing the price of the produce
(iv) Having a storage facility

1.1.5 The following represents a fixed capital item:
A A tractor
B A dam
C Fuel
D Seed
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1.1.6 A production factor that is also regarded as capital:
A Land
B Labour
C Management
D Money
1.1.7 A number of different production enterprises on a farm is referred

to as …
A specialisation.
B flexibility.
C diversification.
D hedging.
1.1.8 The creation of capital by borrowing from financial institutions is

called …
A credit.
B a grant.
C capital.
D debt.
1.1.9 The following are the main types of gene mutation:
(i) Insertion
(ii) Duplication
(iii) Inversion
(iv) Deletion
A (ii), (iii) and (iv)

B (i), (iii) and (iv)
1.1.10 ONE of the following is NOT Mendel's law of inheritance:
A Law of dominance
B Law of diminishing returns
C Law of segregation
D Law of independent assortment (10 x 2) (20)
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1.2 Choose a term/phrase from COLUMN B that matches a description in

COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–H) next to the question numbers
(1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 K.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Method of promotion whereby A price fixing
consumers are allowed to taste
a product B inventory
1.2.2 A condition where a price is C in-store promotion

held constant regardless of the
cost of production D net worth
1.2.3 A list of all the capital goods on E budget

a farm
F dominant
1.2.4 The difference between assets
and liabilities G recessive
1.2.5 An allele that is not expressed H advertising

in the phenotype of a
heterozygous organism
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 The situation in a market where the quantity of products supplied is

exactly equal to the quantity demanded
1.3.2 The type of labour employed to build a kraal
1.3.3 Form of biotechnology that produces a genetically modified

organism
1.3.4 The crossing of farm animals from different species
1.3.5 The degree to which a characteristic is determined more by genes

than by environmental factors (5 x 2) (10)
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1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in each of the following statements to

1.4.1 Multi-segment is a marketing approach where products are

responded to and marketed in an environmentally sensitive way.
1.4.2 A permit is a legally binding document between two parties.
1.4.3 The selection of animals based on the performance of their siblings

is known as mass selection.
1.4.4 An estimate of how much better or less than average an offspring

will be for a particular characteristic is known as breeding.
1.4.5 Atavism is when one parent has greater than usual ability to
transfer traits to the offspring. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 The pictures below illustrate the functions of marketing.
2.1.1 Identify the marketing functions illustrated in B and C. (2)
2.1.2 State TWO guidelines for the marketing function in C. (2)
2.1.3 Name TWO advantages of the marketing function in A. (2)
2.2 The table below shows the demand of two products at different prices.
PRICE PER BAG (R) QUANTITY DEMANDED (kg)

PRODUCT 1 PRODUCT 2
R5 600 2 500
R10 500 2 300
R15 400 2 000
R20 300 2 000
R25 200 2 000
R30 100 2 000
2.2.1 Draw a line graph showing the quantity of PRODUCT 1 demanded

at the different prices. (6)
2.2.2 Identify the product (1 or 2) in the table that reflects the law of
demand. (1)
2.2.4 Name the form of elasticity displayed in PRODUCT 1 and

PRODUCT 2. (2)
2.2.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 2.2.4 for EACH of the
products. (2)
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2.3 In a free-market system, producers sell their produce whenever and wherever
they want at a price agreed upon by both the buyer and the seller.
2.3.1 Identify an advantage of a free-market system for the consumer. (1)
2.3.2 Name TWO disadvantages of a free-market system for the

producer. (2)
2.3.3 State TWO marketing channels which the producers in a free-

market system can use to market their produce. (2)
2.4 The flow chart below represents a marketing chain.
A B C
Farm Product Processing

preparation factory
Supermarket
Retailer
2.4.1 Identify the marketing chain illustrated above. (1)
2.4.2 Name the factor that may hamper the marketing at stage E if fewer
products are sold. (1)
2.4.3 Indicate TWO ways to improve the agribusiness chain between

stage A and stage E. (2)
2.5 The following are personal characteristics that make an entrepreneur succeed
in a business.
perseverance; innovation; risk-taking;
confidence; interpersonal skills
2.5.1 Choose a personal characteristic of an entrepreneur above that
matches EACH of the following statements:
(a) Finding ways of generating new ideas to overcome challenges (1)
(b) Ability to interact with people (1)
(c) Does not give up easily even in difficult times (1)
(d) Buying new equipment hoping that it will increase production (1)
2.5.2 Name TWO phases of the entrepreneurial process. (2)
2.5.3 State TWO problems that the entrepreneur may encounter when
drawing up a business plan. (2)
[35]
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3.1 An Agricultural Sciences graduate wanted money to buy a farm and start a
farming enterprise. The graduate managed to get money on credit.
3.1.1 Indicate the type of credit obtained to buy the farm. (1)
3.1.2 Explain the type of credit indicated in QUESTION 3.1.1. (2)
3.1.3 Identify TWO problems with capital that the graduate may
experience. (2)
3.1.4 State TWO other ways of creating capital. (2)
3.2 Farming is a business that requires management as a production factor to

manage it effectively.
3.2.2 List THREE main components of management. (3)
3.3 The following are external forces that affect a business.
Environmental forces Economic forces
Legal forces
Technological forces Sociocultural forces
Match the external forces above with the descriptions below.
3.3.1 Affects a farming business through the inflation rate (1)
3.3.2 The way a farming business provides working conditions for its
labour force (1)
3.3.3 A change in the population demographics, such as age, race and

gender, can affect customers' needs and wants (1)
3.3.4 The impact of drought and flooding on a farming business (1)
3.3.5 The effect of infrastructure and telecommunications on a farming

business (1)
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3.4 LABOUR LEGISLATION
3.4.1 Name THREE aspects in the contract of a farm worker that

address the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 75
of 1997). (3)
3.4.2 Indicate the legislation that makes provision for farm workers to do
the following:
(a) Wear gumboots and overalls during the milking process (1)
(b) The right to strike and unfair labour practices (1)
3.5 Soil may be damaged, but cannot be destroyed.
3.5.1 Indicate an economic characteristic of land represented by the

statement above. (1)
3.5.2 State any THREE other economic characteristics of land. (3)
3.5.3 Name TWO methods that can be used to improve soil productivity. (2)
3.6 The table below shows a broiler production budget.
EXPENDITURE ITEMS INCOME

(RAND) (RAND)
Cost price of 1 500 broilers 1 500 Sales of 1 450 broilers 79 750
Feed (starter, grower and 45 000 Sales of manure 3 700
finisher)
Electricity and water 6 000
Vaccines 800
Saw dust 700
Wages 1 600
Insurance 800
Total:
3.6.1 Identify, in the table above, an example of:
(a) Fixed costs (1)
(b) Variable costs (1)
3.6.2 Calculate the profit/loss of the budget above. (3)
3.6.3 Name TWO types of budgets on a farm. (2)

[35]
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4.1 In Nguni cattle the black (B) colour is dominant over the white (b) colour.
A homozygous black bull is crossed with a homozygous white cow.
4.1.1 Determine the genotype of the cow. (1)

4.1.2 Draw a Punnett square to determine the phenotype of the
F1-generation. (4)
4.1.3 Name the type of dominance that occurs in Nguni cattle. (1)
4.1.4 Give a reason to motivate the answer to QUESTION 4.1.3. (1)
4.2 Fruit colour in plants is controlled by two alleles, black (B) and red (b). Fruit
shape is controlled by two alleles, round (R) and wrinkled (r). Black and round
are dominant over red and wrinkled respectively. Two plants, heterozygous
for both characteristics, were crossed.
Characteristic 1: (Colour)
B - Black
b - Red
Characteristic 2: (Shape)
R - Round
r - Wrinkled
The table below shows the possible genotypes of the offspring of the first
generation.
BR Br bR br
BR BBRR BBRr BbRR BbRr
Br BBRr BBrr BbRr Bbrr
bR BbRR BbRr bbRR bbRr
br BbRr Bbrr bbRr bbrr
4.2.1 Identify the type of crossing represented above. (1)

4.2.3 Name ONE genotype of the offspring which is different from that of
parents in the Punnett square above, that will give rise to the
phenotype that is similar to that of the parents. (1)
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4.3 Parents:
RR WW
Red
Red White
RW
F1 Pink
4.3.1 Indicate whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous. (1)
4.3.3 Determine the following after interbreeding of the F1-offspring:
(a) The phenotypic ratio of the F2-generation (1)
(b) The percentage of red offspring (1)
4.4 Genotypically identical maize seeds were planted in different areas of the
province. The seeds were planted at the same time. The table below shows
the height of the maize plants after three months.
AREA HEIGHT
A Tall
B Dwarf
C Medium
4.4.1 Indicate the genetic phenomenon illustrated in the table above. (1)
4.4.2 Define the genetic phenomenon in QUESTION 4.4.1. (2)
4.4.3 Name THREE environmental factors that may have contributed to

the difference in height of the maize plants. (3)
4.4.4 If two different cultivars of maize are crossed the offspring normally
shows a very large and drastic improvement in yield. Give a
scientific term for this improvement. (1)
4.4.5 Name the type of breeding system given in the statement in

QUESTION 4.4.4. (1)
4.5 The height of a tomato plant is controlled by two pairs of genes. The base
height of a recessive plant (aabb) is 30 cm. Each additive allele contributes
10 cm to the base height.
4.5.1 Define the concept polygenic inheritance. (2)
4.5.2 Determine the height of an AABB tomato plant. (2)
4.5.3 Name the THREE different genotypes of a 50 cm tomato plant. (3)
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4.6 GENETIC MODIFICATION
4.6.1 Name TWO techniques that can be used to modify plants. (2)
4.6.2 State TWO advantages of GM crops. (2)
4.6.3 Indicate TWO disadvantages of GM crops. (2)

[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 121
SENIOR CERTIFICATE/
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2020
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 122
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 D 
1.1.2 B 
1.1.3 A 
1.1.4 C 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 A 
1.1.7 C 
1.1.8 A 
1.1.9 B 
1.1.10 B  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 C 
1.2.2 A 
1.2.3 B 
1.2.4 D 
1.2.5 G  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Market equilibrium 

1.3.2 Casual/temporary 
1.3.3 Genetic modification/Genetic engineering/manipulation 
1.3.4 Species crossing 
1.3.5 Heritability  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Green/eco/sustainable agricultural marketing 

1.4.2 Contract  o
1.4.3 Family 
1.4.4 Estimated breeding value/EBV 
1.4.5 Prepotency  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 123
SECTION B
2.1 Functions of marketing
2.1.1 Identification of the marketing function

B - Transportation  (1)
C - Packaging  (1)
2.1.2 TWO guidelines of packaging

 Provide information about the product/identification 
 Convenient for handling/containment 
 Biodegradable/recyclable 
 Free from chemicals/foreign objects 
 Protection against mechanical damage  (Any 2) (2)
(2)
2.1.3 TWO advantages of processing

 Increases the value of the product 
 Overcome over-supply of the product 
 Allows easier packaging and handling of product/
easy to transport/convenience 
 Provide job opportunities 
 Ensures the availability of product throughout the year 
 Reduces spoilage/perishability/longer shelf life 
 Ensures food security 
 Improved food safety 
 Makes the products more appealing to the consumer  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 2.2.1 Line graph
The demand of product 1 at different prices

35
30
Price per bag (R)
25
20
15
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600
Quantity demanded (kg)
Page 124
Criteria/rubric/marking guideline
 X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantity demanded) 
 Y-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price per bag) 
 Line graph 
 Correct units (R and kg) 
2.2.2 Identification of the product reflecting law of demand

Product 1  (1)
2.2.3 Justification
The lower the price, the higher the demand 
OR
The higher the price, the lower the demand  (Any 1) (1)
2.2.4 Indication of the form of elasticity

PRODUCT 1 - Price elasticity of demand  (1)
PRODUCT 2 - Price inelasticity of demand  (1)
2.2.5 Reason
PRODUCT 1 - Demand changed drastically with change in price  (1)
PRODUCT 2 - Demand remained high/constant despite the change
in price  (1)
2.3 Free market system
2.3.1 Advantage of a free marketing system to the consumer

 Consumer can benefit from better quality products/
fresh produce 
 Consumer can bargain through negotiating price 
 Consumer can buy wherever they want 
 Produce are cheaper as there is no intermediaries  (Any 1) (1)
2.3.2 TWO disadvantages of free marketing system for the producer

 Greater price fluctuation 
 High market costs as marketing takes place on a small scale 
 Time is spent on marketing/producer responsible for marketing 
 Limited bargaining power/the producer acts as an individual 
 Smaller profit if the agent is not fully active 
 Greater financial loss if wrong decisions are made 
 Highly competitive 
 Risk/theft  (Any 2) (2)
2.3.3 TWO free marketing channels

 Farm gate marketing 
 Fresh produce markets 
 Stock sales/auction 
 Direct/contract marketing 
 Internet marketing  (Any 2) (2)
Page 125
2.4 Marketing chain
2.4.1 Identification of the marketing chain

Supply/Agri-business chain  (1)
2.4.2 Factor that may hamper the marketing at stage E

 Spoilage/perishability/lack of storage facilities 
 Accidents/theft  (Any 1) (1)
2.4.3 TWO ways to improve agri-business chain

 Improving road infrastructure 
 Improving access to market information 
 Providing storage facilities to prevent oversupply 
 Processing products close to where they are produced to
reduce transportation costs 
 Use of refrigerated transport to prevent spoilage/perishability 
 Provision of access to finance 
 Grading/standardisation 
 Collective marketing  (Any 2) (2)
2.5.1 Personal characteristics of an entrepreneur

(a) - Innovation  (1)
(b) - Interpersonal skill  (1)
(c) - Perseverance  (1)
(d) - Risk taking  (1)
2.5.2 TWO phases of entrepreneurial process

 Identification of the business opportunities 
 Evaluating the opportunity 
 Developing a business plan/planning 
 Resource mobilization 
 Starting and managing the business  (Any 2) (2)
2.5.3 TWO problems of drawing up a business plan

 Incomplete/incorrect financials details 
 Vague business plan 
 Unrealistic assumptions/over ambitiousness 
 Ignore risks/hiding weaknesses 
 Not highlighting potential competitors/competition 
 Who and where are the suppliers 
 Leaving gaps/leaving out technical details 
 Using the incorrect format 
 Insufficient research  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
Page 126
3.1 Capital
3.1.1 Identification of the type of credit

Long-term credit  (1)
3.1.2 Explanation of long-term credit

 Used to buy fixed capital assets 
 Repayable over a period of 10 - 30 years 
 At a lower interest rate 
 Offered by the financial institutions/Land Bank  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.3 Problems related to capital

 Capital is scarce 
 Total amount due is high/capital is expensive 
 High risk factor  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.4 TWO other ways of creating capital

 Savings 
 Production/sales 
 Grants 
 Inheritance 
 Gifts/donation/lottery 
 Potential investors/business partners  (Any 2) (2)
3.2 Management
3.2.1 Definition of management

The effective combination/coordination of resources 
to achieve a specific goal/maximise profit  (2)
3.2.2 THREE main components of management

 Set goals 
 Planning 
 Organising/coordination/implementation 
 Directing/leading 
 Control/monitoring/supervision 
 Decision making 
 Communication  (Any 3) (3)
3.3 External forces that effect a business
3.3.1 Economic forces  (1)
3.3.2 Legal forces  (1)
3.3.3 Socio-cultural forces  (1)
3.3.4 Environmental forces  (1)
3.3.5 Technological forces  (1)
Page 127
3.4 Labour legislation
3.4.1 THREE aspects in the contract of a farm worker

 Details of the employee 
 Leave 
 Working hours 
 Working on Sundays/public holidays 
 Daily and weekly rest periods/meal intervals 
 Deductions 
 Wages/pay slip/method of payment/allowance 
 Overtime 
 Termination of employment 
 Job description  (Any 3) (3)
3.4.2 Indication of the legislations

(a) Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)  (1)
(b) Labour Relations Act (Act 66 of 1995)  (1)
3.5 Land
3.5.1 Indication of an economic characteristic of land represented

Land cannot be destroyed/indestructibility  (1)
3.5.2 Other THREE economic characteristic of land

 Land is subject to the law of diminishing returns 
 Land is durable 
 Land can be bought/sold/has value 
 Good agricultural land is limited 
 Land is found in a specific environment 
 Available agricultural land is limited/availability 
 Differences with regard to production potential/restrictedness 
 The value of land appreciates over time 
 It is a passive factor of production 
 It is a primary factor of production  (Any 3) (3)
3.5.3 TWO methods to improve land productivity

 Water supply/provision 
 Farming land more efficiently/
consolidation of uneconomic farm units 
 Improving soil fertility/restoring land potential 
 Changing cropping practices and farming systems
 Use of scientific farming methods  (Any 2) (2)
3.6 Budget
3.6.1 Identification of
(a) Fixed costs - Insurance  (1)
(b) Variable costs - Feed/sawdust/electricity/water/vaccines/
broilers/wages  (Any 1) (1)
Page 128
3.6.2 Calculation of a profit/loss

Profit/loss = Total Income – Total Expenditure 
= R83 450 – R56 400 
= R27 050 
OR
= R83 450  – R56 400 
= R27 050  (3)
3.6.3 TWO types of budget

 Whole farm budget 
 Enterprise budget 
 Partial budget  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
4.1 Monohybrid crossing
4.1.1 Determination of the female genotype

bb  (1)
4.1.2 Punnet square
♀
♂ b b
B Bb Bb
B Bb Bb
MARKING CRITERIA
 Correct male gametes 
 Punnet square with gametes and offspring 
 All the offspring are black  (4)
4.1.3 Identification of the type of dominance

Complete dominance  (1)
4.1.4 Reason
Black colour is dominant over white colour/white colour is recessive
to black colour/one allele masks/over shadows the other  (1)
4.2 Dihybrid crossing
4.2.1 Identification of the type of crossing

Dihybrid crossing  (1)
4.2.2 REASON
This crossing involves two different characteristics/
colour and shape  (1)
Page 129
4.2.3 ONE of the offspring which is different from that of parents

 BBRr 
 BBRR 
 BbRR  (Any 1) (1)
4.3 Pedigree diagram
4.3.1 Indication of homozygous or heterozygous

Homozygous  (1)
4.3.2 Reason to motivate for homozygous

Similar alleles  (1)
4.3.3 Determination of
(a) F2 phenotype: 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white  (1)
(b) Percentage of red offspring - 25%  (1)
4.4 Variation
4.4.1 Indication of the genetic phenomenon

Variation  (1)
4.4.2 Definition of the genetic phenomenon

 The difference that occurs amongst individuals 
of the same species 
 Difference in the genotype and phenotype  of the same
species  (Any 1) (2)
4.4.3 THREE environmental factors

 Soil factors 
 Temperature 
 Light intensity 
 Diseases and pests 
 Moisture/water content 
 Topography 
 Nutrition  (Any 3) (3)
4.4.4 Scientific term for the improvement

Heterosis/hybrid vigour  (1)
4.4.5 The type of breeding system

Cross breeding  (1)
4.5 Polygenic inheritance
4.5.1 Definition of polygenic inheritance

Characteristic that is determined  by many different genes  (2)
4.5.2 Determination of the height of an AABB

30 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm 
= 70 cm  (2)
Page 130
4.5.3 THREE different genotypes of a 50 cm tomato plant

 AAbb 
 aaBB 
 AaBb  (3)
4.6.1 TWO techniques that can be used to modify plants

 Agro-bacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers 
 Viral carriers 
 Biolistic 
 Calcium phosphate precipitation 
 Electroporation 
 Gene slicing 
 Gene silencing 
 Lipofection 
 Micro-injection 
 Chemicalporation  (Any 2) (2)
4.6.2 TWO advantages of GM crops

 Improving the shelf life of produce 
 Improving the nutritional value of food 
 More resistance to insects/pests/diseases 
 Resistance to weed killers 
 More resistance to adverse environmental influences/factors 
 Increased yield  (Any 2) (2)
4.6.3 TWO disadvantages of GM crops

 Health risks 
 Environmental risks 
 Personal/ethical/socio-cultural concerns 
 Reduced biodiversity 
 Socio-economic risks/expensive to emerging farmers  Any 2) (2)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Page 131
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2019
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 132
NSC

SECTION B.
question paper.
Page 133
NSC
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 A.
1.1.1 ONE of the following factors will influence the supply and demand of a
product:
A Increasing the supply of the product

B The range of products available
C The price of the product
D The attitude and values of consumers
1.1.2 The process whereby products are moved from the farm to the
consumer:
A Grading
B Processing
C Standardisation
D Transportation
1.1.3 A measure of how much the demand for a product changes if there is
a change in price:
A Equilibrium
B Fluctuation
C Price elasticity of demand
D Price elasticity of supply
1.1.4 The practice of putting labels on products to promote them as

environmentally friendly:
A Sustainable marketing
B Green marketing
C Standard labelling
D Ecolabelling
1.1.5 ONE of the following is NOT an example of labour legislation:
A Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993, (Act 85 of 1993)

B Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1993, (Act 18 of 1993)
C Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 75 of 1997)
D Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995)
1.1.6 An example of production capital in a dairy enterprise:
A Silage
B Breeding cows
C Electric fence
D Milking machines
Page 134
NSC
1.1.7 The net worth of a business is defined as the …
A total assets of the business minus the liabilities.

B owner's equity.
C expenditure of the business minus the income.
D total assets of the business plus liabilities.
1.1.8 ONE of the following is NOT an economic characteristic of land:
A Soil is found in a specific environment

B Soil is destructible
C Soil is durable
D Soil has different production potentials
1.1.9 The following with regard to family selection are TRUE:
(i) Based on the performance of its own relatives

(ii) Faster than pedigree selection
(iii) The most accurate method
(iv) Based on one generation
A (ii), (iii) and (iv)

1.1.10 The pictures below are an example of …
PHENOTYPE WHITE BLACK SPECKLED

GENOTYPE WW BB BW
A partial dominance.
B co-dominance.
C complete dominance.
D incomplete dominance. (10 x 2) (20)
Page 135
NSC
1.2 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 The process of planning, A overhead costs
production, pricing, promotion
and distribution of goods and B elasticity of demand
services
C law of independent assortment
1.2.2 The quantity of products
offered exceeds the quantity D land
required
E surplus
1.2.3 An area used for agricultural
production F law of segregation
1.2.4 The costs that are not limited G variable costs

to a specific enterprise in a
farming business H marketing
1.2.5 The inheritance of one trait

does not depend on the
inheritance of another
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 A marketing approach that focuses on the needs of only a small

portion of the mainstream consumers
1.3.2 The process of developing long-term and short-term objectives for

the farm business
1.3.3 The use of statistics to analyse biological data
1.3.4 A pattern of inheritance which involves more than two alleles
1.3.5 An organism with genes from another organism (5 x 2) (10)
Page 136
NSC
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in EACH of the following statements to

1.4.1 An agri-agent recognises opportunities and is willing to take the

risk of starting a new business.
1.4.2 Overcapitalisation is when too little capital is invested in a farming

enterprise in relation to other production factors.
1.4.3 A syringe is an apparatus used to fire desired genes into a plant.
1.4.4 The expression of one gene that is influenced by another gene is

referred to as atavism.
1.4.5 Prepotency is the degree to which a characteristic is influenced by

genes. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 137
NSC
SECTION B
2.1 A business plan explains how an entrepreneur wants to start a business, as

well as its goals and objectives.
2.1.2 State TWO factors that should be considered when developing a

market. (2)
2.2 A subsistence farmer producing watermelons and spinach wants to sell the
products for additional income and to grow the business.
2.2.1 Name TWO factors that the farmer should consider when setting the
prices of the produce. (2)
2.2.2 State TWO ways that the farmer can use to promote the produce. (2)
2.3 The table below summarises supply and demand of sugar cane.
TIME (YEARS)
2015 2016 2017 2018
Sugar cane supplied (million tons) 180 190 200 220
Price per ton (R/ton) 450 500 650 720
Sugar cane demanded (million tons) 230 210 175 165
2.3.1 Use the data in the table above to draw a bar graph showing the
supply and demand of sugar cane from 2015 to 2018. (6)
2.3.2 Deduce the relationship between the supply and demand of sugar
cane from 2015 to 2018. (2)
2.4 The diagram below gives the descriptions of the different main phases of the
entrepreneurial process.
Prepare an Actions to
(A) operational Mobilise serve the
resources market (C)
plan (B)
Identify the phases of the entrepreneurial processes represented

C by A, B
and C. Write down the letter (A to C) and the correct answer. (3)
Page 138
NSC
2.5 Different marketing functions need to be performed for effective marketing of

products.
2.5.1 Give a marketing function that matches EACH of the following
statements:
(a) Products are placed into boxes. (1)
(b) Products are kept in a cool place giving them a longer
shelf-life. (1)
(c) Changing a product from its raw form. (1)
2.5.2 Give TWO advantages of the processing of agricultural products. (2)
2.6 The marketing channels below are related to a free marketing system.
2.6.1 Give ONE marketing channel for EACH of the statements by
choosing from the list below. Write only the channel next to the
question numbers (2.6.1(a) to 2.6.1(c)) in the ANSWER BOOK.
internet marketing; stock sales; fresh produce market;
farm-gate marketing; contract marketing
(a) A farmer sells spinach direct from the farm. (1)
(b) Goats, sheep and cattle are sold to the highest bidder. (1)
(c) Products are electronically advertised and sold. (1)
2.6.2 Name TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system. (2)
2.7 The line graph below shows the equilibrium price for a particular agricultural
product.
60
A B
50
Equilibrium price
40
Price
30
20
10
0
Quantity
2.7.1 Identify lines A and B. (2)

2.7.2 Define the concept equilibrium price. (2)
2.7.3 Give TWO factors, other than the price, that can affect line A. (2)
[35]
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3.1 The graph below shows the different skills of a farmer and a farm worker.
120
Farmer Farm worker
100
80
Capabilities (%)
60
40
20
0
Financial Entrepreneurship Problem-solving Technical
Management (A) (B) (C) (D)
Skills
3.1.1 From the graph above, deduce the production factor that is
represented by high financial management capability. (1)
3.1.2 Name TWO management skills needed to run a successful business

other than those in the graph. (2)
3.1.3 Compare skills C and D of a farm worker with those of a farmer. (4)
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3.2 The table below shows the income and expenditure of a farm for July.
EXPENDITURE INCOME
COST COST
DATE ITEM DATE ITEM
(R) (R)
02/07 Transport 1 000 04/07 Tomatoes 2 800
06/07 Manure 620 06/07 Tomatoes 2 940
06/07 Pesticides 750 07/07 Sheep 9 080
06/07 Rent 2 250 08/07 Onions 3 010
12/07 Fuel 2 650 10/07 Old cows 45 500
15/07 Insurance 1 100 11/07 Tomatoes 2 140
20/07 Electricity 455 26/07 Onions 2 100
3.2.1 Identify the financial document in the table above. (1)
3.2.2 Identify TWO examples of EACH of the following costs in the table
above:
(a) Fixed cost items (2)
(b) Variable cost items (2)
3.2.3 Use the table above and calculate the total income from tomatoes.
Show ALL calculations. (2)
3.2.4 Give TWO reasons for keeping financial records. (2)
3.3 A farmer took out a loan of R195 000 for production purposes payable at an
interest rate of 11.5% per annum over a period of one year. At the end of the
financial year the farmer generated R240 000.
3.3.1 From the scenario above, deduce the type of credit obtained by the
farmer. (1)
3.3.2 Calculate the interest the farmer will pay back to the financial institution.
Show ALL calculations. (2)
3.3.3 Calculate the net income to determine the profitability of this farming
enterprise. Show ALL calculations. (3)
3.3.4 State whether this farming enterprise is sustainable or not. (1)
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3.4 The picture below represents a production factor.
3.4.1 Identify the production factor represented by A in the picture above. (1)
3.4.2 Differentiate between a casual farm worker and a seasonal farm (2)
worker.
3.4.3 Give THREE problems associated with farm workers. (3)
3.5 Land is a production factor which is subjected to the law of diminishing

returns.
3.5.1 Explain the law of diminishing returns as an economic characteristic

of land. (3)
3.5.2 Name TWO functions of land. (2)

[35]
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4.1 A pure-breed black cow is crossed with a pure-breed red bull. The offspring of
the F1 generation have a black colour. Use the letters B and b to answer the
following questions.
4.1.1 Indicate whether black or red colour is dominant. (1)
4.1.3 Determine the following:
(a) Genotype of the cow (1)
(b) Genotype of the offspring (1)
4.2 The diagram below represents a type of crossing between two pea varieties
showing two genes (colour and texture).
Characteristic 1: Colour Characteristic 2: Texture

G – Green R – Rough
g – Yellow r – Smooth
GAMETES GR Gr gR gr
GR GGRR GGRr GgRR GgRr

Gr GGRr GGrr GgRr Ggrr
gR GgRR GgRr ggRR ggRr
gr GgRr Ggrr ggRr ggrr
4.2.1 Identify the type of crossing above. (1)
4.2.3 Determine TWO possible phenotypes of the F1 generation. (2)
4.2.4 Calculate the percentage of offspring that have yellow and smooth
pea seeds. Show ALL calculations. (2)
4.3 The differences in the phenotypes of plants and animals of the same species
are influenced by both the genes and the environment.
4.3.1 Give a genetic term for the phenomenon in the statement above. (1)
4.3.2 Name TWO environmental factors that can have an effect on this
phenomenon. (2)
4.3.3 Give TWO types of selection. (2)
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4.4 The pictures below show two different breeds of farm animals.
BEEF BREED DAIRY BREED
4.4.1 Name the breeding system if the animals in the pictures above are
allowed to breed. (1)
4.4.3 State TWO advantages of the breeding system in QUESTION 4.4.1. (2)
4.4.4 Name TWO disadvantages of inbreeding. (2)
4.5 A homozygous brown ewe (A) was mated with a homozygous

white ram (a). The F1 offspring were all brown. The F1 ewes were mated with
an unknown ram and all the F2 generation offspring were brown.
4.5.1 Draw a Punnet square to illustrate the F2 generation. (4)
4.5.2 Indicate the following:
(a) Genotypic ratio of the F2 generation (1)
(b) The number of white offspring in the F2 generation (1)
4.6 The length of a maize plant is controlled by three pairs of genes. Assume that
the base length of the recessive (aabbdd) maize plant is 40 cm. Each
additive allele contributes 5 cm to the base length.
4.6.1 Determine the genotype of the highest maize plant. (1)
4.6.2 Calculate the height of the highest maize plant. Show ALL
calculations. (2)
4.6.3 Name TWO genotypes that will give rise to a maize plant with a
height of 55 cm. (2)
4.7 Give THREE techniques to genetically modify farm animals. (3)

[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
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Page 144
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2019
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 145
NSC – Marking guidelines
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 C 
1.1.2 D 
1.1.3 C 
1.1.4 D 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 A 
1.1.7 A 
1.1.8 B 
1.1.9 C 
1.1.10 B  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 H 
1.2.2 E 
1.2.3 D 
1.2.4 A 
1.2.5 C  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Niche marketing 

1.3.2 Planning 
1.3.3 Biometrics/biostatistics 
1.3.4 Multiple alleles 
1.3.5 Transgenic/GMO  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Entrepreneur/agripreneur 

1.4.2 Undercapitalisation  o
1.4.3 Gene gun 
1.4.4 Epistasis 
1.4.5 Heritability  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 146
SECTION B
2.1 Business plan
2.1.1 TWO reasons for drawing a business plan
• Test the feasibility/economic viability of the enterprise 
• Determine the financial needs of the enterprise 
• To secure funding/attract investors 
• To ensure effective business management 
• To foresee problems 
• Gain knowledge of marketing opportunities/competitors 
• Repositioning of the enterprise/analysis of the business 
• Guide daily operations/outlines roles and responsibilities 
• Mapping out the objectives/goals of the enterprise 
• Provide information on internal/external business environment 
• Provide guidelines for decision making  (Any 2) (2)
2.1.2 TWO factors to be considered when developing a market

• Consumers/customers 
• Competitors 
• Market requirements/conditions 
• Target markets 
• Number of products 
• Investors’ wants 
• Price 
• Promotion 
• Placement/distribution  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 A subsistence farmer producing watermelons and spinach
2.2.1 TWO factors the farmer needs to consider when setting prices
• Costs 
• Demand 
• Supply 
• Competition/going rate 
• Profit margins 
• Quality/grading 
• Specific market  (Any 2) (2)
2.2.2 TWO ways to promote produce

• Advertisement/branding 
• In-store promotion/specials/discounts 
• Direct mailing 
• Trade fares and exhibition 
• Personal selling 
• Online/internet/social media marketing 
• Sponsorships 
• Posters/flyers/brochures/billboards  (Any 2) (2)
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2.3 Bar graph on the supply and demand of sugar cane
2.3.1 Bar graph on the supply and demand of sugar cane
The demand
The demand and
and supply
supply of
of sugar
sugar cane from 2013
2015 - 2016
2018
Quantity/supply and demand (mil. tons)
250
Supply Demand
Quantity (million tons)
200
150
100
50
0
2015
2013 2016
2014 2017
2015 2018
2016
Time (years)
• Correct heading 
• X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Time/years) 
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label
(Quantity/supply and demand) 
• Correct units (Million ton) 
• Bar graph 
• Accuracy  (6)
2.3.2 Relationship between the supply and demand of sugar cane from
2015 to 2018
• From 2015 to 2018 sugar cane supply increased 
• while the demand thereof decreased  (2)
2.4 The entrepreneurial process
Phases of the entrepreneurial processes

A - Identify an opportunity/generate a business idea  (1)
B - Plan the business/developing a business plan  (1)
C - Establish/start the business  (1)
2.5 Marketing concepts
2.5.1 Marketing functions

(a) Packaging  (1)
(b) Storage  (1)
(c) Processing/value adding  (1)
Page 148
2.5.2 Advantages of processing agricultural products

• Prevents spoilage/increases shelf-life of products 
• The product is available throughout the year 
• Improves food safety by heating to sufficient temperatures 
• Easy to transport 
• Convenience 
• Adds value to farm products/increases the value of products 
• It provides job opportunities 
• Reduces wastage of excess produce 
• It allows for easier packaging and handling of products 
• It is a way of overcoming over-supply of products 
• Expanding/extending the market  (Any 2) (2)
2.6 Marketing channels
2.6.1 Marketing channels

(a) Farm gate marketing  (1)
(b) Stock sales  (1)
(c) Internet marketing  (1)
2.6.2 TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system

• Prices fluctuate 
• Market costs are high/takes place on small scale 
• Producer is responsible for marketing/nobody to produce 
• Limited bargaining power 
• High risk as many things can go wrong 
• Cartels formed and consumers are exploited/price fixing 
• Agents lead to smaller profits 
• Competition 
• Over production can lead to big surpluses 
• Foreign countries dump over produced produce  (Any 2) (2)
2.7 Equilibrium price for an agricultural product
2.7.1 Identification of the lines

A - Demand  (1)
B - Supply  (1)
2.7.2 Definition of the concept equilibrium price

When the price  of a product settles at the point where the
demand is equal to supply  (2)
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2.7.3 TWO factors affecting the demand

• Consumer income/sociological factors 
• The number of consumers 
• The tastes and preferences of consumers 
• Competing/substitute goods 
• Complementary goods 
• The usefulness of the product 
• The range of products available to consumers 
• Season 
• Quality of the product 
• Advertising  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
3.1 Illustration of the different skills of a farmer and farm worker
3.1.1 Identification of the production factor represented by the graph

Management  (1)
3.1.2 TWO other management skills important for a successful farmer

• General business management skills 
• Interpersonal/communication 
• Decision-making 
• Production/operational  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.3 Comparison of the skills C and D of farmer and farm worker
SKILLS FARMER FARM WORKER

Problem Solving Has 95%/higher Has 40%/lower capability to
(C) capability to come up with come up with solutions to
solutions to problems  problems 
Technical Has 40%/lower capability Has 100%/higher capability of
(D) of technical skills  technical skills  (4)
3.2 Income statement
3.2.1 Identification of the document

Income statement/cash analysis book/statement  (1)
3.2.2 Identification of TWO examples of:

(a) Fixed cost items
• Rent 
• Insurance  (2)
(b) Variable cost items
• Manure 
• Transport 
• Fuel 
• Electricity 
• Pesticides  (Any 2) (2)
Page 150
3.2.3 Calculation of the total income of tomatoes

• Total Income = R2 800+R2 940+R2 140 
• = R7 880  (2)
3.2.4 TWO reasons for keeping financial records

• Allows the farmer to manage capital 
• To draw up a budget 
• To plan for the future of the enterprise 
• To analyse past/future performance of the enterprise 
• To apply for loans 
• Provide information for tax purposes 
• Provide proof of payment 
• Monitors cash flow  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Capital
3.3.1 The type of credit

Short term loan/credit  (1)
3.3.2 Calculation of the interest

• Interest = 11,5 x R195 000 
100
• = R22 425  (2)
3.3.3 Determination of profitability of farming enterprise

• R195 000 + R22 425 = R217 425 
• R240 000 – 217 425 = R22 575 
• The business is profitable/viable  (3)
3.3.4 Sustainability of the enterprise

It is sustainable  (1)
3.3.5 Reason
The farmer will manage to repay the loan and its interest and still
remain with profit/R22 575  (1)
3.4 Labour
3.4.1 Identification of the production factor

Labour  (1)
3.4.2 Differences between casual and seasonal farm worker

Casual worker - Employed to perform a non-repetitive work  (1)
Seasonal worker - Employed to perform a repetitive work/employed
during peak period  (1)
Page 151
3.4.3 THREE problems associated with farm workers

• Farm workers are scarce 
• Lack of training/skills/educational opportunities 
• Farm worker migration 
• Competitions with other industries 
• Low wages 
• Lack of opportunities/promotion 
• Dreadful diseases/HIV/AIDS/TB 
• Poor labour management 
• Social problems 
• Poor working conditions/safety 
• Labour unrests/strikes 
• Lack of benefits 
• Workers not working regularly  (Any 3) (3)
3.5 Land
3.5.1 Explanation of the Law of diminishing returns as an economic

characteristic of land
• With an increase in a specific input the output will be proportionally
higher 
• until it reaches a stage of maximum output 
• thereafter output will decline even with a higher input  (3)
3.5.2 TWO functions of Land

• Land provides space/area 
• Land supplies raw materials 
• Land supplies minerals 
• Land supplies food/food security 
• Use as collateral/security  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
4.1 A pure-breed black cow is crossed with a pure-breed red bull
4.1.1 Indication of the dominant colour

Black  (1)
4.1.2 Justification of the answer in QUESTION 4.1.1

All the F 1 offspring have black colour/black dominant over red  (1)
4.1.3 Determination of the
(a) Genotype of a cow - BB  (1)
(b) Genotype of the offspring - Bb  (1)
4.2 Dihybrid crossing
4.2.1 Identification of the type of crossing

Dihybrid crossing  (1)
Page 152
4.2.2 Reason for the answer in QUESTION 4.2.1

This crossing involves two different characteristics/texture and colour  (1)
4.2.3 Determination of any TWO possible phenotypes of the F 1

• Green rough 
• Green smooth 
• Yellow rough 
• Yellow smooth  (Any 2) (2)
4.2.4 Calculation of the percentage of offspring with yellow and smooth fruits
• 1 x 100 
16
• = 6,25%  (2)
4.3 Differences in the characteristics between members of the same species
4.3.1 Term for the phenomenon in the statement

Variation  (1)
4.3.2 TWO environmental factors that can have an effect on variation

• Nutrition/diet/feeding 
• Climate (light intensity/temperature/rainfall) 
• Diseases/pests 
• Topography/altitude 
• Soil factors 
• Management/shelter/exercise and space  (Any 2) (2)
4.3.3 TWO types of selection

• Artificial selection 
• Natural selection  (2)
4.4.1 The breeding system

Crossbreeding  (1)
4.4.2 Reason for the answer in QUESTION 4.4.2

Different/unrelated breeds of the same species are crossed/beef breed
crossed with dairy breed  (1)
4.4.3 TWO advantage of cross breeding

• Increases genetic variation 
• Produce heterosis/hybrid vigor/improved performance  (2)
4.4.4 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of genetic variation 
• Leads to inbreeding depression 
• Increases the expression of lethal genes/deformities/unwanted
genes 
• Increases homozygosity  (Any 2) (2)
Page 153
4.5 A homozygous brown ewe (A) and a homozygous white ram (a)
4.5.1 Punnet square to illustrate the F 2 generation
♀
♂ A a
A AA Aa
A AA Aa
MARKING CRITERIA
• Correct male gametes 
• Correct female gametes 
• Correct offspring 
• Punnet square with gametes and offspring  (4)
4.5.2 Indication of genotypic ratio and a number of offspring
(a) 1:1/2:2  (1)
(b) 0  (1)
4.6 Polygenic inheritance
4.6.1 Determination of the genotype of the highest maize plant
AABBDD  (1)
4.6.2 Calculation of the length of the longest maize plant
• 40+5+5+5+5+5+5cm [40+(5x6)cm = 30cm] 
• = 70cm  (2)
4.6.3 TWO genotypes of maize plant that will be 55cm long
• AABbdd/ 
• AaBbDd 
• AaBBdd 
• aaBBDd 
• aaBbDD  (Any 2) (2)
4.7 THREE techniques used to modify animals genetically
• Retroviral vectors 
• Micro-injection 
• Embryonic stem cells 
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers 
• Viral carriers 
• Gene gun 
• Electroporation 
• Biolistics 
• Calcium phosphate precipitation 
• Gene silencing 
• Gene splicing 
• Lipofection  (Any 3) (3)
[35]
GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 154

2019
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 155
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SECTION B.
question paper.
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 A.
1.1.1 Which ONE of the following is NOT an element of a marketing mix?
A Product
B Packaging
C Placement
D Pricing
1.1.2 A merchant who buys products from producers to sell directly to

consumers:
A Retailer
B Stockbroker
C Agent
D Processing company
1.1.3 A marketing approach that responds to increasing environmental

concerns is … marketing
A mass
B green
C niche
D free
1.1.4 … is a strategic planning tool that helps an entrepreneur to

evaluate the business idea.
A Vision
B Mission
C SWOT analysis
D Goals and objectives
1.1.5 The following aspects are addressed and promoted by labour

legislation:
(i) Empowerment of the labour force through training and
education
(ii) Provision of good working conditions
(iii) Provision of protective clothing to labourers
(iv) Full payment for unaccounted leave of absence
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1.1.6 The following is NOT an economic characteristic of land:
A Destructibility
B Durability
C Restrictedness
D Production potential
1.1.7 The type of credit a farmer will use to purchase land:
A Short term
B Medium term
C Long term
D Intermediate term
1.1.8 The management skill that a farm manager uses to reflect on

changes and to develop new strategies:
A Problem solving
B Conceptual
C Planning
D Analytic
1.1.9 The statements below refer to heritability:
(i) High heritability is influenced more by genetic factors.

(ii) High heritability is influenced more by environmental factors.
(iii) Low heritability is influenced less by genetic factors.
(iv) Heritability can be expressed in a percentage.

1.1.10 A pure-bred black sow is mated with a pure-bred white boar.

The F1 piglets are all brown. If the F1 piglets are allowed to inbreed
and produce 28 piglets, the number of F2 brown piglets produced
will be …
A 28
B 7
C 21
D 14 (10 x 2) (20)
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1.2 Choose a term/phrase in COLUMN B that matches a description in

(1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 B.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Markets in large centres that sell fruit A biometrics
and vegetables
B labour
1.2.2 A combination and co-ordination of
human and physical resources C heritability
1.2.3 Efficient mechanisation improves the D capital

productivity of this production factor E insurance
1.2.4 An example of fixed capital F fresh produce market
1.2.5 Using statistics to analyse biological G management
data
H borehole
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 The situation where more goods are produced than demanded
1.3.2 The change in price when the supply or demand of agricultural
products changes
1.3.3 The study of how hereditary characteristics are passed from
parents to offspring
1.3.4 The ability of animals to transmit their complete sets of
characteristics to their offspring
1.3.5 A gene that does not express itself in the presence of the
contrasting gene (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD in each of the following statements to
1.4.1 Marketing price tends to settle at one point when there is neither
shortage nor surplus.
1.4.2 Labour is a production factor that can also be classified as fixed
capital.
1.4.3 The outward appearance of an individual is referred to as
genotype.
1.4.4 Crossing over is an example of an external cause of variation.
1.4.5 Family selection involves selecting individuals based on the
records of their offspring. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 The illustration below shows a type of marketing system used in the
agricultural sector.
KBP Co-operative Society

500 m
2.1.1 Identify the type of marketing system illustrated above. (1)
2.1.2 Name TWO types of the marketing system identified in

QUESTION 2.1.1, based on their roles. (2)
2.1.3 Differentiate between marketing and selling. (2)
2.1.4 State TWO problems that can hamper the marketing chain of
agricultural products. (2)
2.2 The graphs below show the change in the demand for products in relation to
the change in price.
GRAPH A GRAPH B
P2
P2
Price
P1
Price
P1
P3
P3
Q2 Q 1 Q3
Quantity Quantity Q 2 Q1 Q3
2.2.1 Identify the graph (A or B) that represents EACH of the following:

(a) Price inelasticity of demand (1)
(b) Price elasticity of demand (1)
2.2.2 Give a reason for your answers to QUESTION 2.2.1(a) and (b). (2)
2.2.3 State THREE other factors that may cause elasticity of demand. (3)
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2.3 The table below represents the quantities of fruit sold at different prices.
PRICE QUANTITIES OF FRUIT

(R) (POCKETS)
20 3 500
25 3 000
30 2 500
35 2 000
40 1 500
45 1 000
2.3.1 Use the data in the table above to draw a line graph comparing the
quantities and the prices of the pockets of fruit. (6)
2.3.2 Deduce the relationship between the price and the quantity of fruit
demanded. (2)
2.4 A business plan is a plan of action that an entrepreneur should have for
a business.
2.4.2 List THREE items that should be included in the format of a good
business plan. (3)
2.4.3 State TWO problems that may be encountered when drawing up

a business plan. (2)
2.5 An entrepreneur is a person who identifies an opportunity for a business,

does research on what will be needed and combines good ideas with the
forces of production to produce and make profit.
2.5.1 In the scenario above, identify THREE phases of the entrepreneurial

process. (3)
2.5.2 Name THREE personal characteristics of a successful entrepreneur. (3)

[35]
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3.1 The yield capacity of a piece of land is mainly determined by the physical
characteristics of the soil. It can be increased to a certain limit per unit by
means of improved technology. A point will be reached where production no
longer increases with increased units of input.
3.1.1 Identify the economic characteristic of land illustrated in this scenario. (1)
3.1.2 Describe the implication of the economic characteristic of land

identified in QUESTION 3.1.1. (2)
3.1.3 State TWO ways in which a farmer can improve the productivity of
land. (2)
3.1.4 State THREE functions of land as a production factor. (3)
3.2 Farmers employ different types of labourers for specific tasks to be performed
on farms but often lose them to other sectors.
3.2.1 Name TWO types of labourers that are employed on farms based on
the period of employment. (2)
3.2.2 Indicate TWO main reasons for the loss of farm labour to other
sectors. (2)
3.2.3 State TWO ways in which farmers retain their labourers. (2)
3.3 Indicate the labour legislation that addresses each of the following issues:
3.3.1 Training workers to improve their efficiency (1)
3.3.2 Ensuring that the working environment is safe (1)
3.3.3 Labourers can claim compensation if they get injured at work (1)
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3.4 The table below shows a record with the estimated income and expenditure
for an enterprise for a financial year.
EXPENDITURE (R) INCOME (R)

ITEM AMOUNT ITEM AMOUNT
Water 10 300 Roses (floral shop) 50 000
Manure 22 345 Roses (nursery) 20 000
Labour 24 500 Compost 7 500
Electricity 13 308
Potting soil 8 800
Vegetative material 45 555
Chemicals 18 756
TOTAL -------------- TOTAL R77 500
3.4.1 Identify the financial record illustrated in the table above. (1)
3.4.3 Use a formula and calculate the possible net income of this
enterprise. (4)
3.4.4 Identify the problem that this enterprise is likely to experience. (1)
3.4.5 State TWO possible ways in which this farmer can make the
enterprise viable. (2)
3.5 Farming businesses in some parts of South Africa have been experiencing
a drought since 2017, while flash flooding has been occurring in other parts
since 2018. As a result of the poor weather conditions, the quality of
production is negatively affected and it has resulted in a loss of profits.
3.5.1 Identify THREE types of risk in the farming industry. (3)
3.5.2 Name ONE skill a manager needs to be able to identify the risks in
QUESTION 3.5.1. (1)
3.5.3 Name TWO strategies that farmers can employ to reduce the risk
impact stated in the scenario above. (2)
3.5.4 List THREE main principles for the successful management of a

farming enterprise. (3)
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4.1 The schematic representation below shows how the genotypes are passed
down from one generation to the next. (R is for red and r is for black)
Female Male
Parental generation R R r r
R r
F1 generation R r
R or r R or r
F2 generation
R r
R RR Rr
r Rr rr
4.1.1 In the schematic representation above, identify the parent with a red
phenotype. Give a reason for the answer. (2)
4.1.2 In the schematic representation above, identify the following:
(a) The ratio of the phenotype in the F2 generation (1)
(b) The ratio of the genotype in the F2 generation (1)
(c) The phenotype of the F1 generation (1)
4.2 An investigation was conducted on how certain traits are transmitted in

animals. In cattle, black hair colour is dominant (B) over brown hair colour (b).
Long hair is dominant (L) over short (l) hair. A bull with short brown hair was
crossed with a cow that is homozygous dominant for all traits.
4.2.1 List the traits that are being investigated above. (2)
4.2.2 Indicate the genotype of the bull. (2)
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4.3 The effects of genotype and feeding on the growth performance of broilers
were investigated. Two different types of broilers were used. Feed restriction
resulted in lowered feed conversion rate and less average weight gain.
4.3.1 Identify the following by referring to the scenario above:

(a) Genetic factor of variation (1)
(b) Environmental factor of variation (1)
4.3.2 Refer to the above scenario and explain the relationship between
feed restriction and average weight gain. (2)
4.3.3 Formulate a hypothesis of this investigation. (2)
4.4 The crossings below represent different breeding systems applied in cattle
farming.
A B C
Commercial Brahman Sussex bull Pure-bred Afrikaner bull
cows X X
X Sussex cow Inferior Afrikaner cows
Drakensberger bull (bull's daughter)
4.4.1 Identify the breeding systems represented by A and B. (2)
4.4.2 Write down the letter (A–C) that represents the breeding system
which promotes heterosis. (1)
4.4.3 Name TWO disadvantages of inbreeding. (2)
4.4.4 From the crossings above, write down the letter (A–C) that
represents the breeding system used to change the enterprise from
an ordinary beef herd to a stud beef herd over a long period of time. (1)
4.5 Farmers use selection and different breeding methods as tools to optimize the
production output of their enterprises.
4.5.1 Define the concept selection. (2)
4.5.2 Name the type of selection used in nature. (1)
4.5.3 Name THREE characteristics farmers select for in animal production

enterprises. (3)
4.5.4 Indicate how the farmer can improve each of the following through
selection:
(a) The genetic composition of farm animals (1)
(b) Environmental conditions (1)
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4.6 The DNA of plants, like maize and wheat, can be changed through genetic
modification.
4.6.1 Name TWO techniques which could be used in this genetic

modification process. (2)
4.6.2 State TWO disadvantages of genetically modified plants. (2)
4.6.3 State TWO advantages of genetically modifying plants. (2)

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GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
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2019
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 167
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 B 
1.1.2 A 
1.1.3 B 
1.1.4 C 
1.1.5 A 
1.1.6 A 
1.1.7 C 
1.1.8 B 
1.1.9 D 
1.1.10 D  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 F 
1.2.2 G 
1.2.3 B 
1.2.4 H 
1.2.5 A  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Surplus/oversupply/overproduction 

1.3.2 Price fluctuation 
1.3.3 Genetics 
1.3.4 Prepotency 
1.3.5 Recessive gene  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Equilibrium 

1.4.2 Land 
1.4.3 Phenotype 
1.4.4 Internal 
1.4.5 Progeny  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

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SECTION B
2.1 Marketing system
2.1.1 Identification of the marketing system

Co-operative  (1)
2.1.2 Types of co-operative marketing system

• Services co-operatives 
• Financial co-operatives 
• Commercial/consumer co-operatives 
• Production co-operatives 
• Marketing co-operatives 
• Purchasing co-operatives  (Any 2) (2)
2.1.3 Difference between

Marketing
Long term strategy that involves all activities associated with
production, pricing, promoting and distribution  (1)
Selling - Exchanging goods for cash  (1)
2.1.4 TWO problems hampering agricultural marketing chain of

products
• Perishability/spoilage 
• Transportation 
• Storage 
• Poor infrastructure 
• Accidents 
• Lack of capital 
• Lack of control over production 
• Low value in relation to high volume 
• Wide distribution of products 
• Theft 
• Seasonal changes/fluctuation 
• Standardisation 
• Competition 
• Legislation  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 Demand of products in relation to price
2.2.1 Identification of the graphs

(a) Graph B  (1)
(b) Graph A  (1)
2.2.2 Justification of the answers

(a) Graph B - A change in price resulted in no/little change in
demand  (1)
(b) Graph A - A change in price resulted in a huge change in
demand  (1)

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2.2.3 THREE other factors that may cause elasticity of demand

• Nature of the produce 
• Availability of substitute products 
• Proportion of consumer's budget spent on the item 
• Time period  (Any 3) (3)
2.3 Fruit sold at different quantities and prices
2.3.1 Line graph
The quantities and price of friut

50
45
40
35
Price (R)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Quantities (Pockets)
Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantities) 
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price) 
• Correct units (R and Pockets) 
• Line graph 
2.3.2 Deduction of the relationship between the price and the quantity
of fruit demanded
The higher the price of the fruit  the lower the quantities of fruit
demanded 
OR
The lower the price of the fruit  the higher the quantities of fruit
demanded  (Any 1) (2)

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2.4 Business plan

• To test the feasibility of the business 
• To check the economic viability 
• To determine the financial needs 
• To secure funding 
• To guide operations/outlines roles and responsibilities 
• Provides time frames 
• Provides information regarding the external/internal business
environment 
• Ensuring effective business management 
• To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/
competitors
• To reposition the business to deal with market changes 
• To allow a farmer to foresee problems/risk 
• Helps to define goals 
• Provides direction and focus  (Any 2) (2)
2.4.2 THREE items included in a format of a good business plan

• Title/cover page 
• Summary of enterprise details/address/name 
• Summary of business plan/strategy/objectives 
• Overview/profile of the business/management team 
• Production plan 
• Management plan/time management plan 
• Sales and marketing plan 
• Financial plan 
• Reasons for success of business 
• Human resource plan 
• Organisational structure 
• SWOT analyses 
• Potential risks  (Any 3) (3)
2.4.3 TWO problems encountered when drawing up a business plan

• Insufficient research 
• Too generic 
• Gaps/incomplete/too much information/vague 
• Insufficient technical details 
• Unrealistic assumptions/projections 
• Incomplete plan/financials 
• Not highlighting potential competition 
• Hiding weaknesses and risks 
• Using the incorrect format 
• Errors/not authentic  (Any 2) (2)

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2.5.1 Identification of the THREE phases of the entrepreneurial

process
• Identifying an opportunity 
• Research on what is needed/resource mobilisation 
• Production and profit making  (3)
2.5.2 THREE personal characteristics of a successful entrepreneur

• Innovation/creativity 
• Confidence 
• Identify opportunity 
• Drive/passion/need for achievement 
• Perseverance 
• Leadership 
• Commitment 
• Hardworking 
• Motivation 
• Flexible 
• Market driven 
• Knowledgeable 
• Risk taker 
• Sound technical/operational knowledge 
• Interpersonal relations 
• Punctuality  (Any 3) (3)
[35]
3.1 Land
3.1.1 Identification of the economic characteristic of land

Law of diminishing return  (1)
3.1.2 The implication of the economic characteristic of land

When land reaches its maximum point of production  it cannot
produce beyond its production potential  (2)
3.1.3 TWO ways a farmer can improve productivity of land

• Improve soil fertility 
• Water management 
• Change in cropping practices and farming systems 
• Restoring land potential 
• Farm land more efficient/consolidation of uneconomic units 
• Adapt to scientific methods/technology  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.4 THREE functions of land as a factor in agricultural production

• Source of raw materials 
• Provides space 
• Food security 
• Source of minerals 
• Can be used as a collateral  (Any 3) (3)

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3.2 Labour
3.2.1 TWO types of labourers employed on farms

• Permanent/full time  (1)
• Temporary/part time  (1)
3.2.2 TWO main reasons for the loss of farm labour

• Poor working conditions 
• Long working hours 
• Exposure to harsh conditions 
• Lack of career opportunities/education and training 
• Physically demanding 
• Poor wages 
• Poor living conditions 
• Industrial competition  (Any 2) (2)
3.2.3 TWO ways in which farmers retain their labourers

• Provision of better working conditions 
• Reasonable working hours 
• Provision of career opportunities/promotion 
• Better/living wages 
• Provision of education/training/skills development 
• Provision of proper housing 
• Health schemes/benefits 
• Bonuses 
• Recognition for good work done  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Labour legislation
3.3.1 Skills Development Act (97 of 1998)  (1)
3.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993)  (1)
3.3.3 Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act

(130 of 1993)  (1)
3.4 Financial record of an enterprise
3.4.1 Identification of the record

Enterprise budget/budget  (1)
3.4.2 Reason
Showing estimates of the expected income and expenditure of the
enterprise  (1)
3.4.3 Calculation of the net income for this enterprise (with formula)
Net income = Income – Expenditure 
= R77 500 – (R143 564 ) 
= – R 66 064  (4)
3.4.4 Identification of the problem the enterprise could experience

Loss/deficit/financial problems  (1)

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3.4.5 TWO possible ways to make the enterprise viable

• Reduce the costs 
• Change to an enterprise with a lower running costs 
• Sell at a higher price/better marketing  (Any 2) (2)
3.5 Risk in a farming business
3.5.1 THREE types of risk in the farming industry

• Technical/production 
• Financial 
• Market and price 
• Political/policy risks  (Any 3) (3)
3.5.2 Skill the manager needs in identifying the risks

• Conceptual 
• Analytical  (Any 1) (1)
3.5.3 TWO strategies to reduce the impact of risk

• Insuring against risks 
• Risk sharing 
• Diversification 
• Processing/value adding 
• Flexibility 
• Future contracts/hedging  (Any 2) (2)
3.5.4 THREE main principles for successful management

• Planning 
• Implementation 
• Organisation 
• Coordination 
• Decision making 
• Control  (Any 3) (3)
[35]
4.1 Representation of the genotypes for different generations
4.1.1 Parent with red phenotype

Female  (1)
REASON
The parent with R for red colour/indicated by RR  (1)
4.1.2 Identification of the ratio’s and phenotype

(a) 3 red : 1 black/3:1  (1)
(b) 1:2:1  (1)
(c) Red  (1)

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4.2 Di-hybrid crossing
4.2.1 Traits that are being investigated

• Hair colour  (1)
• Length of hair  (1)
4.2.2 Genotype of a bull

bb  ll  (2)
4.3 Scenario on variation
4.3.1 Identification of the
(a) Genetic factor of variation - Genotype  (1)
(b) Environmental factor of variation - Feeding/nutrition  (1)
4.3.2 Relationship between feed restriction and average weight gain

The higher the level of feed restrictions 
the lower the average weight gain 
OR
The lower the level of feed restrictions 
the higher the average weight gain  (Any 1) (2)
4.3.3 Hypothesis of this investigation

There is no effect of genotype and feeding 
on growth performance 
OR
Genotype and feeding  reduce growth performance 
OR
Genotype and feeding  increase growth performance  (Any 1) (2)
4.4 Breeding systems applied in cattle farming
4.4.1 Identification of the breeding systems

A Crossbreeding  (1)
B Inbreeding  (1)
4.4.2 Breeding system that promotes heterosis

A (1)

• Loss of vigour/performance/inbreeding depression 
• Loss of fertility 
• Genetic variation declines 
• Increase the lethal genes which can result in death 
• Reduced vitality 
• Fixation of undesired genes 
• Expert knowledge required 
• Less resistance to diseases 
• Poor adaptation to the environment 
• Undesirable characteristics can be bred into the offspring 
• Deformed animals  (Any 2) (2)

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4.4.4 Letter of the breeding system

C (1)
4.5 Selection
4.5.1 Definition of selection

Process of choosing/identifying specific individuals  for their
desired characteristics/traits  (2)
4.5.2 Type of selection in nature

Natural  (1)
4.5.3 THREE characteristics selected for in animal production

• Growth 
• Health/disease resistance 
• Fertility 
• Body conformation 
• Production types 
• Breeding standards  (Any 3) (3)
4.5.4 Aspects to be improved through selection

(a) Choosing animals with superior characteristics for breeding  (1)
(b) Choosing animals that can adapt/produce in a specific area  (1)
4.6.1 TWO techniques used in the genetic modification process

• Gene gun/Biolistics 
• Bacterial carriers/Agro-bacterium tumefaciens 
• Recombinant DNA 
• Lipofection 
• Viral carriers  (Any 2) (2)
4.6.2 TWO disadvantages of genetically modified plants

• Health concerns/allergies 
• Not enough research has been done 
• Expensive 
• Super weeds develop/reduced effectiveness of pesticides 
• Religious/ethical beliefs 
• Reduced biodiversity 
• Gene transfer to non-target species 
• Possibility of mutations  (Any 2) (2)

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4.6.3 TWO advantages of genetically modifying plants

• Resistance to herbicides/insects/pests 
• Resistance to harsh environmental conditions 
• Plants have a lower water requirement 
• Improved quality/taste/flavour/nutritional value 
• Shelf life 
• Increased yields  (Any 2) (2)
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GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 177
NATIONAL
•
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2018
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
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SECTION B.
question paper.
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1.1 One of the following is an effective tool to evaluate the proposed

enterprise and indicates a need for renewal:
A Business plan
B Balance sheet
C Cash flow statement
D SWOT analysis
1.1.2 An agreement between retailers to buy or sell a product at an agreed

price:
A Regulated price
B Price-fixing
C Demand fixing
D Supply fixing
1.1.3 ONE of the following is NOT a function of marketing:
A Packaging
B Risk-taking
C Storage
D Processing
1.1.4 The following with regard to an entrepreneur are TRUE:
(i) Able to convince people about an idea

(ii) Knowledgeable, skilled and has contacts
(iii) Gets into a business by mere inheritance
(iv) Identifies and evaluates an opportunity

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1.1.5 If the cost of 100 chickens in a farm budget is R350, then the cost of
20 chickens in that budget will be …
A R700.
B R70.
C R7.
D R35.
1.1.6 One non-productive employee can spoil the whole work environment.
In order to increase the productivity of labour the role of management
will be:
(i) Setting clear, attainable goals

(ii) Re-evaluating the staff on a regular basis
(iii) Daily supervision
(iv) Sending the employee on a lengthy paid leave

1.1.7 Long-term credit will be used to buy the following:
A Maize cultivar
B 2 : 3 : 2 (22) fertiliser
C A shearing shed
D An exotic bull
1.1.8 A primary natural resource important for agricultural production:
A Capital
B Management
C Land
D Machinery
1.1.9 The turning back and reunion of a part of a chromosome:
A Inversion
B Deletion
C Doubling
D Translation
1.1.10 An external cause of variation:
A Diseases
B Recombination of genes
C Crossing-over of chromosomes
D Mutation (10 x 2) (20)
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(1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 I.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 A phenomenon showing how the A price elasticity of demand
number of products produced
responds to a change in price B credit
1.2.2 A method used to reduce the risk C outbreeding

of marketing agricultural products
D saving
1.2.3 An internal source of farming
capital E management
1.2.4 An effective combination and F price elasticity of supply

coordination of all resources to
maximise profit G inbreeding
1.2.5 Produces a homogeneous H insurance

population of animals
(5 x 2) (10)
BOOK.
1.3.1 The approach that divides the market into smaller groups of buyers
1.3.2 An economic characteristic of land whereby an increase in input on

land does not bring a proportionate increase in yield
1.3.3 The crossing of organisms where two sets of alleles are involved
1.3.4 A sudden random change in the genetic makeup of an individual
1.3.5 A section in the DNA molecule that determines the inheritance of a

particular characteristic (5 x 2) (10)
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make it TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question numbers
1.4.1 Selling is the process of transporting goods along the marketing

chain.
1.4.2 Analytical skills allow the manager to reflect on changes on the

farm and develop strategies to address them.
1.4.3 A homozygous individual possesses different alleles for a particular

gene on each homologous chromosome.
1.4.4 Genetics is the passing on of characteristics from one generation

to the next generation.
1.4.5 The reappearance of a characteristic after its apparent absence for

a few generations is called epistasis. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 The table below shows the price, supply of and demand for lemons over a
five-day period.
DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5

Price (in rands) 10 15 20 25 30
Supply 5 10 15 20 25
Demand 25 20 15 10 5
2.1.1 Identify the day when there was market equilibrium. (1)
2.1.2 Refer to the table and explain the relationship between price, supply
and demand. (3)
2.1.3 Give a reason why there was a lower demand for lemons on DAY 5
than on DAY 1. (1)
2.2 A farmer sells peaches in different sizes to suit the preferences of consumers.
The table below shows how peaches are placed in boxes after harvesting.
SIZE AND APPEARANCE CLASS SIZE OF THE NUMBER OF

OF PEACHES BOX PEACHES
(in mm) PER BOX
Big, ripe, smooth, no bruises 1 600 x 800 18
Medium, some not ripe, with
2 600 x 800 24
few bruises
Small, ripe, mostly bruised 3 600 x 800 30
2.2.1 Name the marketing function referred to in the table above. (1)
2.2.2 State TWO factors used in the grading of the peaches. (2)
2.2.3 Identify the factor that could hamper the marketing of the peaches in
the table above. (1)
2.2.4 Briefly describe THREE advantages of processing peaches. (3)
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2.3 The channels below are used by producers to market their produce in a
free-market system:
A. Sell produce to street vendors directly from the farm

B. Supply fresh produce to the local retailers
C. Secure a contract with a buyer, such as a processing company, for a
specified number of years
2.3.1 Name the free-marketing channels A, B and C. (3)
2.3.2 Define a free-marketing system. (2)
2.3.3 Give TWO advantages of contractual sales for farmers. (2)
2.3.4 Compare a cooperative marketing system to a free-marketing system

with regard to the price of the produce. (2)
2.4 The table below shows the characteristics of two individuals.
INDIVIDUAL A INDIVIDUAL B
• Works for someone • Works for himself/herself
• Trades his/her time for salary • Always looking for new business
• Controlled by fear ventures
• Uses a curriculum vitae (CV) • Sells a concept
to seek employment • Has a business plan
• Has an appetite for risk
2.4.1 Identify the individual (A or B), in the table above, who represents an
entrepreneur. (1)
2.4.2 Identify TWO personal characteristics, in the table above, of an

entrepreneur. (2)
2.4.3 Identify the document that will enable the entrepreneur to secure
funding from a financial institution. (1)
2.4.4 State TWO problems the entrepreneur usually encounters when

drawing up the document in QUESTION 2.4.3. (2)
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2.5 The table below shows agricultural products and their prices
in 2016 and 2017.
PRODUCT PRICE (R) PRICE (R)

2016 2017
Yellow maize (R/ton) 4 050 2 750
Wheat (R/ton) 4 200 4 450
Beef (c/kg) 3 500 6 200
Soya beans (R/ton) 4 500 4 700
Lamb (c/kg) 3 700 9 200
White maize (R/ton) 4 100 3 700
2.5.1 Draw a bar graph to compare the prices of plant products in 2016 with
plant products in 2017. (6)
2.5.2 Indicate the trend of maize and red meat prices from 2016 to 2017. (2)
[35]
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3.1 The pictures below show the functions of land as a production factor.
PICTURE A PICTURE B
3.1.1 State the economic functions of land associated with PICTURE A

and PICTURE B. (2)
3.1.2 Name ONE method that could be applied in PICTURE A that

farmers could use to benefit the human population in PICTURE B. (1)
3.1.3 State an economic benefit of land for a farmer trying to source

finances from a financial institution. (1)
3.2 Name the economic characteristics of land represented by EACH of the

statements below:
3.2.1 Land is needed to build more houses due to an increase in the

human population in the last few years. (1)
3.2.2 The farmer has lived and produced on this farm for 50 years. (1)
3.2.3 In 1952 the farmer's parent bought a 500 ha farm for R700 and
now the value of the farm is R8 350 000. (1)
3.3 Farm labour is a crucial factor of production.
3.3.1 Name the type of temporary farm worker that is employed for
non-repetitive tasks. (1)
3.3.2 State TWO characteristics of a permanent farm worker. (2)
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3.4 Farms are found mostly in areas outside towns far from recreation, health and
educational facilities. Normally farm workers earn lower wages.
The following happens on farms:
• Alcohol abuse after working in harsh conditions for long hours

• Low levels of education for both parents and children
• Low social values resulting in high HIV/Aids infections
3.4.1 Identify TWO challenges that will affect labour productivity in the
above scenario. (2)
3.4.2 State TWO responsibilities of the farmer to address the challenges

3.4.3 Refer to the scenario above and give TWO reasons why farms lose
workers to other industries. (2)
3.5 A farmer started a poultry business venture with a bank loan of R100 000,
payable at a rate of 20%, over a period of 5 years. The eggs were graded
according to small and large sizes. The large eggs were sold to a chain store.
The smaller eggs were given to the farm workers.
3.5.1 Identify TWO sources of capital that can be used to expand the egg-
producing enterprise in the scenario above. (2)
3.5.2 Identify TWO problems with capital in the scenario above. (2)
3.5.3 Name TWO other problems associated with capital, besides those
3.5.4 Use a formula to calculate the profit per month from egg sales, if the
income is R14,85 per dozen and the expenditure is R8,55 per
dozen. (Show ALL calculations.) (3)
3.6 The table below shows the different farming enterprises on a farm.
ENTERPRISE FARM PRODUCT MARKETS

Cash crop production Vegetables Contract with a supermarket
Livestock production Pork and eggs Butcheries and hostels
Fodder crop production Hay Race-horse industry
3.6.1 Name TWO risk management strategies in the table above. (2)
3.6.2 Refer to the strategies identified in QUESTION 3.6.1 and justify

EACH strategy. (2)
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3.7 The farming business is influenced by both internal and external forces.
3.7.1 Name the external force represented by EACH of the statements

below:
(a) The increase of VAT on commodities (1)
(b) The outbreak of listeriosis that led to food contamination (1)
(c) New emerging markets for the same product (1)
(d) Today's youth believe in fast foods, whilst parents are part of
the staple diet group (1)
3.7.2 Give the sources of risk linked to QUESTION 3.7.1(a) and

QUESTION 3.7.1(b). (2)
[35]
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4.1 The table below shows the results of a pure-bred milk goat population with
white coats (WW) crossed with goats with brown coats (ww). The offspring of
the F 1 generation was used as the four pairs of parents for the F 2 generation.
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
WHITE GOATS BROWN GOATS
PARENTS 1 1
F 1 generation 8 0
F 2 generation
Offspring of the 1st parents 8 0
Offspring of the 2nd parents 7 1
Offspring of the 3rd parents 5 3
Offspring of the 4th parents 4 4
4.1.1 Identify the number of brown goats in the F 1 generation. (1)

4.1.2 Determine the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of the F 2 generation for
all the parents. (2)
4.1.3 Use the Punnet square to determine the genotypic ratio in the
F 2 generation. (4)
4.2 The flow chart below is a schematic representation of different breeding
systems.
A B (bull) C
D E F
R S T U
V W
4.2.1 Refer to the flow chart above and identify the breeding systems
represented by EACH of the following:
(a) AxB (1)
(b) ExF (1)
(c) VxW (1)
4.2.2 Name TWO characteristics of progeny E. (2)
4.2.3 State TWO disadvantages of the breeding system producing
progeny T. (2)
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4.3 A recent development in the improvement of plants and animals through

genetic modification resulted in more resistance to pests and diseases.
Certain techniques, such as the ones listed below, are used to change the
genes in the DNA of plants and animals:
(a) Electric current is used to insert the desired gene.

(b) Use a small syringe and a needle to transfer the desired gene into the
nucleus.
(c) The vector transfers the desired gene.
4.3.1 Identify techniques (a), (b) and (c). (3)
4.3.2 State THREE potential benefits of genetically modified crops. (3)
4.3.3 Name TWO negative effects of genetically modified crops on the

environment. (2)
4.4 Variation forms the basis of selection for breeding. A farmer specialising in
poultry, selected chickens with different head combs and body sizes caused
by either internal or external factors.
4.4.1 Identify TWO types of variation in the statement above. (2)
4.4.2 Differentiate between the two types of variation in QUESTION 4.4.1. (2)
4.4.3 Indicate the characteristic of the chickens in the scenario above that
is:
(a) Influenced solely by genes (1)
(b) Affected by the environment (1)
4.4.4 Give another external factor that could have an impact on the
characteristic in QUESTION 4.4.3(b). (1)
4.5 The statements below show different patterns of inheritance:

(a) An animal with a phenotype that is between the phenotype of both
parents
(b) Both black and red colours are visible on the coat of an animal
(c) The animal has a brown coat like the parent
4.5.1 Match statements (a), (b) and (c) with the types of dominance. (3)
4.5.2 Identify the genetic phenomenon of inheritance in
QUESTION 4.5(c). (1)
4.5.3 State TWO patterns of inheritance, other than those identified in
QUESTION 4.5.1(a) to (c). (2)
[35]
GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 191
NATIONAL SENIOR
CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2018
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 192
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 D 
1.1.2 B 
1.1.3 B 
1.1.4 A 
1.1.5 B 
1.1.6 D 
1.1.7 C 
1.1.8 C 
1.1.9 A 
1.1.10 A  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 F 
1.2.2 H 
1.2.3 D 
1.2.4 E 
1.2.5 G  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Market segmentation 

1.3.2 Law of diminishing returns 
1.3.3 Dihybrid 
1.3.4 Mutation 
1.3.5 Gene  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Distribution 

1.4.2 Conceptual  o
1.4.3 Heterozygous 
1.4.4 Heredity 
1.4.5 Atavism/throwback  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 193
SECTION B
2.1 Swot analysis
2.1.1 Identification of the day

Day 3  (1)
2.1.2 Relationship between price, supply and demand

• The higher the price  the lower the demand  and the higher the
supply 
• The lower the price  the higher the demand  and the lower the
supply  (Any 1) (3)
2.1.3 Reason for lower demand in Day 5

The price for lemons was higher on day 5 and lower on day 1/
on day 5 the price was R30 and on day 1 it was R10  (1)
2.2 Product preparation
2.2.1 The function of marketing

Packaging  (1)
2.2.2 TWO factors used in the grading of peaches

• Size/weight 
• Appearance/smoothness/bruising 
• Characteristics of the cultivar 
• Colour 
• Ripeness  (Any 2) (2)
2.2.3 Factor hampering the marketing of peaches

Perishability/bruising/spoilage/volume/size  (1)
2.2.4 THREE advantages of processing

• Available throughout the year 
• Prevent the spoilage/wastage/perishability 
• Can be transported to places where it is not produced 
• Storage period increases/longer shelf life 
• Improves the safety of products 
• More convenient/easier packaging/handling 
• Adds value/higher income/profit 
• Easier to transport than fresh products 
• Provides employment to many people 
• Assists to control over supply  (Any 3) (3)
2.3 Free marketing
2.3.1 Free marketing channels

A Farm gate/direct marketing  (1)
B Direct marketing/contract sales  (1)
C Contract sales  (1)
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2.3.2 Defining a free marketing system

• Type of marketing where the producer sells  to whoever/
wherever at any time/at any price 
• Type of marketing where a producer sells  produce without
restrictions/legislation  (Any 1) (2)
2.3.3 TWO advantages of contract sales for farmers

• Bulk handling will reduce the cost of delivery 
• Marketing margin is reduced 
• Cutting out the intermediaries 
• Volume/sales guaranteed 
• Price is guaranteed 
• Reduces risk  (Any 2) (2)
2.3.4 Comparison of a cooperative marketing to free marketing with

regard to price of produce
• Cooperative marketing - Price is set/fixed/stable  (1)
• Free marketing - Price fluctuates/unstable/changes/flexible  (1)
2.4 Entrepreneur
2.4.1 Identification of an entrepreneur

Individual B  (1)
2.4.2 TWO personal characteristics of an entrepreneur

• Confidence/courage 
• Risk taker 
• Innovative/creative 
• Self-motivated/drive 
• Hard working/energetic 
• Commitment 
• Foresight  (Any 2) (2)
2.4.3 Identification of the document from the scenario

Business plan  (1)
2.4.4 TWO problems of drawing up a business plan

• Leaving gaps/vague/too generic 
• Over ambitious/unrealistic assumptions 
• Hiding weaknesses and risk 
• Not highlighting competitors 
• Using incorrect format 
• Insufficient technical details 
• Incomplete financials/budget/cash flow errors 
• Insufficient research  (Any 2) (2)
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2.5 Bar graph
The price of plant products in 2016 and 2017

5000
2016 2017
4500
4000
Price (R per ton)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Yellow maize Wheat Soya beans White maize
Plant products
2.5.1 CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES

• X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Plant products) 
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price) 
• Correct units (R per ton) 
• Bar graph 
2.5.2 Indication of the trend in maize and red meat price

When the price of maize was decreasing from 2016 to 2017 
the price of red meat was increasing  (2)
[35]
3.1 Land as production factor
3.1.1 Economic function of land in

Picture A: provision of food/raw materials 
Picture B: provision of physical space/area  (2)
3.1.2 Method to increase the production in PICTURE A

The use of technology/scientific methods  (1)
3.1.3 Economic benefit of land to the farmer

Serves as a collateral/security  (1)
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3.2 Association of the statements to the economic characteristics of land
3.2.1 Land for agriculture is limited/availability of land is limited  (1)
3.2.2 Land is durable/indestructible/lifespan of land is unlimited  (1)
3.2.3 Land appreciates in value  (1)
3.3 Labour as a production factor
3.3.1 Indication of the production factor

Casual  (1)
3.3.2 TWO characteristics describing a permanent farm worker

• Employed full-time 
• Enjoy benefits such as leave/housing/pension 
• Live with their families on the farm 
• Has a long term contract/conditions of employment 
• Allowed to have their own livestock on the farm 
• Profit sharing  (Any 2) (2)
3.4 Labour challenges
3.4.1 TWO challenges of labour affecting productivity

• Abuse of alcohol 
• Longer working hours 
• Lower wages 
• Poor living/working conditions 
• Absenteeism 
• HIV and AIDS infections 
• Low levels of education/lack of training  (Any 2) (2)
3.4.2 TWO responsibilities by the farmer to address the challenges

• Abuse of alcohol - Awareness programmes/recreation facilities 
• Longer working hours - Improved/better working hours 
• Lower wages - Improved wages/salaries 
• Poor living/working conditions - Improved working/living
conditions 
• Absenteeism - Intervention/awareness programmes 
• HIV and AIDS infections - Improved health conditions/HIV/AIDS
awareness campaigns 
• Low levels of education/lack of training
Provision of education/training  (Any 2) (2)
3.4.3 TWO reasons for farm workers to be lost to other industries

• Better wages in other sectors 
• Better working hours 
• Improved living conditions 
• Better health facilities 
• Better educational facilities 
• Recreational facilities  (Any 2) (2)
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3.5 Capital
3.5.1 TWO sources of capital

• Loan 
• Production/sales from eggs  (2)
3.5.2 TWO problems in regard to capital

• High interest rate 
• Capital is scarce  (Any 2) (2)
3.5.3 TWO other problems of capital

• Under capitalisation 
• Over capitalization 
• Depreciation 
• Risk 
• Capital is expensive 
• Law of diminishing returns  (Any 2) (2)
3.5.4 Calculation of profit with formula

• Profit = Income – Expenditure 
• = R14,85 – R8,55 
• Profit = R6,30 per dozen  (3)
3.6 Risk management
3.6.1 TWO risk management strategies

• Diversification 
• Hedging/contract marketing  (2)
3.6.2 Justification of
Diversification
The farmer has a number of different enterprises such as crops,
livestock and fodder production in order to spread the risk  (1)
Hedging/Contract marketing
The farmer made future contracts/agreement with supermarket  (1)
3.7 External and internal forces affecting the farming business
3.7.1 External forces affecting the farming business

(a) Economical/political  (1)
(b) Socio-cultural/health  (1)
(c) Competitive  (1)
(d) Socio-cultural/environmental  (1)
3.7.2 Sources of risk

(a) Financial/market and price  (1)
(b) Environmental  (1)
[35]
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4.1 BREEDING PAIR 1 and BREEDING PAIR 2
4.1.1 Number of brown goats in the F 1 generation

0 (1)
4.1.2 The phenotypic ratio for the F 2 generation

24 white goats : 8 brown goats 
OR
3 white goats  : 1 brown goat  (2)
[[
4.1.3 Punnet square method to determine the genotypic ratio in the

F 2 -generation
W w
W WW Ww
w Ww ww
The ratio of the genotype = 1:2:1 (1 WW : 2 Ww : 1ww)
Marking guidelines/criteria
• Correct gametes 
• Punnet square (with gametes and offspring) 
• Correct ratio  (4)
4.2.1 Deductions of the breeding systems

(a) Cross breeding  (1)
(b) Inbreeding  (1)
(c) Line breeding  (1)
4.2.2 TWO characteristics of progeny E

• Grow faster 
• Better adaptability 
• Produce more than the parents 
• More resistant to diseases 
• Better feed conversion rate  (Any 2) (2)

• Decreased variation 
• Undesirable characteristics can be bred into the progeny 
• Produces deformities 
• Undesirable gene are rapidly made homogeneous 
• Degeneration may appear in the herd/
leads to inbreeding depression 
• Expensive system 
• Causes poor adaptability to an environment 
• Progeny are less resistant to diseases 
• Promote lethal genes  (Any 2) (2)
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4.3.1 Identification of the techniques

(a) Electroporation  (1)
(b) Micro- injection  (1)
(c) Agrobacterium tumefaciens/bacterial/viral/biological carriers  (1)
4.3.2 THREE potential benefits of GM crops

• Improved shelf life 
• Improved nutritional value/colour/flavour 
• Improved resistance to pests/diseases 
• Improved tolerance to harsh environmental/climatic conditions 
• Resistance to herbicides/pesticides 
• Grow fast 
• Improved production/yield  (Any 3) (3)
4.3.3 TWO possible negative effects of GM crops on the

environment
• Can produce super weeds 
• Insect resistant plants can kill beneficial insects 
• Farmers may use excessive amounts of herbicides that may
damage the soil 
• Loss of biodiversity 
• Reduce the effectiveness of herbicides/pesticides  (Any 2) (2)
4.4 Variation
4.4.1 Identification of the TWO types of variation

• Continuous 
• Discontinuous  (2)
4.4.2 Differentiation between

Continuous
A complete range of characteristics from one extreme to the other/
Quantitative characteristics  (1)
Discontinuous
A characteristic with a few clear cut forms/no intermediate forms/
Qualitative characteristics  (1)
4.4.3 Indication of the characteristic of the chicken

(a) Head comb 
(b) Body size  (2)
4.4.4 External factor that impacts on body size

• Nutrition/feeding/diet 
• Light intensity 
• Diseases 
• Population density 
• Temperature  (Any 1) (1)
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4.5 Patterns of inheritance
4.5.1 Linking of the statements

(a) Incomplete/partial dominance  (1)
(b) Co-dominance  (1)
(c) Complete dominance  (1)
4.5.2 Indication of the genetic phenomenon of inheritance

Prepotency  (1)
4.5.3 TWO other patterns of inheritance

• Polygenic 
• Multiple alleles 
• Atavism 
• Epistasis  (Any 2) (2)
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GRAND TOTAL: 150
Page 201
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
2018
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
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SECTION B.
question paper.
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
number (1.1.1 to 1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.11 B.
1.1.1 The process of designing and developing the product to suit the
needs of consumers is …
A selling.
B trading.
C marketing.
D branding.
1.1.2 A measure of how much the demand for a product changes if there
is a change in price is known as ...
A elasticity of demand.
B inelasticity of demand.
C elasticity of supply.
D inelasticity of product.
1.1.3 The law of demand states that …
A the greater the number of consumers, the lower the demand

for a specific product.
B when the price of a product decreases, the demand for it
increases.
C the higher the income, the less demand for a specific product.
D when the price of a product increases so does the demand.
1.1.4 The following are the reasons for drawing up an agribusiness plan:
(i) To determine whether it will be possible to implement the idea

with success
(ii) To pay back the loan obtained from Land Bank
(iii) To guide daily operations
(iv) To determine the money needed for the business

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1.1.5 The labour legislation that regulates farm workers' leave and working
hours:
A Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993)

B Unemployment Insurance Act, 2001 (Act 63 of 2001)
C Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 75 of 1997)
D Labour Relations Act, 1995 (Act 66 of 1995)
1.1.6 The net worth of a farming enterprise is defined as …
A the owner's equity.

B expenditure minus income.
C assets plus liabilities.
D the value of assets minus liabilities.
1.1.7 An example of a whole-farm budget with more than one enterprise:
A Expected income and expenses for cabbage seedlings,

fertiliser and insecticides
B Estimated income and expenses for the production of maize,
beef and fodder
C Estimated expenses for the production of wool sheep
D Expected expenses for the production and selling of lucerne
1.1.8 The ability to proactively deal with challenges that might occur in
future:
A Integrated farm management

B Strategic farm management
C Organisational farm management
D Problem-solving farm management
1.1.9 A large increase in growth and productivity of the offspring

compared to the parents:
A Heterosis
B Heritability
C Heterozygous
D Homozygous
1.1.10 Hereditary change in the genetic material of the offspring:
A Atavism
B Prepotency
C Mutation
D Variation (10 x 2) (20)
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COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question numbers
(1.2.1 to 1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.2.6 K.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Profit driven A mass selection
1.2.2 Quantity supplied exceeds the B permanent labour

quantity demanded
C selling
1.2.3 Loss of value of movable capital
over time D individual selection
1.2.4 Farm workers who work normal E skilled casual labour

hours and have leave days
F depreciation
1.2.5 Selection based on the individual
performance G emphasis on the product
H surplus
I appreciation
J demand
(5 x 2) (10)
1.3 Give ONE word/term for EACH of the following descriptions. Write only
the word/term next to the question numbers (1.3.1 to 1.3.5) in the
ANSWER BOOK.
1.3.1 The process of attracting consumers to buy a product by advertising

on television and the radio
1.3.2 The items that have financial value and are owned by a farmer
1.3.3 Purposeful breeding of plants and animals which is done to get new
varieties of species
1.3.4 The use of statistics to analyse the biological data of an individual to

determine its breeding value
1.3.5 The expression of one gene that is controlled by another gene on

a chromosome (5 x 2) (10)
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make i t TRUE. Write only the answer next to the question numbers
1.4.1 Market is calculated by adding a certain percentage to the

production input in order to make a profit.
1.4.2 Flexibility is an approach used by a manager to reduce the impact of

changes in a market by using future contracts.
1.4.3 Dominance is the visible characteristics produced from individual

genotypes.
1.4.4 A chromosome is a section of the DNA that contains information for

a particular genetic characteristic.
1.4.5 Prepotency is the reappearance of an ancestral characteristic in an

organism after it has been absent for many generations. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 The picture below illustrates a marketing channel used by farmers in a

free marketing system.
2.1.1 Identify the marketing channel illustrated above. (1)
2.1.2 State TWO advantages of the marketing channel identified in

QUESTION 2.1.1. (2)
2.1.3 Give TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system for a producer. (2)
2.2 Producers put their farm produce together and sell as a collective. This is
done to eliminate the problem of producing and marketing their produce
as individuals.
2.2.1 Name the marketing system illustrated above. (1)
2.2.2 Name the system whereby farm produce from various farms is
brought together and marketed as one mass. (1)
2.2.3 Indicate THREE ways in which producers can benefit from this
system in QUESTION 2.2.2. (3)
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2.3 The table below shows two competing agricultural products and the quantities
demanded at different prices.
QUANTITY DEMANDED QUANTITY DEMANDED PRICE

PRODUCT 1 PRODUCT 2 (Rand)
(kg) (kg)
90 150 10
80 140 20
70 140 30
60 130 40
50 130 50
40 120 60
30 110 70
20 100 80
10 100 90
2.3.1 Indicate TWO factors, other than price, that might have influenced
the demand of PRODUCT 2. (2)
2.3.2 Indicate the trend of quantities demanded at different prices of

PRODUCT 2. (2)
2.3.3 Draw a line graph showing the quantities demanded of PRODUCT 1

at different prices. (6)
2.3.4 Deduce the relationship between price and quantity demanded for
PRODUCT 1. (2)
2.4 The illustration below indicates an agribusiness chain.
Milk producer Yoghurt plant Warehouse

{
Chain store Wholesaler
From the agribusiness chain above, identify the component that relates to
EACH of the following statements.
2.4.1 Yoghurt is sold to retailers in large quantities. (1)
2.4.2 A variety of heavy machines and equipment is used to make

yoghurt. (1)
2.4.3 The yoghurt is displayed in smaller and more consumer-friendly

units. (1)
2.4.4 The primary product is sold at the lowest price. (1)
2.4.5 The yoghurt is placed in boxes and staged in pallets. (1)
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2.5 The graph below shows the price trend of two agricultural products over
a six-months period.
70 The price trend of two agricultural products over six months

60
50 Product 1
Price (R per kg)
Product 2
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Months of the year
2.5.1 Identify the product which is responsive to seasonal changes. (1)
2.5.2 Explain the effect of seasonal production on the price of the product
2.5.3 Give ONE reason related to production, which has led to the
constant price of Product 1. (1)
2.6 Name FOUR phases of the entrepreneurial process. (4)

[35]
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3.1 Land is the most important production factor.
3.1.1 Name TWO economic characteristics of land. (2)
3.1.2 Suggest TWO measures to improve the productivity of land. (2)
3.1.3 Indicate TWO functions of land as a production factor. (2)
3.2 The pictures below show activities on a farm that are regulated by legislation.
PICTURE A: Example of machinery PICTURE B: Example of protest

used on a farm action on a farm
3.2.1 Name the labour legislation that regulates EACH of the following:
(a) Ensures that the farm worker using the machinery in

PICTURE A is safe (1)
(b) Allows for the protest action of the farm workers in PICTURE B (1)
(c) Protects the farm worker using the machinery in PICTURE A

if he/she is injured while on duty (1)
(d) The farm worker using the machinery in PICTURE A is working

within the stipulated time (1)
3.2.2 Identify the type of farm worker who has been operating the
machinery in PICTURE A for 20 years. (1)
3.2.3 Suggest TWO labour issues that might have led to the protest
actions of farm workers in PICTURE B. (2)
3.2.4 Indicate TWO measures the farmer can take to address the labour
issues in QUESTION 3.2.3. (2)
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3.3 A family received a pension package of R1 189 000 which was invested in
a 15 ha piece of land. As they had no capital they applied for and received a
loan of R280 000 from the bank. They used R50 000 for a borehole,
R158 000 for a tractor and R15 000 for pesticides, seeds and fertilisers.
3.3.1 Identify an example of a capital item in the scenario above which is

categorised as follows:
(a) Movable capital (1)
(b) Working capital (1)
(c) Fixed capital (1)
3.3.2 Name TWO sources of capital used by the family in the scenario
above. (2)
3.3.3 Calculate the total value of the assets of this farming enterprise. (2)
3.3.4 In the scenario above, deduce TWO problems associated with

capital as a production factor. (2)
3.4 The steps below form part of the decision-making process.
A. Evaluate alternatives.
B. Identify the problem with regard to its importance.
C. Choose and follow the best solution.
D. Analyse possible alternatives.
3.4.1 Rearrange the steps above in the CORRECT sequence. Write down
only the letters (A–D) next to the question number (3.4.1). (4)
3.4.2 Give TWO factors which influence the effectiveness of the

decision-making process. (2)
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3.5 The picture below shows a farm with different operations that are managed
successfully.
3.5.1 Identify the risk management strategy shown in the picture above. (1)
3.5.3 Name the management skill that has enabled the manager to decide
on the strategy in QUESTION 3.5.1 in advance. (1)
3.5.4 Give TWO examples of production risks that can directly affect the
operations of the farming enterprise above. (2)
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4.1 A farmer received four pigs as a gift from a neighbour.
• One white female

• One red female
• Two red males
The farmer decided to divide them into two breeding pairs as parents of
the F 1 -generation:
BREEDING PAIR 1 BREEDING PAIR 2

White female and red male Red female and red male
F 2 -offspring: 3 red piglets and 1 F 1 -offspring: 1 white piglet and 3 red
white piglet piglets
The letters D (red) and d (white) were used to represent the alleles for the
colour of the pigs.
4.1.1 Calculate the percentage of the offspring that are red in the
F 2 -generation of BREEDING PAIR 1. (2)
4.1.2 Use the Punnet square to determine the genotype of the

F 1 -generation offspring in BREEDING PAIR 2. (3)
4.1.3 Determine the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in QUESTION 4.1.2

above. (1)
4.1.4 Indicate the breeding pair (BREEDING PAIR 1 or BREEDING

PAIR 2) that has parents with dominant alleles. (1)
4.2 Two cultivars, CULTIVAR A and CULTIVAR B, are crossed. CULTIVAR A has
short stems and fleshy fruit that ripen quickly, while CULTIVAR B has long
stems and the fruit takes long to ripen with less juice.
4.2.1 A very large and drastic improvement in yield was achieved when
CULTIVAR A was crossed with CULTIVAR B. Give the genetic term
referring to the improved yield. (1)
4.2.2 Explain why the two cultivars above are used in this breeding
programme. (2)
4.2.3 State TWO factors which influence the variation in the cultivars
above. (2)
4.2.4 Give TWO reasons why variation in plant breeding is important. (2)
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4.3 A farmer noticed dwarf-sized piglets (aa) being born from inferior sows.
This farmer then decided to use boars (AA) from unrelated piggeries that
appeared to be free of dwarfism for repeated mating with inferior sows.
4.3.1 Identify the type of breeding system practised by the farmer. (1)
4.3.2 State ONE disadvantage of the breeding system identified in

QUESTION 4.3.1. (1)
4.3.3 Indicate the most important factor that would determine the success
of the breeding system by referring to the information above. (1)
4.3.4 Explain why the farmer selected boars and not sows for the breeding
system. (2)
4.3.5 Give a term used to describe an animal that is responsible for a

recessive genetic trait, such as dwarfism. (1)
4.3.6 Indicate the genotype of a dwarf piglet. (1)
4.4 Different breeding systems used by famers to improve the performance of

their breeding stock are indicated below.
inbreeding; crossbreeding; species crossing; outcrossing; line breeding
4.4.1 Match the breeding systems above with EACH of the following
statements:
(a) Pure-bred Holstein bull x pure-bred Holstein cow who are not
from the same line (1)
(b) Produce offspring that is sterile (1)
(c) The progeny produces better than the parents (1)
(d) Undesirable characteristics can be bred into the progeny (1)
4.4.2 Name TWO main types of mutagenic agents that can affect the
breeding systems above. (2)
4.5 The yield obtained by farmers in a typical maize-growing area using

conventional hybrid seed, is lower than the latest available genetically
modified technology which uses genetically modified seeds.
4.5.1 Name TWO techniques used to develop genetically modified plants. (2)
4.5.2 Differentiate between conventional hybrid seed and genetically
modified seed. (2)
4.5.3 State THREE advantages of genetic engineering. (3)
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GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
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SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
2018
MARKING GUIDELINES
MARKS: 150
Page 216
SCE – Marking Guidelines
SECTION A
QUESTION 1:
1.1 1.1.1 C 
1.1.2 A 
1.1.3 B 
1.1.4 D 
1.1.5 C 
1.1.6 D 
1.1.7 B 
1.1.8 B 
1.1.9 A 
1.1.10 C  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 C 
1.2.2 H 
1.2.3 F 
1.2.4 B 
1.2.5 A  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Promotion 

1.3.2 Assets 
1.3.3 Artificial selection 
1.3.4 Biometrics 
1.3.5 Epistasis  (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Cost 

1.4.2 Hedging  o
1.4.3 Phenotype 
1.4.4 Gene 
1.4.5 Atavism/throw-back  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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SECTION B
2.1 Marketing channel used by farmers in a free marketing system
2.1.1 Identification of the marketing channel

Fresh produce marketing channel  (1)
2.1.2 TWO advantages of a fresh produce marketing channel

• Able to sell large quantities of farm produce/attracts more
buyers 
• Producers can use an agent to market their produce 
• Producers take advantage of the higher prices in times of short
supply 
• Cash on the spot/no delay in payment  (Any 2) (2)
2.1.3 TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system for a producer

• Prices fluctuate 
• High market costs 
• Time-consuming/
producer responsible to market own products 
• Limited bargaining power 
• Great risk as production decisions may lead to financial
losses/surplus production can lead to a price drop 
• Price fixing/competition 
• Producers can monopolize 
• Attracting consumers may not be so easy  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 Cooperative marketing
2.2.1 Marketing system preferred for the producers

Cooperative marketing  (1)
2.2.2 Term describing the system where produce is brought together

Pool system  (1)
2.2.3 THREE benefits of the system

• More bargaining power 
• Lower marketing costs 
• Easy access to funding/support 
• Cheaper services 
• Higher average price/dividends 
• Risk sharing 
• Producers can secure larger contracts 
• Time saving/time for farming activities  (Any 3) (3)
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2.3 Products and their quantities demanded at different prices

2.3.1 TWO factors influencing the demand of PRODUCT 2
• Preference/taste of the consumer 
• Usefulness of the product 
• Income of consumers 
• Number of consumers 
• Price of competitive products 
• Season of the year/seasonal fluctuation 
• Consumer lifestyle 
• Advertising/promotion 
• Research/healthy tendencies/legislation 
• Substitute products 
• Quality of the product  (Any 2) (2)
2.3.2 Trend of quantities demanded for PRODUCT 2
• Even when the price was going up  the consumers continued
to buy the product 
• No huge difference in quantities demanded  even when there
was an increase in price 
• Slight drop in quantities demanded  even when there was an
increase in price  (Any 1) (2)
2.3.3 Line graph of the quantities demanded for PRODUCT 1
The quantities demanded at different prices

100
90
80
70
Price (R)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Quantities demanded (kg)
• X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantities demanded) 
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price) 
• Correct units (R and kg) 
• Line graph 
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2.3.4 The relationship between price and quantity demanded

• When the price is high  the quantity demanded is low 
• When the price is low  the quantity demanded is high (Any 1) (2)
2.4 Business chain
2.4.1 Wholesaler  (1)
2.4.2 Yoghurt plant  (1)
2.4.3 Chain store  (1)
2.4.4 Milk producer  (1)

2.4.5 Warehouse  (1)
2.5 The price trend of two agricultural products over a period of six months
2.5.1 The product mostly responsive to seasonal fluctuation
Product 2  (1)
2.5.2 The effect of seasonal production on the price of product 2
• When the product is out of season  the price is high 
• When the product is in season  the price is low  (Any 1) (2)
2.5.3 ONE reason related to production that lead to a constant price of

product 1
Production occurs throughout the year/consistent production/
available throughout the year/products not seasonal/storage  (1)
2.6 FOUR phases of the entrepreneurial process
• Identification of the opportunity 
• Evaluate the opportunity 
• Determining resources required 
• Developing the business plan 
• Starting and managing the enterprise 
• Growing the business  (Any 4) (4)
[35]

3.1 Economic characteristics of land
3.1.1 TWO economic characteristics of land
• Production potential varies 
• Land is fixed/found in a specific environment/restrictedness 
• Land is subject to the law of diminishing return 
• Land is indestructible 
• Land is durable 
• Land is a passive factor 
• Land can be bought or sold 
• Value appreciates over time 
• Land is limited 
• Land is a primary production factor  (Any 2) (2)
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3.1.2 TWO measure to improve productivity of land

• Use of technology/precision farming 
• Adapt to scientific methods/practices 
• Improve water management/provision 
• Changing cropping practices 
• Consolidating uneconomical units/farming more efficiently 
• Restore land potential/application of indigenous knowledge 
(Any 2) (2)
3.1.3 TWO functions of land as a production factor

• For production/provision/supply of food 
• It provides physical space 
• It is a source of minerals 
• It is a source of raw materials 
• Can be used as collateral  (Any 2) (2)
3.2 Activities on the farm regulated by legislation

3.2.1 Indication of the labour legislation
(a) Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993)  (1)
(b) Labour Relations Act (66 of 1995)  (1)
(c) Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act
(130 of 1993)  (1)
(d) Basic Conditions of Employment Act (75 of 1997)  (1)
3.2.2 Classification of the farm worker

Permanent/fulltime farm worker  (1)
3.2.3 TWO labour issues that might have led to the protest action
• Poor working conditions 
• Failure to adhere to legislation 
• Farm evictions 
• Poor living conditions 
• Poor wages/salaries 
• Lack of training/education 
• Poor labour management  (Any 2) (2)
3.2.4 TWO measures by the farmer to address the labour issues

• Better working conditions 
• Better wages/bonuses/incentives 
• Better living conditions/housing 
• Improved relations/communications/recognition for work well
done 
• Provision of training/education 
• Better labour management 
• Refrain from evictions 
• Adherence to legislation  (Any 2) (2)
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3.3 Capital for running an enterprise

3.3.1 Examples of capital items
(a) Tractor  (1)
(b) Pesticides/fertilizers/seeds  (1)
(c) Land/borehole  (1)
3.3.2 TWO sources of capital for the family farming enterprise
• Loan 
• Pension package pay-out  (2)
3.3.3 The total value of the assets
R1 189 000
+ R 280 000 
R1 469 000  (2)
3.3.4 Deduction of two problems from the scenario
• Insufficient capital/scarcity/undercapitalisation 
• Credit that will attract interest/high interest rates 
• Capital is subject to high risk 
• Capital depreciates  (Any 2) (2)
3.4 The steps that forms part of the decision-making process

3.4.1 The correct sequence of steps
• B (1)
• D (1)
• A (1)
• C (1)
3.4.2 TWO factors influencing effective decision making
• Speed with which decisions are taken/timing of the decisions 
• The degree of accuracy with which decisions are taken 
• The acceptability of the decisions 
• Business sense 
• Social views/ethics 
• Economics 
• Profitability 
• Environmental sustainability 
• Politics 
• Outcome of the SWOT analysis 
• Past experience/available information/research  (Any 2) (2)
3.5 Farm with different operations that are managed with success
3.5.1 Identification of the risk management strategy
3.5.2 Justification
It is a means of managing risk/risk is spread amongst many farming
enterprises/a means of spreading farm investment over several
enterprises  (1)
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3.5.3 The management skill to decide in advance on a strategy

Planning  (1)
3.5.4 TWO examples of production risks

• Unpredictable weather and climatic conditions 
• Drought and flooding 
• Disease outbreak in crops and live stock 
• Insect infestation 
• Theft/predation  (Any 2) (2)
[35]
4.1 Animal breeding pairs
4.1.1 The percentage of red offspring

PAIR 1: ¾ x 100  = 75%  (2)
[[
4.1.2 Punnet square of the genotype of the offspring in PAIR 2
 D d 
D DD Dd 
d Dd dd
Marking guidelines/criteria
• Correct gametes 
• Punnet square (with gametes and offspring)  (3)
4.1.3 Phenotype ratio of the offspring

• 1 white:3 red 
OR
• 3 red:1 white 
OR
• white:red = 1:3/red:white = 3:1  (Any 1) (1)
4.1.4 Breeding pair with dominant alleles

Pair 2  (1)
4.1.5 Reason
D represents dominant alleles for red pigs/both parents are red  (1)
4.2 Selection
4.2.1 Genetic term responsible for improved yield

Hybrid vigour/heterosis  (1)
4.2.2 Reason for using cultivars in a breeding programme

Superior parents with the required characteristics  can produce the
offspring needed/with the required characteristics  (2)
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4.2.3 TWO factors influencing variation

• Genes/internal 
• Environment/external  (2)

• Helps to improve plant cultivars 
• Leads to development of new cultivars/cultivars become more
evolved and cope with changing environment 
• Biodiversity  (Any 2) (2)
4.3 Dwarf-sized piglets
4.3.1 Identification of the breeding system

Upgrading  (1)
4.3.2 ONE disadvantage of the breeding system

• Male animals/boars of the first few generations cannot be sold
as breeding stock 
• Improvement is relatively slow 
• Offspring cannot be bred 100% pure 
• Male animals/boars must always be bought  (Any 1) (1)
4.3.3 The factor determining the success of the selection process

The selection of superior males/boars/AA  (1)
4.3.4 Explanation for selecting boars

Boars have superior genetic characteristics and sows have inferior
genetic characteristics  (2)
4.3.5 Term for an animal responsible for a recessive gene

Carrier  (1)
4.3.6 Genotype of a dwarf piglet

aa  (1)
4.4. Linking the breeding systems

1 (a) Outcrossing  (1)
(b) Species crossing  (1)
(c) Cross breeding  (1)
(d) Inbreeding  (1)
4.4.2 TWO types of mutagenic agents

• Physical 
• Chemical 
• Biological  (Any 2) (2)
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4.5 Genetic modification versus conventional hybrids
4.5.1 Two techniques used to develop genetically modified plants

• Micro- injection 
• Bacterial carriers 
• Viral carriers 
• Biolistic/gene gun 
• Lipofection  (Any 2) (2)
4.5.2 Differentiation between

Conventional hybrid seed
• Produced through normal breeding practices  (1)
Genetic modified seed
• Produced by intentionally inserting desired genes  (1)
4.5.3 THREE advantages of genetic engineering

• Process is fast 
• More precise 
• Not limited to the crossing of species that are related  (3)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 225
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018
MARKS: 150
TIME: 2½ hours
Page 226
Agricultural Sciences/P2 2 DBE/Feb.–Mar. 2018
NSC

SECTION B.
question paper.
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NSC
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
number (1.1.1–1.1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.11 D.
1.1.1 The marketing system that stimulates the entrepreneur to show

initiative and drive because of direct contact with consumers is
called … marketing.
A free
B co-operative
C controlled
D pool system
1.1.2 ONE of the following factors influences the supply of a product:
A Increase in the number of consumers

B Taste and preference of the consumers in the short term
C Government subsidies and taxation policies
D The range of a product
1.1.3 The main reason for packaging agricultural products is to …
A ensure food security.

B increase the storage period of products.
C ensure a constant flow of products to the consumer.
D protect products against physical damage.
1.1.4 The following statements are TRUE with regard to price elasticity:
(i) Staple foods are generally price inelastic.

(ii) Price elasticity of the supply of agricultural products in the
short term is inelastic.
(iii) The elasticity of the supply of agricultural products is usually
positive in the long term.
(iv) The elasticity of the demand of all agricultural products is
always negative in the short term.
Choose the correct combination:

B (i), (ii) and (iii)
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1.1.5 The following is NOT a function of land as a production factor:
A It provides space for the production process.

B It stores raw material.
C It provides food for animals.
D It cannot be used up.
1.1.6 The farmer can apply the following measures to increase labour
productivity on the farm:
(i) The farmer must have the correct type and number of
labourers.
(ii) Set clear unattainable goals for labourers.
(iii) Give labourers an opportunity to be involved in decision-
making.
(iv) Ensure the wellbeing of labourers.
Choose the correct combination:

1.1.7 Flexibility as a risk management strategy involves …
A decreasing the number of livestock as a result of drought.

B growing crops as well as keeping livestock.
C distribution of the cost of risk among several stakeholders.
D concentrating only on a livestock enterprise.
1.1.8 ONE of the following is a method to acquire short-term credit:
A Bank loan paid over 36 months

B Using fixed assets as security
C Use personal loans for 6 to 12 months
D Use a grant from the Land Bank
1.1.9 A heterozygous individual has the following genotype for a

qualitative genetic characteristic:
A Two dominant alleles

B Two recessive alleles
C One dominant allele and two recessive alleles
D One dominant allele and one recessive allele
1.1.10 Cattle have 30 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus. The male

gametes will have … chromosomes.
A 30
B 15
C 45
D 60
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NSC

COLUMN A. Write only the letter (A–J) next to the question number
(1.2.1–1.2.5) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.2.6 K.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1.2.1 Indicates the condition when the A demand
quantity supplied is more than the
quantity demanded B selection
1.2.2 The ability and the desire to buy C overcapitalisation

goods and services at a given
price D Skills Development Act,
1998 (Act 97 of 1998)
1.2.3 Extra capital is invested and will
not result in extra productivity E shortage
1.2.4 The legislation that addresses the F undercapitalisation

educational training and
improvement of the South African G surplus
workforce
H variation
1.2.5 The differences in the genotypes
and phenotypes of individuals of I Labour Relations Act, 1995
the same species (Act 66 of 1995)
J supply
(5 x 2) (10)
word/term next to the question number (1.3.1–1.3.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.3.1 The entrepreneurial success factor of generating a new business

idea
1.3.2 The prediction of expected income and expenditure for a particular

year
1.3.3 An inheritance mechanism which involves more than two alleles
1.3.4 A selection method based on the qualities of the relatives
1.3.5 The modification of the DNA resulting in a change in the sequence

of the genes (5 x 2) (10)
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NSC
1.4 Change the UNDERLINED WORD(S) in each of the following statements to

make it TRUE. Write only the correct word(s) next to the question number
(1.4.1–1.4.5) in the ANSWER BOOK.
1.4.1 Controlled marketing is a system of marketing where two or more

farmers work together to reach a common goal.
1.4.2 The Labour Relations, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993) regulates health and
safety of all employees in the workplace.
1.4.3 The crossing of a line-bred farm animal with an animal from a

different species is called inbreeding.
1.4.4 Hybrid vigour is attained through homozygosity.
1.4.5 The internal hereditary factor that will influence the performance
of an individual to be used for selection and breeding is a
chromosome. (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
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NSC
SECTION B
2.1 The table below shows different marketing systems used by FARMER A and
FARMER B.
FARMER A FARMER B
Access to market Local retailers and Larger markets via the
wholesalers Internet
Price determination Determined by local Determined by
supply and demand government
Competition Local producers Competition is
international
2.1.1 Name the marketing systems used by FARMER A and FARMER B. (2)
2.1.2 Give a reason for the marketing system used by FARMER B. (1)
2.1.3 FARMER B uses mass marketing for marketing the produce. Justify
this statement by referring to the table above. (1)
2.1.4 Name TWO ways in which the agribusiness chain can be streamlined
for FARMER A to access markets in rural areas. (2)
2.2 Indicate TWO roles of legislation to ensure effective marketing of agricultural

products. (2)
2.3 Name the component of a business plan that will reflect EACH of the following
types of information:
2.3.1 Business name and the details of the person (1)
2.3.2 The number and types of employees (1)
2.3.3 Amount of money needed and future projections (1)
2.4 Name THREE common mistakes that farmers make when drawing up a
business plan. (3)
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2.5 The table below shows the supply and demand of peaches at different prices.
PRICE PER kg QUANTITIES QUANTITIES

(R) SUPPLIED (kg) DEMANDED (kg)
0,50 1 9
1,00 2 8
1,50 3 7
2,00 4 6
2,50 5 5
3,00 6 4
3,50 7 3
4,00 8 2
4,50 9 1
2.5.1 Use the data above and draw a line graph of the supply and
demand of peaches at different prices. (6)
2.5.2 Identify the equilibrium price of peaches per kg. (1)
2.5.3 Refer to the table to explain what happens when the price per kg is
below the equilibrium price. (2)
2.6 Match the factors that hamper the marketing of agricultural products below
with EACH of the statements. Write down only factor next to the question
number (2.6.1–2.6.4).
standardisation; perishability; bulkiness;

lack of control over production; political situation
2.6.1 Agricultural products have a limited lifespan, which shortens their

time on the market. (1)
2.6.2 Unrest in the country can impact negatively on the marketing of
agricultural products. (1)
2.6.3 Agricultural products are produced by a large number of producers
which can lead to a surplus and a drop in price. (1)
2.6.4 Agricultural products have large volumes with relative low value. (1)
2.7 Indicate THREE requirements of a container for the packaging of fresh
produce to prevent damage and spoilage. (3)
2.8 Identify the types of consumer described by EACH of the statements below.
2.8.1 Buyers divide the large shipment of products and sell it to
consumers in small units (1)
2.8.2 Buy a carcass to make canned beef and biltong (1)
2.8.3 Buy products to sell to foreign markets (1)
2.9 Explain the law of demand in a market situation. (2)
[35]
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NSC
3.1 The table below represents two groups of farmers with different ways of
farming.
GROUP A GROUP B
 20 small pieces of land  576 ha arable land
 Average size of 1 ha per farmer  1 big tractor, a boom sprayer and
 2 small tractors, others use oxen a combine harvester
 1 hand sprayer  Grows maize practising a
 Grows different crops per growth monoculture system
season  Produces 5 tons per hectare
 Harvests by hand
 Combined harvest is 1 ton
per hectare
3.1.1 Indicate the land factor described in EACH of the two scenarios. (1)
3.1.2 State TWO benefits of the practices by the farmers in GROUP B

that may have contributed to the higher production per hectare. (2)
3.1.3 Suggest TWO techniques applicable to the farmers in GROUP A

that can improve their production per hectare. (2)
3.1.4 Identify an economic characteristic of land that will be negatively

affected by monoculture and continuous cultivation. (1)
3.1.5 State TWO functions of land as a production factor. (2)
Page 234
NSC
3.2 It is important to have an ethical and highly efficient work force with an
understanding that the business is not about the employer only, but for their
benefit too. Sleeping on duty is misconduct if committed deliberately, as it
does not only affect productivity, but could endanger lives especially where
dangerous equipment is being used. The necessary steps need to be taken to
caution, and even charge, the employee who commits such an act.
3.2.1 Name the type of permanent labourer who operates an advanced

tractor equipped with an advanced computer and pilot steering. (1)
3.2.2 Indicate the expertise needed by the employee in QUESTION 3.2.1. (1)
3.2.3 Identify a type of misconduct by employees that would warrant the

employer to take disciplinary steps. (1)
3.2.4 Name the specific legislation that the employer would use to justify
the disciplinary steps. (1)
3.2.5 State TWO problems related to labour on farms. (2)
3.2.6 Recommend TWO actions an employer should consider to

encourage workers to improve their productivity. (2)
3.3 A family fruit tree business was started on 34 hectares (ha). It was later
scaled down to 12 hectares and is now very successful. This success can be
attributed to the introduction of pigs, chickens and sheep to the farm.
The waste from these animals is used to make compost. The business also
buys surplus fruit from neighbouring farms to make dried fruit and jam. Five
guest cottages have been built on the farm. The kitchen waste from the guest
cottages is used for the compost-from-worms project on the farm.
3.3.1 Identify the risk management strategy employed by this family

business. (1)
3.3.2 Give ONE reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.3.1. (1)
3.3.3 Suggest TWO primary sources of risk in a farming business. (2)
3.3.4 State the general business management skills applied by the

manager of the family business in the following situations:
(a) The smooth functioning of the different enterprises of the

family business with the same work force (1)
(b) Processing and analysing the market information and
realising there was a greater demand for organic products
in the global markets (1)
(c) Developing positive relations with workers, suppliers and
the markets (1)
3.3.5 Define the concept strategic management of a farm. (2)
Page 235
NSC
3.4 Initially a rural community with 900 ha of communal land had no source of
capital. They fought poverty through innovation by planting commercial
plantations, on the communal land. Now they not only source profits from the
plantations, but also from adventure tourism. At first they operated using a
government grant of R11 million and a loan of R2 million from the Land Bank,
payable at a rate of 5% over the period of 5 years. Currently they have a
turnover of R12 million and expenses of R4 million yearly.
3.4.1 Identify the fixed capital item in the scenario above. (1)
3.4.2 Name any TWO sources of capital used by the community to start
the commercial plantations. (2)
3.4.3 Identify the problem of capital experienced by the community when

they started the business. (1)
3.4.4 Indicate the term of repayment of the loan from the Land Bank. (1)
3.4.5 Calculate the profits made by the community during the 5 years.
Show ALL the calculations. (5)
[35]
Page 236
NSC
4.1 A farmer cross-pollinated a heterozygous pea plant with yellow seed (G) and
a pure-bred pea plant with green seed (g).
4.1.1 Indicate the genotype of EACH parent in the first crossing. (2)
4.1.2 Use the Punnet square method to determine the possible genotype
of the offspring in the first crossing. (3)
4.1.3 Name the type of dominance shown by the crossing in

QUESTION 4.1.2. (1)
4.1.4 Explain a reason for the type of dominance in QUESTION 4.1.3. (2)
4.1.5 Calculate the percentage of heterozygous offspring in the

F1-generation. (2)
4.2 The illustration below shows the breeding systems commonly used by
farmers.
BREEDING SYSTEMS
A B C D
Brahman bull Afrikaner x Bonsmara bulls x Santa Donkey x
x his daughter Hereford Getrudis cows generation horse
after generation
after generation
Identify the breeding system (A–D) that corresponds with EACH of the
statements below. Write down only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (4.2.1–4.2.5).
4.2.1 It produces hybrid vigour. (1)
4.2.2 Its negative effects can be reduced by outcrossing. (1)
4.2.3 The offspring are hardy and can work under unfavourable
conditions. (1)
4.2.4 A new breed is gradually imported into a new environment. (1)
4.2.5 Continual use leads to a gradual decrease in the performance of

animals. (1)
Page 237
NSC
4.3 Variation is a phenomenon that refers to differences in the characteristics of

individuals which cause individual offspring to be slightly different from their
parents. This phenomenon is a natural occurrence and is very important for
farmers as it forms the foundation of selection and breeding programmes.
4.3.1 Name TWO genetic processes that cause variation. (2)
4.3.2 Why is variation in a breeding programme important? Give TWO

reasons. (2)
4.3.3 Distinguish between continuous variation and discontinuous

variation. (2)
4.4 The farmer is breeding cattle for a weaning weight. The average weaning
weight for the herd is 230 kg. One group of cattle has a mass of 220 kg and
the other group has a mass of 250 kg.
4.4.1 Indicate the group of cattle from which the farmer would select the
animal to improve the weaning weight of the herd. (1)
4.4.2 Give a reason for the selection in QUESTION 4.4.1. (1)
4.4.3 Identify the selection method the farmer uses in QUESTION 4.4.1. (1)
4.4.4 Briefly explain the selection method in QUESTION 4.4.3. (2)
4.4.5 Name any TWO other selection methods the farmer can use to
improve the weaning mass of the herd. (2)
Page 238
NSC
4.5 The yields obtained by two maize farmers in a typical maize growing area are
shown in the table below. FARMER A used conventional hybrid seed and
FARMER B changed and used the latest available genetically modified (GM)
seed.
YEAR YIELD (t/ha) YIELD (t/ha)

(FARMER A) (FARMER B)
2011 10,0 10,2
2012 10,8 10,6
2013 9,6 12,0
2014 11,0 13,0
2015 10,4 15,0
2016 10,8 16,5
4.5.1 From the data in the table above, identify the year in which
FARMER B changed to GM crops. (1)
4.5.3 Use the data above and name TWO advantages of the continued
use of GM maize for FARMER B. (2)
4.5.4 Name TWO important characteristics of GM maize crops that could

be responsible for the advantages that FARMER B experienced. (2)
4.5.5 Give ONE reason why there is public resistance against the use of
GM cultivars or breeds. (1)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Page 239
NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018
MARKING GUIDELINES
This memorandum consists of 9 pages.
MARKS: 150

Page 240
SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 A 
1.1.2 C 
1.1.3 D 
1.1.4 B 
1.1.5 D 
1.1.6 B 
1.1.7 A 
1.1.8 C 
1.1.9 D 
1.1.10 A  (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 1.2.1 G 
1.2.2 A 
1.2.3 C 
1.2.4 D 
1.2.5 H  (5 x 2) (10)
1.3 1.3.1 Innovation/creativity 

1.3.2 Budget 
1.3.3 Multiple alleles 
1.3.4 Family selection 
1.3.5 Genetic modification/engineering/manipulation (5 x 2) (10)
1.4 1.4.1 Co-operative 

1.4.2 Occupational Health and Safety 
1.4.3 Species crossing 
1.4.4 Heterozygosity 
1.4.5 Gene  (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45
Page 241
SECTION B
2.1 Table on marketing
2.1.1 Marketing system used

Farmer A - Free marketing  (1)
Farmer B - Controlled marketing  (1)
2.1.2 Reason for the system used by farmer B

Price is determined/controlled by the government  (1)
2.1.3 Justification for mass marketing

Farmer B is reaching a wide range of consumers(larger markets) (1)
via the internet 
2.1.4 TWO ways to facilitate marketing in rural areas

 Improve roads/infrastructure 
 Improve market information through technology 
 Transportation of produce in vehicles with cooling facilities. 
 Cold storage depots 
 Market collectively by combining loads  (Any 2) (2)
2.2 TWO roles of legislation in ensuring effective marketing

 Ensures increased market access to all participants 
 Makes provision for quality control over imports and exports of
products  (2)
2.3 Component of a business plan
2.3.1 Title/cover page  (1)
2.3.2 Human resource plan  (1)
2.3.3 Financial plan  (1)
2.4 THREE common mistakes when drawing a business plan

 Provision of unrealistic assumptions/over-ambitious 
 Not being able to identify the potential risks/hiding risks 
 Provision of too much unnecessary information/leaving gaps/being too
vague 
 Committing budget and cash flow errors/incomplete financials 
 No information on competitors/not highlighting competition 
 Use of incorrect format/poor writing/incomplete plan 
 Inadequate/poor research 
 Insufficient technical details  (Any 3) (3)
Page 242
2.5 Supply and demand of peaches
2.5.1 Line graph showing the supply and demand of peaches
The supply and demand of peaches at different prices

10
4,50 9
Supply
4,00 8
3,50 7
Price (R)
3,00 6
2,50 5
2,00 4
1,50 3
1,00 2
Demand
0,50 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Quantities (kg)
Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines
 X axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantities) 
 Y axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (Price) 
 Correct unit (R and kg) 
 Line graph 
2.5.2 Determination of the equilibrium price

R2,50  (1)
2.5.3 Situation when price is below the equilibrium price

 The quantity demanded is high  and the quantity supplied is
low  OR
 Quantity supplied is low  and quantity demanded is high  (2)
2.6 Linking statements to factors hampering marketing of products
2.6.1 Perishability  (1)
2.6.2 Political situation  (1)
2.6.3 Lack of control over production  (1)
2.6.4 Bulkiness  (1)
Page 243
2.7 THREE requirements of a container for packaging

 It must be clean/dry/undamaged 
 Not import any foreign taste/odour to the product 
 It must be free from signs of fungal growth 
 It must be strong/rigid  (Any 3) (3)
2.8 Type of consumers
2.8.1 Retailers  (1)
2.8.2 Food processing companies/factories  (1)

2.8.3 Exporters  (1)
2.9 The law of demand

 The higher the price  the less the people/consumers will demand the
product 
OR
 The lesser the price  the more the people/consumers will buy the
(2)
product 
[35]
QUESTION 3 : PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 Two groups of farmers
3.1.1 Factor of land addressed by the two scenarios

Land availability/ area of production  (1)
3.1.2 TWO benefits of the practices by Group B contributing to

higher production
 Able to work on a large area faster
 Use of machinery is more effective 
 More cost effective to produce 
 Specialisation  (Any 2) (2)
3.1.3 TWO techniques for Group A that can improve production

 Use of scientific methods/technology 
 Consolidation of small units  (2)
3.1.4 Economic characteristic negatively affected by monoculture

and continuous cultivation
Production potential of the land  (1)
3.1.5 TWO functions of land as a production factor

 Provides food 
 Provides raw materials 
 Provides space 
 Source of raw minerals  (Any 2) (2)
Page 244
3.2 Highly ethical and efficient work force
3.2.1 The type of permanent labour who operates an advanced

tractor
Skilled labour  (1)
3.2.2 Indication of the expertise needed by the employee

Technical/operational  (1)
3.2.3 Act of misconduct

Sleeping on duty  (1)
3.2.4 Legislation that the employer would use to justify disciplinary

steps
Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997  (1)
3.2.5 TWO problems related to farm labour

 Social/HIV and AIDS 
 Scarcity 
 Employers' concerns 
 Competition from industries/economic migrants 
 Lack of training/ education 
 Poor labour management 
 Safety 
 Poor working conditions  (Any 2) (2)
3.2.6 TWO actions an employer should take
 Provide incentives 
 Rewards for good work 
 Provide training/education 
 Improve working conditions 
 Improved living conditions 
 Mechanisation 
 Labour management  (Any 2) (2)
3.3 Management
3.3.1 Risk management strategy
3.3.2 Reason for the management strategy
There are a number of enterprises in one farm/agri-tourism  (1)
3.3.3 TWO primary sources of risk in a farming business
 Technical 
 Market/price 
 Financial 
 Production 
 Legal 
 Human resources  (Any 2) (2)
Page 245
3.3.4 General business management skills applied by the manager

(a) Co-ordination/organisational  (1)
(b) Analytic skills  (1)
(c) Interpersonal/communication  (1)
3.3.5 Definition of strategic management

Management that allows the business to anticipate  and adapt to
changes in the future 
OR
The process of developing strategies that allow a business to
achieve its vision, mission and objectives  and adapt to changing
conditions  (2)
3.4 Capital
3.4.1 Fixed capital

Land  (1)
3.4.2 TWO sources of capital

 Grant 
 Loan  (2)
3.4.3 Problem of capital
Scarcity  (1)
3.4.4 Term of repayment
Medium term/5 years  (1)
3.4.5 Calculation of the profit made by the community in 5 years
 Turnover: R12 000 000 x 5 = R60 000 000 
 Expenses: R4 000 000 x 5 = R20 000 000 
Interest: R2 000 000 x 5% = R100 000 
 R2 000 000 + R100 000 = R2 100 000 
 Turnover – expenses:
R60 000 000 – R20 000 000 – R2 100 000 =
 Profit: R37 900 000  (5)
[35]
Page 246
4.1 Heterozygous pea plant (G) and a pure breed pea plant (g)
4.1.1 Genotype of each parent in the first crossing

 Parent 1 - Gg 
 Parent 2 - gg  (2)
4.1.2 Punnett square determining the possible genotype of the

offspring in the first crossing
Gametes G g 
g Gg gg 
g Gg gg
Punnett square with gametes and offspring 

Marking Guideline
 Complete Punnett square with gametes and offspring 
 Correct gametes 
 Correct offspring  (3)
4.1.3 Type of dominance in the cross

Complete dominance  (1)
4.1.4 Reason for the type of dominance

50% of the seeds are yellow (G)  and 50% of the seeds are
green (g) 
OR
No intermediate/new colour  as seeds resemble their parents  (2)
4.1.5 Calculation of the percentage of heterozygous offspring

2 x 100 
4
= 50%  (2)
4.2 Identification of the breeding system
4.2.1 B (1)
4.2.2 A (1)
4.2.3 D (1)
4.2.4 C (1)
4.2.5 A (1)
Page 247
4.3 Variation
4.3.1 TWO genetic processes causing variation

 Mutations 
 Meiosis/crossing over 
 Recombination of genes 
 Fertilisation  (Any 2) (2)

 Animals/plants with superior characteristics can be selected for
breeding purposes 
 Helps to improve the progeny/offspring 
 Generate new varieties/ breeds/cultivars 
 Maintains biodiversity  (Any 2) (2)
4.3.3 Distinction between

Continuous variation
 Displays a complete range of quantitative characteristics  (1)
Discontinuous variation
 Qualitative characteristics have a few clear cut/distinct
forms/with no intermediate forms in between  (1)
4.4 Selection
4.4.1 Group of cattle to be selected

Group with a mass of 250 kg  (1)
4.4.2 Reason
It has a higher average mass/average mass higher than the herd  (1)
4.4.3 Identification of the type of selection method

Mass selection  (1)
4.4.4 Explanation of this selection method

 Selection based on the individuals with superior characteristics 
within the group  (2)
4.4.5 TWO other selection methods

 Family selection 
 Pedigree selection 
 Progeny selection 
 Breeding values/EBV/biometrics  (Any 2) (2)
4.5 GM
4.5.1 Identification of the year

2012/2013  (1)
4.5.2 Reason
An increase in yield/from10,6 – 12t/ha (1)
Page 248
4.5.3 TWO advantages that Farmer B got from using GM maize

 Yields increased 
 Increase started from 2012  (2)
4.5.4 TWO important characteristics of GM maize crops

 Resistant to herbicides 
 Not affected by insecticides 
 Crops have lower water requirements 
 Better adapted to the environment/region  (Any 2) (2)
4.5.5 Reason for the resistance against the use of GM's

 Health risks 
 Environmental risks 
 Ethical/socio-economic concerns  (Any 1) (1)
[35]

GRAND TOTAL: 150
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SUBJECT AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAST

QUESTIONS PAPERS AND MEMOS

YEAR 2018-2023 (JUNE)

COMBINED BY BAG OF HOPE ACADEMY

CONTACT 079 897 5624/ 081 882 2512/

FACEBOOK BAG OF HOPE ACADEMY

GROUP WHATSAPP 0798975624

“WE AIM FOR EXCELLENT RESULTS”

These guidelines consist of 34 pages.

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2.1 Formal assessment in Grade 12 4

3. Elaboration of the content for Grade 12 (CAPS) 13

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The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to:

These Examination Guidelines should be read in conjunction with:

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2.1 Formal assessment in Grade 12

FORMAL ASSESSMENT: GRADE 12

The basic outline of these papers is indicated below:

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SECTION A FOR PAPER 1:

1.1.1 A cost-effective protein supplement for a ruminant animal is …

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Distribution of marks for this question:

Each question paper will have TWO combination-type questions.

1.1.1→1.1.10 (10 x 2) (20)

TWO answers indicated by A and B in COLUMN A and a description indicated in COLUMN B.

Distribution of marks for this question:

Copyright reserved Please turn over

Distribution of marks for this question:

Distribution of marks for this question:

SECTION A FOR PAPER 2:

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Distribution of marks for this question:

Each question paper will have TWO combination-type questions.

1.1.1→1.1.10 (10 x 2) (20)

1.2 Choose a term/phrase from COLUMN B that matches a description in COLUMN A.

Distribution of marks for this question:

Distribution of marks for this question:

Distribution of marks for this question:

Copyright reserved Please turn over

SECTION B FOR PAPER 1:

QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION

QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL

QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

SECTION B FOR PAPER 2:

QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

GRAND TOTAL: 150

2.3 Cognitive level weighting

THE LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY

Refer to previous question papers for some examples in this regard.

3. ELABORATION OF THE CONTENT FOR GRADE 12 (CAPS)

Basic skills linked to the subject:

Questions in both Paper 1 and Paper 2 test the following skills:

 Ability to follow instructions

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SECTION B FOR PAPER 1:

QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION

0123456784 4 841 4

0123456784 4 841 4

23172 2 68 752 2

23172 2 68 752 2

23172 2 68 752 2

23172 2 68 752 2

23172 2 68 752 2

23172 2 68 752 2