AMALORPAVAM LOURDS ACADEMY, PUDUCHERRY

XII - Chemistry
General Procedure for Organic Qualitative Analysis
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
A small amount of organic Pink colour of KMnO4 solution is
substance is unsaturated
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of decolourised
distilled water and few drops of very
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
No decolourisation takes place substance is saturated
shaken well.
Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3: Brisk effervescence Presence of Carboxylic acid
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
No Brisk effervesence Absence of Carboxylic acid
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic RCOOH + NaHCO3 --> R-COONa+CO2 + H2O
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
A pleasant fruity order is noted Presence of Alcohol
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
No Fruity odour Absence of Alcohol
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture
is poured into the beaker containing RCOOH + ROH + H2SO4 --> RCOOR + H2O
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted Ester

4 Ferric Chloride test: Violet colouration Presence of Phenol

To a small amount of organic No violet colouration Absence of Phenol
comound add few drops of neutral 3C6H5OH + Neutral FeCl3 --> Fe(C6H5O)3 + 3HCl
FeCl3 solution. Ferric phenoxide (violet)
5 Fehling's test Red precipitate is formed Presence of an Aldehyde
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for RCHO + Cu2+ + 5OH- --> Cu2O + RCOO- + 3H2O
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test: Shining silver mirror is formed. Presence of an Aldehyde
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH --> 2Ag + RCOONH4 + H2O + 3NH3
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on silver mirror
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic Red litmus turns to blue Presence of Amine
compound is introduced with a moist
 compound is introduced with a moist
No colour change Absence of Amine
red litmus paper
Dye test:
Take a small amount of an Presence of an aromatic primary
Scarlet red dye is obtained.
organic substance in a clean test tube, amine
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in amine
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test: Red colouration. Presence of a ketone.
A small amount of the substance is No red colouration Absence of Ketone
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro
CH3COCH3 + OH --> CH3COCH2- + H2O
-
prusside solution is added. Then
sodium hydroxide solution is added [Fe(CN)5NO]2- + CH3COCH2- --> [Fe(CN)5NO.CH3COCH2]3-
dropwise. (Red colour) (NO - Neutral ligand)
Result:
The given Organic compound contains ________________ functional Group

Alcohol
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
A small amount of organic
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of
No decolourisation takes place substance is saturated
distilled water and few drops of very
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
shaken well.
Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3:
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops No Brisk effervesence Absence of Carboxylic acid
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
A pleasant fruity order is noted Presence of Alcohol
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture RCOOH + ROH + H2SO4 --> RCOOR + H2O
is poured into the beaker containing Ester
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted

4 Ferric Chloride test:

 4 Ferric Chloride test:
To a small amount of organic
No violet colouration Absence of Phenol
comound add few drops of neutral
FeCl3 solution.
5 Fehling's test
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each
No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic
No colour change Absence of Amine
compound is introduced with a moist
red litmus paper
Dye test:
Take a small amount of an
organic substance in a clean test tube,
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the amine
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the substance is
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro
No red colouration Absence of Ketone
prusside solution is added. Then
sodium hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given Organic compound contains Alcohol functional Group

Phenol
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
substance is unsaturated
A small amount of organic
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of Pink colour of KMnO4 solution is
distilled water and few drops of very decolourised
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
shaken well.
 Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3:
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops No Brisk effervesence Absence of Carboxylic acid
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
No Fruity odour Absence of Alcohol
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture
is poured into the beaker containing
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted

4 Ferric Chloride test:

Violet colouration Presence of Phenol
To a small amount of organic
comound add few drops of neutral 3C6H5OH + Neutral FeCl3 --> Fe(C6H5O)3 + 3HCl
FeCl3 solution. Ferric phenoxide (violet)
5 Fehling's test
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each
No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic
compound is introduced with a moist No colour change Absence of Amine
red litmus paper
Dye test:
Take a small amount of an
organic substance in a clean test tube,
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the amine
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test:
 7 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the substance is
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro
No red colouration Absence of Ketone
prusside solution is added. Then
sodium hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given Organic compound contains Phenol functional Group

Ketone
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
A small amount of organic
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of
No decolourisation takes place substance is saturated
distilled water and few drops of very
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
shaken well.
Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3: Absence of Carboxylic acid
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops No Brisk effervesence
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
No Fruity odour Absence of Alcohol
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture
is poured into the beaker containing
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted

4 Ferric Chloride test:

To a small amount of organic
comound add few drops of neutral No violet colouration Absence of Phenol
FeCl3 solution.
5 Fehling's test
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test:
 6 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic
No colour change Absence of Amine
compound is introduced with a moist
red litmus paper
Dye test:
Take a small amount of an
organic substance in a clean test tube,
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the amine
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test:
Red colouration. Presence of a ketone.
A small amount of the substance is
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro CH3COCH3 + OH- --> CH3COCH2- + H2O
prusside solution is added. Then [Fe(CN)5NO]2- + CH3COCH2- --> [Fe(CN)5NO.CH3COCH2]3-
sodium hydroxide solution is added
(Red colour) (NO - Neutral ligand)
dropwise.
Result:
The given Organic compound contains ketone functional Group

Carboxylic acid
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
A small amount of organic
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of
No decolourisation takes place substance is saturated
distilled water and few drops of very
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
shaken well.
Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3:
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops Brisk effervescence Presence of Carboxylic acid
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
3 Esterification reaction
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
No Fruity odour Absence of Alcohol
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture
is poured into the beaker containing
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted

4 Ferric Chloride test:

To a small amount of organic
No violet colouration Absence of Phenol
comound add few drops of neutral
FeCl3 solution.
5 Fehling's test
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each
No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic
No colour change Absence of Amine
compound is introduced with a moist
red litmus paper
Dye test:
Take a small amount of an
organic substance in a clean test tube,
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the amine
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the substance is
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro
No red colouration Absence of Ketone
prusside solution is added. Then
sodium hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given Organic compound contains Carboxylic acid functional Group

Amine
Preliminary Tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Saturated / Unsaturated
1 Test with KMnO4 solution
A small amount of organic
compound is dissolved in 2 ml of
No decolourisation takes place substance is saturated
distilled water and few drops of very
dilute alkaline KMnO4 is added and
shaken well.
Confirmatory test for the Functional Groups
2 Action with NaHCO3:
Take 2 ml of saturated NaHCO3
solution in a test tube. Add 2 - 3 drops No Brisk effervesence Absence of Carboxylic acid
(or a pinch of solid ) of an organic
compound to it.
3 Esterification reaction
1 ml or 1 g of an organic compound
is added with 1 ml of Acetic acid and
4 - 5 drops of Con H2SO4 and heated
No Fruity odour Absence of Alcohol
strongly for 5 mins. Then the mixture
is poured into the beaker containing
dil. Na2CO3 and the smell is noted

4 Ferric Chloride test:

To a small amount of organic
No violet colouration Absence of Phenol
comound add few drops of neutral
FeCl3 solution.
5 Fehling's test
A small amount of an organic
compound is added with 1 ml of each
No Red precipitate Absence of Aldehyde
Fehling's solution A & B and the
mixture is warmed on a water bath for
5 mins.
6 Tollen’s reagent test:
Take 2 ml of Tollen’s reagent in a
clean dry test tube. Add 3-4 drops of
No silver mirror is formed Absence of Aldehyde
an organic compound (or 0.2 g of
solid) to it, and warm the mixture on
a water
6 Litmus test
A small amount of an organic
Red litmus turns to blue Presence of Amine
compound is introduced with a moist
red litmus paper
Dye test:
 Dye test:
Take a small amount of an
organic substance in a clean test tube,
add 2 ml of HCl to dissolve it. Add Absence of Aromatic primary
No scarlet rd dye
few crystals of NaNO2 , and cool the amine
mixture in ice bath. Then add 2 ml of
ice cold solution of β-naphthol in
NaOH.
7 Legal’s test:
A small amount of the substance is
taken in a test tube.1 ml sodium nitro
No red colouration Absence of Ketone
prusside solution is added. Then
sodium hydroxide solution is added
dropwise.
Result:
The given Organic compound contains Amine functional Group