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    M1_L28_Cauchy Euler's Equation

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    M1_L28_Cauchy Euler's Equation

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    of 10

    Lecture-28

    Mathematics 1 (15B11MA111)

    CO [C105.5]

    Module: Cauchy Euler’s Equations

    1
    Topics to be covered
     Introduction of Cauchy Euler’s Equations
     Solution Method
    Examples
     Practice Problems

    Reference for the lecture


    R.K Jain and S.R.K. Iyenger, “Advanced Engineering Mathematics” fifth
    edition, Narosa publishing house, 2016.

    2
    THE CAUCHY -EULER EQUATION
    Any linear differential equation of the form
    n1
    dny n 1 d y dy
    an x n
    n
     an1 x n1
     ...  a1 x  a0 y  g ( x)
    dx dx dx
    where an ,..., a0 are constants, is said to be a Cauchy-Euler equation.
    d
    Denoting  D , then the equation can be written as:
    dx

    a x D
    n
    n n
     an 1 x n 1 D n 1  ...  a1 xD  a0  y  g ( x ).

    NOTE: The powers of x match the order of the derivative.

    3
    Solution Method
    Let us consider the Cauchy Euler’s Equation

    n n1
    d y d y dy
    an x n n  an1 x n1 n1  ...  a1 x  a0 y  g ( x)
    dx dx dx
    dz 1
    Choose x  e or z  ln x
    z  
    dx x
    dy dy dz 1 dy dy dy
      x 
    dx dz dx x dz dx dz
    d
    d
    D  D1  xD  D1
    Denote and dz
    dx

    d 2 y d  1 dy  1 dy d  1 dy  1 dy 1 d 2 y
       2    2  2 2
    dx 2
    dx  x dz  x dz dx  x dz  x dz x dz

    x 2 D 2  D12  D1  D1  D1  1
    4
    Hence, the Cauchy-Euler equation can be converted into the linear
    differential equation with constant coefficients by writing

    d d
    D  , D1 
    dx dz
    x 2 D 2  D1  D1  1

    x 3 D 3  D1  D1  1 D1  2 

    x 4 D 4  D1  D1  1 D1  2  D1  3

    x n D n  D1  D1  1 D1  2  D1  3 ..... D1  n  1

    Hence, f ( D) y  g ( x)  F ( D1 ) y  h( z ).
    5
    Ex.1 . Solve the differential equation x D
    2 2
     xD  2  y  x ln x.

    Solution: Let x  e , then


    z d
    D1 
    dz

    Hence the given equation can be written as

     D1  D1  1  D1  2 y  ze z   D12  2 D1  2  y  ze z .
    Roots of auxiliary equations are 1  i . Hence

    C. F. = e z  c1 cos z  c2 sin z   x  c1 cos(ln x)  c2 sin(ln x) .


    1 1
    P.I .  ze z
     e z
    z
     D1  2 D1  2 
    2
     D1  1  2  D1  1  2 

    2

    z  e z 1  D12  z  ze z  x ln x.
    1 1
     ez 2
    D1  1
    General solution : x  c1 cos(ln x)  c2 sin(ln x)   x ln x.
    6
    Ex.2 . Solve the differential equation x D
    3 3
     3xD  3 y  16 x  9 x 2 ln x.

    Solution: Let x  e , then


    z d
    D1 
    dz

    Hence the given equation can be written as

     D1  D1  1 D1  2   3D1  y  16e z  9 ze2 z


      D13  3D12  D1  3 y  16e z  9 ze 2 z .

    Roots of auxiliary equations are 1, -1, 3. Hence

    z c2
    c
    C. F. = 1 e z
     c2 e  c3 e 3z
     c1 x   c3 x 3
    .
    x

    7
    P.I . 
    1
    16 e z
     9 ze 2z

     1 1 1 
    D 3
     3 D 2
     D  3
    16 9
     e z
     e z
    z
     D1  3D1  D1  3
    3 2
     D1  1  3  D1  1  ( D1  1)  3

    3 2

    16 9
     ez  ez 3 z
     D1  3 D1  1 D1  1 D1  4 D1
    1
    4 9  D12 
     e e
    z z
     1  z
     D1  1 4 D1  4 
    9  D 2

     4 ze z  e z  1  1
     .........  z
    4 D1  4 
    2
    9 9 z 9
     4 ze z  e z  z   4 ze z   4 x log x   log x 
    2

    4 D1 42 8

    c2 9
    G.S .  C.F .  P.I .  c1 x   c3 x 3  4 x log x  x  log x  .
    2

    x 8
    8
    Practice Problems

    Solve the following differential equations:

    1. x 2 y  3 xy  3 y  2  ln x.
    2.  x D  2 xD  2  y  6 x  14.
    2 2

    3.  x D  3x D  7 xD  8 y  3x
    3 3 2 2 3
     8 x.

    1. y  c1 x  c2 x 3  log x  2.
    Ans. c2
    2. y  c1 x  2  2 x ln x  7.
    x
    3. y   c1  c2 ln x  c3 ln 2 x  x 2  3x 3  8 x.

    9
    10

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