86364_F0

Electricity and New Energy
Three-Phase Rotating Machines

&RXUVHZDUH6DPSOH
86364-)0

Order no.: 86364-10
Third Edition
Revision level: 10/2016
By the staff of Festo Didactic
© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2011, 2013

Internet: www.festo-didactic.com
e-mail: did@de.festo.com
Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89640-616-6 (Printed version)
ISBN 978-2-89640-617-3 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2013
Legal Deposit – Library and Archives Canada, 2013
The purchaser shall receive a single right of use which is non-exclusive, non-time-limited and limited
geographically to use at the purchaser's site/location as follows.
The purchaser shall be entitled to use the work to train his/her staff at the purchaser’s site/location and
shall also be entitled to use parts of the copyright material as the basis for the production of his/her own
training documentation for the training of his/her staff at the purchaser’s site/location with
acknowledgement of source and to make copies for this purpose. In the case of schools/technical
colleges, training centers, and universities, the right of use shall also include use by school and college
students and trainees at the purchaser’s site/location for teaching purposes.
The right of use shall in all cases exclude the right to publish the copyright material or to make this
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be used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or their products.
Festo Didactic disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.
Safety and Common Symbols
The following safety and common symbols may be used in this manual and on
the equipment:
Symbol Description
DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not

avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,

if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not

avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,

indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, may result in property damage.
Caution, risk of electric shock
Caution, hot surface
Caution, risk of danger
Caution, lifting hazard
Caution, hand entanglement hazard
Notice, non-ionizing radiation
Direct current
Alternating current
Both direct and alternating current
Three-phase alternating current
Earth (ground) terminal
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 III

Safety and Common Symbols
Symbol Description
Protective conductor terminal
Frame or chassis terminal
Equipotentiality
On (supply)
Off (supply)
Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or

reinforced insulation
In position of a bi-stable push control
Out position of a bi-stable push control
IV © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Table of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................................. IX
About This Manual ................................................................................................ XI
To the Instructor .................................................................................................. XIII
Unit 1 Fundamentals for Rotating Machines.......................................... 1

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ......................................................... 1
Basic motor operation ............................................................... 1
The rotating electromagnet principle ......................................... 3
The generator principle ............................................................. 7
Work, torque, and power ......................................................... 10
Work........................................................................................... 10
Torque........................................................................................ 10
Power ......................................................................................... 11
Ex. 1-1 Prime Mover and Brake Operation ............................................. 13

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 13
Introduction to the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply...................................................................................... 13
Two-quadrant, constant-torque brake ........................................ 13
Clockwise constant-speed prime mover/brake ........................... 14
Counterclockwise constant-speed prime mover/brake ............... 15
Speed, torque, and mechanical power measurements
using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply .......... 16
Motor operation .......................................................................... 16
Generator operation ................................................................... 16
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 17

Set up and connections ........................................................... 17
Two-quadrant, constant-torque brake operation ..................... 19
Constant-speed prime mover operation .................................. 22
Constant-speed prime mover driving a generator ................... 25
Unit 2 Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machines ...................... 35

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................... 35
Introduction to ac motors ......................................................... 35
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 V

Table of Contents
Ex. 2-1 The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor ..................... 39

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 39
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor operation ............ 39
Relationship between speed and torque in three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motors ................................................ 43
Efficiency of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors ....... 45
Relationship between reactive power, power factor, and
motor efficiency in three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motors ...................................................................................... 46
High-efficiency motors ............................................................. 47
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 48
Three-phase induction motor no-load and full-load
operation .................................................................................. 51
Three-phase induction motor operation characteristics .......... 53
Three-phase induction motor direction of rotation................... 61
Ex. 2-2 Eddy-Current Brake and Asynchronous Generator ................. 65

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 65
Eddy-current brake operation .................................................. 65
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction machine operating as
an asynchronous generator ..................................................... 67
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 69
Three-phase induction machine operating as an eddy-
current brake ........................................................................... 71
Three-phase induction machine operating as a motor ............ 75
Three-phase induction machine operating as an
asynchronous generator .......................................................... 78
Unit 3 Synchronous Motors ................................................................... 87

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................... 87
Introduction to synchronous motors ........................................ 87
Ex. 3-1 The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor ....................................... 91

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................... 91
Three-phase synchronous motor operation ............................ 91
PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 93
Starting a three-phase synchronous motor ............................. 95
Characteristics of a three-phase synchronous motor.............. 98
VI © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Table of Contents
Ex. 3-2 Synchronous Motor Pull-Out Torque ....................................... 105

DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 105
Synchronous motor pull-out torque definition and
characteristics........................................................................ 105
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 106
Set up and connections ......................................................... 106
Synchronous motor pull-out torque ....................................... 109
Unit 4 Synchronous Generators (Alternators) ................................... 119

DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ..................................................... 119
Introduction to three-phase synchronous generators............ 119
Ex. 4-1 Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation ... 123

DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 123
Characteristics of a three-phase synchronous generator
operating without load ........................................................... 123
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 125
Three-phase synchronous generator no-load operation ....... 127
Three-phase synchronous generator characteristics ............ 130
Ex. 4-2 Voltage Regulation Characteristics ......................................... 141

DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 141
Equivalent circuit of a three-phase synchronous generator .. 141
Voltage regulation characteristics of three-phase
synchronous generators ........................................................ 142
Voltage regulation calculations for a resistive load .................. 143
Voltage regulation calculations for an inductive load ............... 144
Voltage regulation calculations for a capacitive load ................ 144
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 146

Three-phase synchronous generator voltage regulation
characteristic for resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads ... 149
Voltage regulation characteristic when the three-phase
synchronous generator supplies power to a resistive load ....... 149
synchronous generator supplies power to an inductive load .... 151
synchronous generator supplies power to a capacitive load .... 153
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 VII

Table of Contents
Ex. 4-3 Generator Synchronization ....................................................... 157

DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 157
Introduction to generator synchronization ............................. 157
Manual synchronization of a synchronous generator............ 158
Electrical transient and mechanical stress at generator
synchronization...................................................................... 160
Generator operation after synchronization to an ac power
network .................................................................................. 162
Synchronous generator active power control after
synchronization ........................................................................163
Synchronous generator reactive power control after
synchronization ........................................................................164
PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 167

Generator manual synchronization ....................................... 171
Generator transients and mechanical stress at
synchronization...................................................................... 179
Generator operation after synchronization to the ac power
network .................................................................................. 189
Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart ...................................................... 199
Appendix B Glossary of New Terms ............................................................. 201
Appendix C Impedance Table for the Load Modules .................................. 205
Appendix D Circuit Diagram Symbols .......................................................... 207
Index of New Terms ........................................................................................... 213

Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 215
VIII © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Preface
The production of energy using renewable natural resources such as wind,
sunlight, rain, tides, geothermal heat, etc., has gained much importance in recent
years as it is an effective means of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The need for innovative technologies to make the grid smarter has recently
emerged as a major trend, as the increase in electrical power demand observed
worldwide makes it harder for the actual grid in many countries to keep up with
demand. Furthermore, electric vehicles (from bicycles to cars) are developed and
marketed with more and more success in many countries all over the world.
To answer the increasingly diversified needs for training in the wide field of
electrical energy, the Electric Power Technology Training Program was
developed as a modular study program for technical institutes, colleges, and
universities. The program is shown below as a flow chart, with each box in the
flow chart representing a course.
The Electric Power Technology Training Program.
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 IX

Preface
The program starts with a variety of courses providing in-depth coverage of basic
topics related to the field of electrical energy such as ac and dc power circuits,
power transformers, rotating machines, ac power transmission lines, and power
electronics. The program then builds on the knowledge gained by the student
through these basic courses to provide training in more advanced subjects such
as home energy production from renewable resources (wind and sunlight), large-
scale electricity production from hydropower, large-scale electricity production
from wind power (doubly-fed induction generator [DFIG], synchronous generator,
and asynchronous generator technologies), smart-grid technologies (SVC,
STATCOM, HVDC transmission, etc.), storage of electrical energy in batteries,
and drive systems for small electric vehicles and cars.
We invite readers of this manual to send us their tips, feedback, and

suggestions for improving the book.
Please send these to did@de.festo.com.

The authors and Festo Didactic look forward to your comments.
X © Festo Didactic 86364-10

About This Manual
Rotating machines such as electrical motors and generators (or alternators) are
found in almost every sector of industry. The basic principles of operation of
rotating machines have been known for almost two centuries. Rotating machines
operate due to the interaction between magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors, and are split into two basic categories: motors and generators.
Three-phase motors are machines that convert three-phase ac power into

mechanical power. They are used in a wide array of applications, such as
pumps, fans, blowers, compressors, and conveyor drives. Two types of three-
phase motors are covered in this manual: the three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motor and the three-phase synchronous motor.
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are the most widely used motors in
industry today. They are simple to use, do not require much maintenance, and
can develop high torque. Three-phase synchronous motors, on the other hand,
are mainly used due to their ability to rotate at a fixed speed (i.e., at the
synchronous speed). However, they require external assistance to start properly.
Three-phase generators (or alternators) are machines that convert mechanical

power into three-phase ac power. They are used worldwide in hydroelectric,
diesel, coal-fired, and nuclear power plants, as well as in wind turbines. A type of
three-phase generator used widely is the three-phase synchronous generator.
Three-phase synchronous generators are basically three-phase synchronous
machines operating at the synchronous speed and driven by a prime mover
(e.g., a water turbine, a steam turbine, a wind turbine).
Generators (or alternators) have been used to generate ac power for more than a century.
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 XI

About This Manual
This manual, Three-Phase Rotating Machines, familiarizes the student with the
various three-phase machines used in commercial and industrial motor
applications, as well as for large-scale production of electricity from wind power,
hydropower, etc. The course begins with fundamentals of rotating machines such
as the torque, rotation speed, direction of rotation, motor power, power losses in
motor, motor efficiency, etc. The student then studies the operation (both as a
motor and a generator) of the following three-phase machines: squirrel-cage
induction machine and synchronous machine.
Safety considerations
Safety symbols that may be used in this manual and on the equipment are listed
in the Safety Symbols table at the beginning of the manual.
Safety procedures related to the tasks that you will be asked to perform are
indicated in each exercise.
Make sure that you are wearing appropriate protective equipment when
performing the tasks. You should never perform a task if you have any reason to
think that a manipulation could be dangerous for you or your teammates.
Prerequisite
As a prerequisite to this course, you should have read the manuals titled
DC Power Circuits, part number 86350, Single-Phase AC Power Circuits, part
number 86358, and Three-Phase AC Power Circuits, part number 86360.
Systems of units
Units are expressed using the International System of Units (SI) followed by units
expressed in the U.S. customary system of units (between parentheses).
XII © Festo Didactic 86364-10

To the Instructor
You will find in this Instructor Guide all the elements included in the Student
Manual together with the answers to all questions, results of measurements,
graphs, explanations, suggestions, and, in some cases, instructions to help you
guide the students through their learning process. All the information that applies
to you is placed between markers and appears in red.
Accuracy of measurements
The numerical results of the hands-on exercises may differ from one student to
another. For this reason, the results and answers given in this manual should be
considered as a guide. Students who correctly performed the exercises should
expect to demonstrate the principles involved and make observations and
measurements similar to those given as answers.
Equipment installation
In order for students to be able to perform the exercises in the Student Manual,
the Electric Power Technology Training Equipment must have been properly
installed, according to the instructions given in the user guide Electric Power
Technology Training Equipment.
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 XIII

Sample Exercise
Extracted from
the Student Manual
and the Instructor Guide
Exercise 2-1
The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the operation
and the main characteristics of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. You
will know what motor efficiency and high-efficiency motors are. You will also
know the relationships between the different parameters related to the operation
of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors, such as the motor speed, torque,
mechanical power, active power, reactive power, power factor, and efficiency.
DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor operation

Relationship between speed and torque in three-phase squirrel-cage
induction motors
Efficiency of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
Relationship between reactive power, power factor, and motor efficiency
in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
High-efficiency motors
DISCUSSION Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor operation
One way of creating a rotating electromagnet is to connect a three-phase ac

power source to a stator made of three electromagnets A, B, and C that are
physically located at an angle of 120° one to another, as shown in Figure 2-5.
© Festo Didactic 86364-10 39

Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Discussion
A
‫ܫ‬஺
120°
120° A
B C
C B
‫ܫ‬஻
A B
C
‫ܫ‬஼
N
120°
Figure 2-5. Three-phase stator windings (two poles per phase).
When sine-wave currents that are similarly phase shifted at an angle of 120° one
to another flow in stator electromagnets A, B, and C, a magnetic field that rotates
very regularly is obtained. Figure 2-6 shows how the three sine wave currents
vary through time, from instant 1 to instant 6, after which the cycle starts again at
instant 1.
‫ܫ‬஺ ‫ܫ‬஻ ‫ܫ‬஼

Current (A)
Time
Figure 2-6. Three-phase sine wave currents flowing in the stator windings.
40 © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Figure 2-7 shows the position of the rotating magnetic field created by stator
electromagnets A, B, and C as the sine wave currents illustrated in Figure 2-6
flow in the stator electromagnets. Instants 1 to 6 in Figure 2-6 correspond to
instants 1 to 6 in Figure 2-7. Notice that the magnetic lines of force exit at the
north pole of each stator electromagnet and enter at the south pole. As can be
seen, the resulting magnetic field rotates clockwise.
‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ ͳͲ ‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ െͳͲ
A A
B C B C
C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ െͷ C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ ͷ
A A
‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ െͷ N ‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ ͷ N
‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ ͷ ‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ െͷ
A A
B C B C
C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ ͷ C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ െͷ
A A
‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ െͳͲ N ‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ ͳͲ N
‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ െͷ ‫ܫ‬஺ ൌ ͷ
A A
B C B C
C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ ͳͲ C B ‫ܫ‬஻ ൌ െͳͲ
A A
‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ െͷ N ‫ܫ‬஼ ൌ ͷ N
Figure 2-7. Position of the rotating magnetic field at various instants.

The sine-wave currents flowing through the stator produce a magnetic field that
rotates regularly and whose strength does not vary over time. The speed of the
rotating magnetic field is known as the motor synchronous speed ݊ௌ and is
proportional to the frequency of the three-phase ac power source, and inversely
proportional to the number of magnetic poles in the motor per phase. The
synchronous speed ݊ௌ of a motor operating at a given frequency ݂ can be
calculated using the following equation:
ͳʹͲ݂
݊ௌ ൌ (2-1)
ܰ௉௢௟௘௦
where ݊ௌ is the motor synchronous speed, expressed in revolutions per

minute (r/min).
݂ is the frequency of the ac power source, expressed in
hertz (Hz).
ܰ௉௢௟௘௦ is the number of magnetic poles in the motor per phase.
The supplied Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor has four magnetic poles
for each phase. This means that, when operating at a frequency of 50 Hz, the
motor synchronous speed ݊ௌ is equal to:
ͳʹͲ݂ ͳʹͲ ή ͷͲ

݊ௌ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͳͷͲͲȀ
ܰ௉௢௟௘௦ Ͷ
When operating at a frequency of 60 Hz, the motor synchronous speed ݊ௌ is

equal to:
ͳʹͲ݂ ͳʹͲ ή ͸Ͳ

݊ௌ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͳͺͲͲȀ
ܰ௉௢௟௘௦ Ͷ
When a squirrel-cage rotor is placed inside the rotating magnetic field produced
in the stator, the rotor is pulled along in the same direction as the stator rotating
magnetic field. Interchanging the power connections to any two of the stator
windings (interchanging A with B for example) interchanges two of the three
stator currents and thus reverses the phase sequence. This causes the rotating
magnetic field to reverse direction. As a result, the direction of rotation of the
motor is also reversed.

Figure 2-8. Three-phase induction motors are the most commonly used alternating current
motors in industrial applications worldwide. This is primarily due to the fact that induction
motors are simple, robust, and relatively cheap compared to other types of alternating current
motors (© Siemens AG 2012, all rights reserved).
Relationship between speed and torque in three-phase squirrel-cage

induction motors
As seen earlier in this unit, the torque produced by a three-phase squirrel-cage

induction motor results from the difference between the speed of the rotating
magnetic field and the speed of the rotor. It is thus easy to deduce that the torque
produced by a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor increases as the
difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field (the speed of the rotating
magnetic field corresponds to the motor synchronous speed ݊ௌ ) and the rotor
increases. The difference in speed between the rotating magnetic field and the
rotor is called slip and is calculated using the following equation:
ൌ ܰௌ െ ܰ௥ (2-2)
where ܰௌ is the motor synchronous speed, expressed in revolutions per

minute (r/min).
ܰ௥ is the rotation speed of the motor rotor, expressed in revolutions
per minute (r/min).

The slip of a motor can also be expressed as a percentage (%), i.e., as a ratio
between the speed of the rotor and the speed of the rotating magnetic field (the
synchronous speed ݊ௌ ). In that case, motor slip is calculated using the following
equation:
ͳͲͲ ሺܰௌ െ ܰ௥ ሻ
ൌ (2-3)
ܰௌ
Figure 2-9 shows the torque versus speed curve of a typical three-phase squirrel-
cage induction motor. As you can see, when the motor speed ݊ is equal to the
motor synchronous speed ݊ௌ , the torque ܶ produced by the motor is zero. This is
because slip (i.e., a difference between the rotor speed and the rotating magnetic
field speed) is necessary in order for the motor to develop torque. As the
torque ܶ produced by the motor increases, the slip increases, and the motor
speed ݊ slowly decreases. When the torque ܶ produced by the squirrel-cage
induction motor reaches its nominal value, the speed ݊ at which the motor is
rotating corresponds to the squirrel-cage induction motor nominal speed. When
the torque ܶ produced by the motor increases further (i.e., as the slip continues
to increase and the motor speed continues to decrease), a point of instability
called the breakdown torque is eventually reached. At this point, the motor
speed ݊ continues to decrease, but the torque, which is at a maximum, begins to
decrease. The motor torque ܶ at a motor speed ݊ of 0 r/min (i.e., when the motor
is stopped), called locked-rotor torque, is usually lower than the breakdown
torque.
Breakdown torque Breakdown

torque region
Motor torque ܶ (N·m or lbf·in)
Locked-rotor Motor nominal

torque operation point
Motor nominal
torque Motor nominal Synchronous
speed speed ݊ௌ
0
Motor speed ݊ (r/min)
Figure 2-9. Typical three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor torque ࢀ versus speed ࢔ curve.

Efficiency of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
Motor efficiency ߟ is defined as the measure of how well a motor converts

electrical energy into useful work (i.e., into mechanical energy), and can be
calculated using the following equation.
ܲெ (2-4)
ߟൌ ͳͲͲ
ܲ
where ߟ is the motor efficiency, expressed in percentage (%).

ܲெ is the mechanical power produced by the motor, expressed in
watts (W).
ܲ is the active power supplied to the motor, expressed in watts (W).
As you can see from Equation (2-4), the higher the mechanical power produced
by the motor for a given amount of electrical power, the more efficient the motor.
Figure 2-10 shows a graph of the efficiency of a typical three-phase squirrel-cage

induction motor as a function of the motor mechanical power. As the figure
shows, the efficiency of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor does not
vary much when the motor is operating at around 100% of its nominal
mechanical power. Motor efficiency, however, drops rapidly as the motor
mechanical power decreases to about 60% of its nominal value.
100
90
80
70
Motor efficiency (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Percentage of motor nominal mechanical power (%)
Figure 2-10. Motor efficiency as a function of the percentage of nominal mechanical power for
a typical three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor.

Relationship between reactive power, power factor, and motor efficiency in

three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
An important characteristic of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors is that

they always draw reactive power from the three-phase ac power source. In fact,
the reactive power exchanged between the three-phase squirrel-cage induction
motor and the three-phase ac power source exceeds the active power consumed
by the motor during no-load operation. Reactive power is necessary to create the
rotating magnetic field in three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors in the same
way that an inductor needs reactive power to create the magnetic field that
surrounds it.
The reactive power requirement of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor

has a lot of impact on the motor operation. One of the most important effects is
that the power factor of the motor decreases rapidly when working under the
motor nominal mechanical power. This is due to the fact that a three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor requires about as much reactive power to produce
a low mechanical power as to produce a mechanical power equal to the motor’s
nominal mechanical power. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 2-11. Since
the necessary exchange of reactive power between the three-phase ac power
source and the three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor increase the amount of
power that flows in a system (and thus, the size and cost of the system), it is
important to size the motor so that it operates as close as possible to its nominal
mechanical power.
Motor reactive power ܳ (var)
Motor active power ܲ (W)
Motor active
power ܲ
Motor reactive
power ܳ
Motor nominal
power
Motor mechanical power ܲெ (W)
Figure 2-11. Active power ࡼ and reactive power ࡽ as a function of the mechanical power ࡼࡹ
for a typical three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor.
The reactive power requirements of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor

also have an impact on the motor efficiency. Since large motors require more
reactive power (and thus, more current) to build the rotating magnetic field than
small motors do, using an oversized motor for a given application means that

more current will flow in the system for the same mechanical power yield.
Knowing that the equation for calculating power losses in a system is ܲ ൌ ‫ܫ‬ଶ ܴ,
higher currents flowing in the motor result in higher power losses, thus reducing
the motor efficiency. It is therefore very important when sizing a three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor for any application to ensure that the motor will
operate close to its nominal mechanical power most of the time, as Figure 2-10
showed. Otherwise, it results in useless power and energy losses.
In order to maximize the power factor and the efficiency of squirrel-cage

induction motors for a given application, it is therefore necessary to ensure that,
first, the motor is correctly-sized for the application and, second, the motor is
working within its specified nominal operation range during most of the time it is
used in the application.
High-efficiency motors
As mentioned earlier, the higher the mechanical power produced by the motor for
a given amount of electrical power, the more efficient the motor. The efficiency of
a motor is thus inversely proportional to the amount of energy losses occurring in
the motor during the process of converting the electrical energy supplied to the
motor into mechanical energy. Table 2-1 lists the different types of energy losses
occurring in a typical three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor. No-load losses
are losses that remain constant regardless of the motor load, while load losses
vary depending on the motor load.
Table 2-1. Types of energy losses in a typical three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor.
No-load losses Load losses

Iron losses in core Stator copper losses
Windage and friction losses Rotor losses
Stray load losses
High-efficiency motors are motors that are designed to reduce to a certain

extent any or all of the energy loss types listed in Table 2-1. Usual improvements
designed to increase motor efficiency include a lengthening of the motor core,
the use of higher quality steel, thinner motor laminations, a higher amount of
copper in the motor windings (i.e., the use of larger conductors), and improved
bearings. Due to these improvements, high-efficiency motors have a number of
advantages over normal-efficiency motors, the most important of which are listed
below:
x They consume less electrical power (typically up to 4% less) for the same
mechanical power as normal-efficiency motors. This means that high-
efficiency motors have lower operating costs than normal-efficiency motors.
x They maintain a high motor efficiency when operating at a mechanical power
as low as 50% of the motor nominal mechanical power.
x They are more reliable and the motor components (e.g., bearings, windings)
have a longer life.
x They better withstand high voltage fluctuations, short-term overloads, and
phase imbalance.

Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Procedure Outline
High-efficiency motors are especially important in relation to renewable energies

because they help in reducing the energy demand (and thus the carbon emission
that results from the production of this energy) of any system where motors are
used to perform work. Given that motors currently use roughly 65% of the energy
consumed by industry worldwide, using high-efficiency motors is a very effective
way of reducing the impact of large-scale energy consumption on the
environment.
Figure 2-12. High-efficiency motors help in reducing electricity consumption by industry

worldwide. The above motors are part of a new range of certified IE2 (high efficiency)
and IE3 (premium efficiency) induction motors. IE2 and IE3 are certifications issued by the
International Electrical Commission regarding the efficiency of electrical
motors (© Siemens AG 2012, all rights reserved).
PROCEDURE OUTLINE The Procedure is divided into the following sections:
Set up and connections

Three-phase induction motor no-load and full-load operation
Three-phase induction motor operation characteristics
Three-phase induction motor direction of rotation
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make or modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.

Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Procedure
Set up and connections
In this section, you will set up a circuit containing a three-phase induction

machine coupled to a prime mover/brake. You will then set the measuring
equipment required to study the three-phase induction machine operating as a
motor.
1. Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix A to obtain the list of

equipment required to perform this exercise.
Install the required equipment in the Workstation.
Before coupling rotating machines, make absolutely sure that power is turned off
to prevent any machine from starting inadvertently.
Mechanically couple the Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor to the

Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply using a timing belt.
2. Make sure that the ac and dc power switches on the Power Supply are set to
the O (off) position, then connect the Power Supply to a three-phase
ac power outlet.
Make sure that the main power switch on the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/
Power Supply is set to the O (off) position, then connect its Power Input to an
ac power outlet.
Connect the Power Input of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
24 V ac power supply. Turn the 24 V ac power supply on.
3. Connect the USB port of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
USB port of the host computer.
Connect the USB port of the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to

a USB port of the host computer.
4. Turn the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply on, then set the

Operating Mode switch to Dynamometer. This setting allows the Four-
Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply to operate as a prime mover, a brake,
or both, depending on the selected function.
5. Turn the host computer on, then start the LVDAC-EMS software.

In the LVDAC-EMS Start-Up window, make sure the Data Acquisition and
Control Interface and the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply are
detected. Make sure the Computer-Based Instrumentation function is
available for the Data Acquisition and Control Interface. Select the network
voltage and frequency that correspond to the voltage and frequency of your
local ac power network, then click the OK button to close the LVDAC-EMS
Start-Up window.
6. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 2-13.
40 A terminal
L1
L2 Three-phase Prime
induction mover/
machine
brake
L3
40 A terminal
Figure 2-13. Three-phase induction machine coupled to a prime mover/brake.
7. In LVDAC-EMS, set the Range setting of current inputs I1 and I2 to High.
8. In LVDAC-EMS, open the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply

window, then make the following settings:
Set the Function parameter to CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/

Brake. This setting makes the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply operate as a constant-speed prime mover/brake rotating in
the clockwise direction. In this exercise, the CW Constant-Speed
Prime Mover/Brake function will be used as a brake.
Set the Speed parameter to the synchronous speed of the three-

phase induction machine. This setting will cause the constant-speed
prime mover/brake to make the three-phase induction machine
rotate at the synchronous speed.
a The synchronous speed of the Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor is

1500 r/min at a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz and 1800 r/min at a
local ac power network frequency of 60 Hz.
Set the Pulley Ratio parameter to 24:24.

9. In LVDAC-EMS, start the Metering application. Make the required settings in

order to measure the rms values (ac) of the three-phase induction machine
line voltage ‫ܧ‬௅௜௡௘ (input E1) and line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ (input I1). Set two other
meters to measure the machine active power ܲ and reactive power ܳ using
the two-wattmeter method (meter function PQS1 ൅ PQS2). Finally, set a
meter to measure the machine power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬from inputs E1, I1, E2,
and I2.
a The PF (EI1, EI2) function (accessible through the Meter Settings window of
the Metering application) allows the calculation of the power factor using the
power values measured from voltage and current inputs E1 and I1, and E2
and I2.
Click the Continuous Refresh button to enable continuous refresh of the

values indicated by the various meters in the Metering application.
Three-phase induction motor no-load and full-load operation
a In the rest of this exercise, the three-phase induction machine is often referred
to as the three-phase induction motor since it operates as a motor.
In this section, you will set the three-phase induction motor to rotate without load
and measure the rotation speed and direction of rotation. You will verify that the
measured speed is very close to the synchronous speed. You will then increase
the three-phase induction motor mechanical power until the motor works at
nominal power, and record the nominal motor speed, torque, and line current.
You will verify that the measured nominal motor speed and line current are
approximately equal to the specified nominal motor speed and line current.
10. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on to start the
three-phase induction motor.
In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, start the

CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/Brake. Adjust the Speed parameter until
the torque produced by the three-phase induction motor is as close as
possible to 0 N·m (0 lbf·in).
In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, measure and

record the no-load speed ݊ of the three-phase induction motor.
Motor no-load speed ݊ ൌ r/min
Motor no-load speed ݊ ൌ ͳ͹ͻ͸ r/min
Record the direction of rotation of the three-phase induction motor.
Motor direction of rotation:
Motor direction of rotation: clockwise

11. Is the motor no-load speed ݊ you recorded in the previous step very close to
the synchronous speed ݊ௌ of the three-phase induction motor
(i.e., 1500 r/min at a local ac power network frequency of 50 Hz
and 1800 r/min at a local ac power network frequency of 60 Hz)?
Yes No
Yes
12. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, decrease the

Speed parameter until the mechanical power ܲெ (indicated by the
mechanical power meter in the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
window) produced by the three-phase induction motor is as close as possible
to 200 W.
Measure and record the nominal value of the three-phase induction motor
speed ݊ and torque ܶ indicated in the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply window, as well as the nominal value of the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘
indicated in the Metering application.
Nominal motor speed ݊ ൌ r/min
Nominal motor torque ܶ ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
Nominal motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ ൌ A
Nominal motor speed ݊ ൌ ͳ͸ͺͷ r/min
Nominal motor torque ܶ ൌ ͳǤͳͶ N·m (10.1 lbf·in)
Nominal motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ ൌ ͳǤͳͶ A
13. Are the measured nominal motor speed ݊ and line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ recorded in
the previous step approximately equal to the nominal motor speed ݊ and line
current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ ratings of the Four-Pole Squirrel Cage Induction Motor indicated
in Table 2-2 for your local ac power network voltage and frequency?
Table 2-2. Nominal motor speed ࢔ and line current ࡵࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ at 200 W output power.
Local ac power
network Nominal motor Nominal motor line
speed ࢔ current ࡵࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ
Voltage Frequency (r/min) (A)
(V) (Hz)
120 60 1685 1.14
220 50 1364 0.55
240 50 1364 0.49
220 60 1633 0.55

Yes No
Yes
14. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, stop the

CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/Brake.
On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off to stop the
Three-phase induction motor operation characteristics
In this section, you will make the three-phase induction motor speed decrease by
step from the motor synchronous speed to 0 r/min, recording at each step in the
Data Table the motor speed, torque, mechanical power, line voltage, line current,
active power, reactive power, and power factor. You will calculate the motor
efficiency using the recorded motor mechanical power and active power values.
You will plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor torque as a function of
the motor speed, and interpret the results. You will then plot a graph of the three-
phase induction motor active power, reactive power, power factor, and efficiency
as a function of the motor mechanical power, and interpret the results.
15. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, make the

following settings:
Set the Function parameter to Speed Sweep. This function makes

the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply operate as a
constant-speed prime mover/brake whose speed varies over a range
defined by the Start Speed and Finish Speed parameters in a
specified number of steps (determined by the Number of Steps
parameter) of equal time duration. The function also allows recording
of the motor parameters in the Data Table at each step of the speed
sweep.
Set the Start Speed parameter to the synchronous speed of the

three-phase induction motor. This sets the speed at which the
constant-speed prime mover/brake makes the three-phase induction
motor rotate during the first step of the speed sweep to the
synchronous speed.
Set the Finish Speed parameter to 200 r/min below the synchronous
speed of the three-phase induction motor. This setting determines
the speed at which the constant-speed prime mover/brake makes
the three-phase induction motor rotate during the last step of the
speed sweep.
Set the Number of Steps parameter to 10 steps. This setting

determines the number of steps that the constant-speed prime
mover/brake takes while varying the speed at which it makes the
three-phase induction motor rotate during the speed sweep.

Set the Step Duration parameter to 7 s. This setting determines the

time duration of each step of the speed sweep.
Set the Record Data to Table parameter to Yes. This settings makes
the Data Table record the various parameters (determined by the
Record Settings of the Data Table) of the three-phase induction
motor at the end of each step of the speed sweep.
Make sure the Pulley Ratio parameter is set to 24:24.
16. In LVDAC-EMS, open the Data Table window.
Set the Data Table to record the three-phase induction motor speed ݊,
torque ܶ, and mechanical power ܲெ indicated in the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply window.
Also, set the Data Table to record the three-phase induction motor line
voltage ‫ܧ‬௅௜௡௘ (input E1), line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ (input I1), active power ܲ, reactive
power ܳ, and power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬indicated in the Metering application.
17. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on to start the
In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, start the Speed

Sweep function.
18. Wait for the Speed Sweep function to complete its sweep of the specified
speed interval. Then, in the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
window, make the following settings:
Set the Start Speed parameter to 40 r/min below the speed value at
which you set the Finish Speed parameter in step 15.
Set the Finish Speed parameter to 0 r/min.
Set the Number of Steps parameter to between 13 and 16 steps.
Set the Step Duration parameter to 7 s. This setting determines the

time duration of each step of the speed sweep.
19. In the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply window, start the Speed

Sweep function.
20. Wait for the Speed Sweep function to complete its sweep of the specified
speed interval. Then, when all data has been recorded, turn the three-phase
ac power source in the Power Supply off.

21. In the Data Table window, save the recorded data, then export it to a
spreadsheet application.
In the spreadsheet application, add a new parameter to the results: the three-
phase induction motor efficiency ߟ. To calculate the motor efficiency ߟ, divide
each motor mechanical power ܲெ values by the corresponding motor active
power ܲ value, then multiply the result by 100 to express the efficiency ߟ as a
percentage.
The results obtained are presented below.
Three-phase induction motor speed ࢔, torque ࢀ, mechanical power ࡼࡹ , line voltage ࡱࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ , line
current ࡵࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ , active power ࡼ, reactive power ࡽ, power factor ࡼࡲ, and efficiency ࣁ.
Speed ࢔ Torque ࢀ Mechanical Line Line Active Reactive Power Efficiency ࣁ

(r/min) (N·m) [lbf·in] power ࡼࡹ voltage ࡱࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ current ࡵࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ power ࡼ power ࡽ factor ࡼࡲ (%)
(W) (V) (A) (W) (var)
1794 0.02 [0.19] 4.14 210 0.74 50.1 269 0.18 8.27
1782 0.16 [1.37] 28.8 210 0.78 79.8 269 0.28 36.2
1764 0.38 [3.34] 69.6 210 0.84 125 268 0.42 55.8
1744 0.59 [5.20] 106 210 0.91 171 269 0.54 62.3
1724 0.79 [7.00] 143 210 1.00 217 272 0.62 65.9
1704 0.98 [8.69] 175 209 1.09 263 277 0.69 66.7
1683 1.16 [10.3] 205 209 1.19 304 281 0.73 67.4
1662 1.34 [11.8] 233 209 1.29 349 288 0.77 66.7
1642 1.48 [13.1] 254 209 1.38 386 294 0.80 65.9
1621 1.62 [14.3] 275 209 1.48 425 301 0.82 64.7
1601 1.75 [15.5] 293 209 1.58 461 309 0.83 63.7
1580 1.85 [16.4] 310 208 1.70 509 315 0.84 60.8
1470 2.27 [20.1] 349 208 2.07 633 359 0.87 55.1
1367 2.55 [22.5] 365 207 2.43 750 408 0.88 48.6
1268 2.69 [23.8] 357 207 2.72 839 455 0.88 42.6
1169 2.76 [24.4] 338 207 2.96 911 497 0.88 37.1
1070 2.78 [24.6] 311 207 3.16 970 536 0.88 32.1
972 2.76 [24.4] 281 206 3.32 1015 569 0.87 27.7
874 2.71 [24.0] 248 206 3.45 1052 598 0.87 23.6
776 2.63 [23.3] 214 206 3.56 1082 622 0.87 19.8
680 2.55 [22.6] 182 206 3.63 1105 640 0.87 16.4
582 2.47 [21.9] 151 206 3.71 1125 657 0.86 13.4
485 2.38 [21.0] 121 206 3.77 1143 672 0.86 10.6
387 2.27 [20.1] 92.1 206 3.82 1155 682 0.86 7.97
289 2.18 [19.3] 65.9 206 3.84 1163 690 0.86 5.66
192 2.08 [18.4] 41.8 206 3.87 1169 694 0.86 3.58
95 2.06 [18.2] 20.5 206 3.88 1175 700 0.86 1.74
0 1.93 [17.1] 0.00 206 3.89 1177 699 0.86 0.00

22. Observe the recorded data. Does the three-phase induction motor line
current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ increase as the torque ܶ produced by the motor increases?
Yes No
Yes
23. Plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor torque ܶ as a function of the
motor speed ݊ using the results you imported from the Data Table.
The resulting graphs are shown below.
When the motor torque ܶ is expressed in N·m:
3.5
Motor breakdown torque
2.78 N·m
3.0
2.5
Motor torque ܶ (N·m)
2.0
Locked-rotor torque
1.9 N·m
1.5
1.0
Nominal motor torque
1.14 N·m
0.5
Nominal motor speed
1685 r/min
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Three-phase induction motor torque ࢀ (expressed in N·m) as a function of the motor speed ࢔.

When the motor torque ܶ is expressed in lbf·in:
35
30
Motor breakdown torque
24.6 lbf·in
25
Motor torque ܶ (lbf·in) 20
Locked-rotor torque
15 17.1 lbf·in
Nominal motor torque
10.1 lbf·in
10
5
Nominal motor speed
1685 r/min
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Three-phase induction motor torque ࢀ (expressed in lbf·in) as a function of the motor speed ࢔.
Indicate on the graph the nominal motor speed ݊ and nominal motor torque ܶ
recorded in step 12. Also, using the graph, estimate the value of the motor
breakdown torque ܶ஻௥௘௔௞Ǥ and locked-rotor torque ܶ௅௢௖௞௘ௗ , and indicate both
torque values on the graph. Record the estimated value of the motor
breakdown torque ܶ஻௥௘௔௞Ǥ and locked-rotor torque ܶ௅௢௖௞௘ௗ below.
Motor breakdown torque ܶ஻௥௘௔௞ ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
Motor locked-rotor torque ܶ௅௢௖௞௘ௗ ൌ N·m (lbf·in)
Motor breakdown torque ܶ‫ ݇ܽ݁ݎܤ‬ൌ ʹǤ͹ͺ ൉ ሺʹͶǤ͸ ൉ ሻ
Motor locked-rotor torque ܶ‫ ݀݁݇ܿ݋ܮ‬ൌ ͳǤͻͲ ൉ ሺͳ͹Ǥͳ ൉ ሻ
Observe the graph you just plotted. Describe how the three-phase induction
motor speed ݊ varies as the motor torque ܶ increases.
The speed ݊ of the three-phase induction motor decreases more and more
rapidly as the motor torque ܶ increases until the motor torque ܶ reaches the
breakdown torque region. At this point, the motor torque stops increasing and
begins decreasing. After the breakdown torque region, the motor speed ݊
decreases rapidly as the motor torque ܶ decreases.

24. Plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor active power ܲ and reactive
power ܳ as a function of the motor mechanical power ܲெ using the results
you imported from the Data Table. Do not plot on the graph the points
recorded as the motor mechanical power ܲெ decreases after having reached
its maximal value.
The resulting graph is shown below.
800
700
Motor reactive power ܳ (var)
Motor active power ܲ (W)
600
500
Motor reactive power ܳ
400
300
200
Motor active power ܲ
100
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Three-phase induction motor active power ࡼ and reactive power ࡽ as a function of the motor
mechanical power ࡼࡹ .
25. Does the graph you plotted in the previous step confirm that the three-phase
induction motor draws a fairly constant amount of reactive power from the
three-phase ac power source during most of the reactive power-versus-
mechanical power curve?
Yes No
Yes
Observe the graph you plotted in the previous step. Briefly explain why it is
not recommended to use a three-phase induction motor in applications
requiring the motor to work at less than its nominal mechanical power.
As the graph of the motor active power ܲ and reactive power ܳ as a function
of the motor mechanical power ܲெ shows, the amount of reactive power
required by the three-phase induction motor does not vary much with the
motor mechanical power for most of the motor reactive power-versus-
mechanical power curve. Thus, even when the motor is operating under its
nominal mechanical power, it draws virtually the same amount of reactive
power. This reduces the motor efficiency (due to large copper losses) and
increases the size and cost of the equipment needed to supply power to the
motor.

26. Is the amount of motor reactive power ܳ higher than the amount of motor
active power ܲ when the three-phase induction motor operates without load?
Yes No
Yes
What does this indicate about three-phase induction motors operating

without load?
This indicates that a three-phase induction motor operating without load is

similar to an inductive load (i.e., it absorbs reactive power and draws very
little active power).
27. Plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬as a function
of the motor mechanical power ܲெ using the results imported from the Data
Table. Do not plot on the graph the points recorded as the motor mechanical
power ܲெ decreases after having reached its maximal value.
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Motor power factor ܲ‫ܨ‬
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Three-phase induction motor power factor ࡼࡲ as a function of the motor mechanical

power ࡼࡹ .

Plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ as a function
of the motor mechanical power ܲெ using the results you imported from the
Data Table. Do not plot on the graph the points recorded as the motor
mechanical power ܲெ decreases after having reached its maximal value.
2.75
2.50
2.25
2.00
Motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ (A)
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Three-phase induction motor line current ࡵࡸ࢏࢔ࢋ as a function of the motor mechanical
power ࡼࡹ .
Observe the graphs you just plotted. Describe how the three-phase induction
motor power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬and line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ vary as the motor mechanical
power ܲெ increases.
Both the power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬and the line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ of the three-phase
induction motor increase with the motor mechanical power ܲெ . The motor
power factor ܲ‫ ܨ‬starts at a low value, increases substantially, then begins to
stabilize at around the motor nominal mechanical power, although it
continues to increase at a lower rate as the motor mechanical power
continues to increase. On the other hand, the motor line current ‫ܫ‬௅௜௡௘ starts at
a relatively high value, increases a little until the motor nominal mechanical
power is reached, then increases more and more rapidly as the motor
mechanical power continues to increase.

28. Plot a graph of the three-phase induction motor efficiency ߟ as a function of

the motor mechanical power ܲெ using the results in the spreadsheet
application.
100
90
80
70
Motor efficiency ߟ (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400
Three-phase induction motor efficiency ࣁ as a function of the motor mechanical power ࡼࡹ .
Observe the graph you just plotted. Describe how the three-phase induction
motor efficiency ߟ varies as the motor mechanical power ܲெ increases.
The three-phase induction motor efficiency ߟ increases rapidly with the motor
mechanical power ܲெ , until the motor mechanical power ܲெ reaches the
motor nominal power. At this point, the motor efficiency ߟ stabilizes then
begins to decrease.
Three-phase induction motor direction of rotation
In this section, you will interchange the connections at two terminals of the three-
phase induction motor. You will then start the motor and determine its direction of
rotation. You will compare the result with the motor direction of rotation you
recorded earlier in this exercise.
29. On the three-phase induction motor, interchange any two of the three leads
connected to the stator windings.
On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.

Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Conclusion
30. Record the direction of rotation of the three-phase induction motor.
Motor direction of rotation:
Motor direction of rotation: counterclockwise
On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off.
Is the motor direction of rotation you just recorded opposite to the motor
direction of rotation you recorded in step 10?
Yes No
Yes
31. Close LVDAC-EMS, then turn off all the equipment. Disconnect all leads and
return them to their storage location.
CONCLUSION In this exercise, you familiarized yourself with the operation and the main
characteristics of three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors. You learned what
motor efficiency and high-efficiency motors are. You also learned the
relationships between the different parameters related to the operation of three-
phase squirrel-cage induction motors, such as the motor speed, torque,
mechanical power, active power, reactive power, power factor, and efficiency.
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Describe what the slip of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor is and
how it varies as the load torque applied to the motor increases.
The slip of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor corresponds to the

difference between the speed of the motor rotating magnetic field and the
speed of the rotor. The slip of a motor is directly proportional to the load
torque applied to the motor (i.e., the slip increases with the load torque).
2. Explain what the synchronous speed of a motor is. Which two parameters
determine the synchronous speed of a motor?
A motor synchronous speed corresponds to the speed of the rotating

magnetic field produced in the motor. The synchronous speed of a motor is
determined by the number of magnetic poles in the motor and the frequency
of the ac power source to which the motor is connected.

Ex. 2-1 – The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Review Questions
3. Describe what happens to the speed of a three-phase squirrel-cage induction

motor as the torque produced by the motor increases.
As the torque produced by a three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor

increases, the motor speed decreases slightly. After the torque produced by
the motor reaches the breakdown torque region, both the torque produced by
the motor and the motor speed begin to decrease rapidly. When the motor
speed reaches about 0 r/min, the torque produced by the motor stabilizes at
a point called the locked-rotor torque.
4. What is the main advantage of high-efficiency motors?
High efficiency motors consume less electrical power to produce the same
mechanical power as normal-efficiency motors, which reduces the motor
energy consumption and operating costs.
5. Briefly describe how the virtually constant reactive power requirement of a

three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor affects the motor power factor and
efficiency?
The virtually constant reactive power requirement of a three-phase squirrel-

cage induction motor causes the motor power factor to rapidly decrease
when the motor works under its nominal mechanical power. It also causes
the motor line current to remain close to the nominal value even when the
motor is operating under its nominal mechanical power, which results in high
energy losses in the motor and, consequently, reduced motor efficiency.

Bibliography
Boylestad, Robert L., Introductory Circuit Analysis, 11th Edition, Upper Saddle
River: Prentice Hall, 2006, ISBN 978-0131730441.
Wildi, Theodore, Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th Edition,
Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005, ISBN 978-0131776913.

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Electricity and New Energy

Three-Phase Rotating Machines

By the staff of Festo Didactic

© Festo Didactic Ltée/Ltd, Quebec, Canada 2011, 2013

DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not

WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,

CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not

CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,

Caution, risk of electric shock

Caution, hot surface

Caution, risk of danger

Caution, lifting hazard

Caution, hand entanglement hazard

Notice, non-ionizing radiation

Both direct and alternating current

Three-phase alternating current

Earth (ground) terminal

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 III

Protective conductor terminal

Frame or chassis terminal

Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or

In position of a bi-stable push control

Out position of a bi-stable push control

IV © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Unit 1 Fundamentals for Rotating Machines.......................................... 1

Ex. 1-1 Prime Mover and Brake Operation ............................................. 13

PROCEDURE .................................................................................... 17

Unit 2 Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Machines ...................... 35

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 V

Ex. 2-1 The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor ..................... 39

Ex. 2-2 Eddy-Current Brake and Asynchronous Generator ................. 65

Unit 3 Synchronous Motors ................................................................... 87

Ex. 3-1 The Three-Phase Synchronous Motor ....................................... 91

VI © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Ex. 3-2 Synchronous Motor Pull-Out Torque ....................................... 105

Unit 4 Synchronous Generators (Alternators) ................................... 119

Ex. 4-1 Three-Phase Synchronous Generator No-Load Operation ... 123

Ex. 4-2 Voltage Regulation Characteristics ......................................... 141

PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 146

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 VII

Ex. 4-3 Generator Synchronization ....................................................... 157

PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 167

Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart ...................................................... 199

Appendix B Glossary of New Terms ............................................................. 201

Appendix C Impedance Table for the Load Modules .................................. 205

Appendix D Circuit Diagram Symbols .......................................................... 207

Index of New Terms ........................................................................................... 213

VIII © Festo Didactic 86364-10

The Electric Power Technology Training Program.

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 IX

We invite readers of this manual to send us their tips, feedback, and

Please send these to did@de.festo.com.

X © Festo Didactic 86364-10

Three-phase motors are machines that convert three-phase ac power into

Three-phase generators (or alternators) are machines that convert mechanical

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 XI

XII © Festo Didactic 86364-10

© Festo Didactic 86364-10 XIII

The Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor

 Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor operation

Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor operation

ͳʹͲ݂ ͳʹͲ ή ͷͲ

ͳʹͲ݂ ͳʹͲ ή ͸Ͳ

ൌ ܰௌ െ ܰ௥ (2-2)

Set up and connections

Set the Function parameter to CW Constant-Speed Prime Mover/

Set the Speed parameter to the synchronous speed of the three-

Set the Pulley Ratio parameter to 24:24.