DETECTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. TESTS FOR SATURATION OR Disappearance of orange – red colour of Presence of

UNSATURATION : bromine Unsaturation group
BROMINE TEST :
Take about 1 ml of the given organic
compound in a dry test tube then bromine
water added dropwise .
2. ALKALINE KMnO4 TEST (Baeyer’s Test ) Disappearance of Pink colour Presence of
Take about 1 ml of the given organic Unsaturation group
compound in a dry test tube then KMnO4
added dropwise .
1. TESTS FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP: A brisk effervescence due to the evolution Presence of Alcoholic
REACTION WITH Na: of H2 is seen group
Take about 1 ml of the given organic
compound in a dry test tube and a small
piece of sodium metal is added to it
2. ESTER FORMATION TEST A fruity smell is observed due to the Presence of Alcoholic
To 1 ml of given organic compound add 1 ml formation of ester group
and 2 – 3 drops of Conc. H2SO4 the mixture is
then warmed on a water bath for 10
minutes and poured into a beaker containing
a saturated solution of Na2Co3
3. CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST
Take about 1 ml of the given organic Appearance of pink or red colour Presence of Alcoholic
compound in a dry test tube add a few drops group
of ceric ammonium nitrate reagent and
shake well
1 TEST FOR PHENOLS :
LITMUS TEST Blue litmus turns red May be due to phenolic
A Little of the organic compound is placed group
on moist blue litmus paper
2. NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST Presence of phenolic
To little of the sample, add neutral Fecl3 Violet colouration is seen group
solution
1. TEST FOR ALDEHYDES & KETONES Yellow orange precipitate is seen Confirms presence of
2,4 DNP TEST carbonyl group
To 1 ml organic compound add 1 ml of
alcoholic 2, 4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine
solution and boil the moisture and cool.

2. SODIUM BISULPHITE TEST Confirms presence of

To an aqueous solution of the organic A white precipitate is seen carbonyl group.
compound add saturated solution of sodium
bisulphate
 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

1. TOLLEN’S REAGENT TEST

To an alcoholic solution of the given organic
compound add Tollen’s Reagent and Heat Formation of shiny silver mirror is seen Confirms the presence
gently in water bath and allow it to cool along the sides of the test tube. of aldehydes
2 SCHIFF’S TEST Pink colour is obtained Presence of aldehydes
To 1 ml of organic compound add 3-4 drops group is confirmed
of schiff’s base reagent
3. FEHLING’S SOLUTION TEST Formation of red precipitate Presence of non-
To a little of the organic compound, add aromatic aldehydes
fehling’s solution heat it in water bath for 5
minutes.
4. IODOFORM TEST A Yellow precipitate is obtained Confirms methyl ketone
To little of the organic compound, add iodine or acetaldehyde or
solution and aqueous NaOH ethanol or 2- propanol
TEST FOR CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
1 To a little of the organic compound, add Brisk effervescence is see due to evolution Presence of carboxylic
sodium metal of H2 acid
2. To a little of the organic compound , add Brick effervescence of CO2 is seen Confirms presence of
NaHCO3 or NaCO3 Solution carboxylic
3 ESTER FORMATION TEST A fruity smelling liquid is obtained Confirms the presence
Organic compound add ethanol and 2-4 carboxylic acid.
drops of Conc H2SO4 heat the reaction
mixture In a water bath for a few minutes
and pour the same into saturated Na2C03
solution
TEST FOR AMINE GROUPS

SOLUBILITY TEST The compound dissolves completely in May be due to presence

To a given organic compound, add HCl and aqueous medium of amine group
shake well
LITMUS TEST : Colour changes to blue May be an Amine .
Place a drop of the given liquid on the moist
red litmus paper .
AZO DYE TEST A scarlet red coloured precipitate is formed Primary aromatic amino
To 2-3 ml organic compound, add a mixture group is confirmed
of sodium nitrite(NaNO2) And Conc.HCl and
cool it
3. CARBYLAMINE TEST Offensive smelling compound is formed Aliphatic and aromatic
To 2-3 ml of organic compound add 2 ml of primary amine group is
chloroform(CHCl3) AND 2ml of Potassium confirmed
hydroxide(KOH) solution warm the test tube
for a and few minutes.

RESULT: The given organic sample contains……………………………………..