21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

Reading Approach

LESSON 1

READING APPROACH
- reading approach or reading method was rst devised for English learners in India and
French or German learners in the USA who have not the time to master the “active” or oral
use of the language
- GTM (Grammar Translation Method) since it also stressed on written skills
- one way of solving students’ reading problems

TYPES OF READING APPROACHES

1) Skimming
- the main idea of the text is quickly identi ed
- three to four times faster than regular reading
- seeking speci c information rather than reading for comprehension
2) Scanning
- quickly reading a text to get the summary of it
- moving eyes quickly down the pages seeking speci c words and phrases
3) Intensive Reading
- refers to in-depth or concentrated, the material has to be read carefully and thoroughly,
to get speci c details
- to read the short text carefully and deeply so as to gain maximum understanding the
literal meaning of the text
4) Extensive Reading
- students read and refer to large quantities of material, chosen by themselves
- long text and a large quantities of material are read by the students for general
understanding
- acquiring information or for pleasure

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 21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

Representative Texts and Authors from Asia

LESSON 2

WORLD LITERATURE
- totality of all national literatures
- emerged in the 19th century
- “world literature” was introduced by Jogann Wolfgang von Goethe and he used the word
“Weltliteratur” in 1827
- rst book about world literature “The History of World Literature” (1894)
- literature of Bronze Age, Classical Literature, Early Medieval Literature, Medieval Literature,
Early Modern, and Modern Literature

ASIAN LITERATURE
- encompasses various facets of literature such as poetry and prose writings
- re ects similarities in customs and traditions of African and Asian countries
- can be categorized according to religion, zone, region, ethnic group, literary genre, historical
perspective, or language of origin.
- Li Po and Tu Fu.
CHINESE POETS
• Li Po and Tu Fu
- both uses emotions and experiences in the T'ang Dynasty of China
JAPANESE POET
• Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)
- one of the greatest Japanese poets
- elevated haiku in anthologies and travel diaries
- innovator in poetry, spiritually, and culturally maintained a great tradition of past

KOREAN LITERATURE
1) Hyangga (“native songs”)
- written in 4, 8, or 10 lines
- most popular and oldest form in Korean literature
2) Pyŏlgok (“special songs”)
- during the middle and late Koryŏ period.
- themes are love, joys, and torments which are expressed in frank and powerful
language
3) Sijo (“current melodies”)
- longest enduring and most popular form of Korean poetry
- 3 line poems which has 14 to 16 syllables and seldom exceeds 45 syllables
- deals with Confucian ethical values, nature, and love

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 4) Kasa (“verses”)
- much longer than other forms of Korean poetry
- written in balanced couplets
- in earlier period, it was 100 lines with subjects as female beauty, war, and seclusion
KOREAN POET
• Seo Jeong-ju (May 18, 1915 - December 24, 2000)
- Korean poet, university professor, and taught Korean literature in universities
- used pen name “Midang”
- one of the best poets in twentieth-century Korean literature
- nominated ve times for Nobel Prize in literature
- his grandmother’s stories and his interest in Buddhism had strong in uence in his
writing
- wrote over 1,000 poems for 60 years
- ‘founding father of modern Korean poetry’
- published at least 15 collections of poetry
- translated into several languages, i.e. English, French, Spanish, and German
- “IN THE FIELD FILLING UP WITH SNOW”
INDIAN POET
• Rabindranath Tagore (May 7, 1861 - August 7,1941)
- Bengali poet, short-story writer, song composer, playwright, essayist, and painter
- introduced new prose, verse forms, and use of colloquial language
- considered as the “Outstanding creative artist of early 20th-century in India”
- became the rst non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913
OTHER NOTABLE WRITERS IN ASIA
• Tan Twan Eng
- born in Penang, Malaysia
- studied law at the University of London and worked as lawyer in Kuala Lumpur
- in 2016, he was an International Writer-in-Residence at Nanyang Technological
University in Singapore
- Tan's rst novel, The Gift of Rain (2007)
- Tan’s second novel, The Garden of Evening Mists (2011)
• Musharraf Ali Farooqi
- Pakistani author, novelist and translator.
- Farooqi’s rst novel, “Between Clay and Dust”
- Farooqi's second novel “The Story of a Widow”
- most recent children's ction “Tik-Tik, The Master of Time” Pakistan's rst English
language novel for children
• Jeet Thayil
- Indian poet, novelist, librettist and musician
- best known as a poet and is the author of four collections: These Errors Are Correct
(Tranquebar, 2008), English (2004, Penguin India, Rattapallax Press, New York, 2004),
Apocalypso (Ark, 1997) and Gemini (Viking Penguin, 1992).
• Kim Thúy
- seamstress, interpreter, lawyer and restaurant owner
- debut novel Ru won the Governor General's Award for French language ction at the
2010 Governor General's Awards
- has degrees in law, linguistics and translation from the Université de Montréal

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• Nayomi Munaweera’s
- debut novel, “Island of a Thousand Mirror”
- second novel, “What Lies Between Us”

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21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

European Literature

LESSON 3

PERIODS OF LITERATURE
RENAISSANCE(1400’s—1600’s)
- period of transition that left behind medieval ways of past and launched society
towards modern world
- individualism, self and societal improvement
- Johannes Gutenberg created the printing press in 1440
- focused on central topics mainly:
a) Humanism
- idea of human power, human traits, and abilities
b) Classicism
- antiquity
- inspired by works of philosophers in Greece and Rome
c) Secularism
- issues of politics and personal concern outside religion
Renaissance Works of Note:
• Petrarch: Canzoniere, Trion
• Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron
• Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince
• John Milton: Paradise Lost
• Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote
• Dante Alighieri: Divina Commedia
• Sir Thomas More, Utopia
• William Shakespeare: King Lear, Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
• Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus

Renaissance Men:
• Erasmus: known as the “Christian Gentleman”
• Petrarch: considered to be the “First modern writer”
• Machiavelli: “The end justi es the means”
• Boccaccio: is known for the “Decameron”

ENLIGHTENMENT (1650—1800)
- print culture emerged
- period of great change in policies and beliefs politically, economically, and socially
- produced many theories in literature for the betterment of humankind
Enlightenment Works of Note:
• Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract, Emile, and Confessions.

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 • Denis Diderot: Encyclopedie
• Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women
• Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
• Voltaire: Candide
• Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations
• Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe
• Montesquieu: Spirit of the Laws
• John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Enlightenment Thinkers:
• Rousseau: developed the idea of the “Noble Savage”
• Voltaire: staunch deist, advocate of human rights and ghter of injustice
• Smith: advocated “Laissez-faire” system of economics
• Newton: Kepler and Galileo’s, pioneered physics and calculus
• Locke: “Tabula Rasa”
• Hobbes: believed in an absolute monarchy with one state religion
• Wollstonecraft: british writer, thought to be “The rst feminist”
• Montesquieu: Spirit of the Laws, the most in uential book of the century

Important Enlightenment Quotes:

• Rousseau: “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
• Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum” (“I think; therefore I am”)
• Bacon: “Knowledge is power”
• Diderot: “Freedom is a gift from heaven, and every individual of the same species
has the right to enjoy it as soon as he is in enjoyment of his reason.”
• Voltaire: “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to
say it.”
• Locke: “No one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”
• Kant: “When America, the Negro countries…and so forth were discovered, they
were to them [the Europeans], countries belonging to no one, since they counted
the inhabitants as nothing.”

ROMANTICISM (1798—1870)
- “romantic” and “gothic”
- romantic is the broad literary period/category
- gothic literature is a subset of this movement
- disregarded previous rules for form and technique, giving free reign to the reader’s
imagination

Romanticism Works of Note:

• Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto
• Victor Hugo: Les Miserables
• Mary Shelley: Frankenstein
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Lyrical Ballads
• Lord Byron: Don Juan, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
• William Wordsworth: The Prelude
• Fredrick Schlegel: Lucinde
• Jogann Wolfgang von Goethe: The Sorrows of Young Werther, Faust
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Phenomenology of Mind

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 REALISM/NATURALISM (1850—1914)
- “romantic” and “gothic”
- bourgeois life
- dark reality of the middle class way of life
- aws of society like “alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife” (Kagan, 807)

Realism Works of Note:

• Emile Zola: L’Assommoir
• Leo Tolstoy: War and Peace
• Claude Bernard: Introduction to the Study of Experimental Science
• Fyodor Dostoyevsky: Crime and Punishment
• Charles Dickens: The Adventures of Oliver Twist
• George Bernard Shaw: Mrs. Warren’s Profession
• Two pieces of particular importance were Madame Bovary, by Gustave Flaubert
and A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen.

VICTORIAN PERIOD (1832—1901)

- form of English realism
- cruel reality that middle class members of society had to face
- remembered for its strict social, political, and sexual conservatism
- saw proli c literary activity and signi cant social reform
Victorian Works of Note:
• William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair
• Robert Louis Stevenson: Treasure Island
• Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest
• George Eliot: Middlemarch
• Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
• Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre
• Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, Great Expectations
• Gerard Manley Hopkins: Pied Beauty
• Anthony Trollope: Chronicles of Barsetshire
• Lord Alfred Tennyson: The Charge of the Light Brigade

MODERNISM (1870—1965)
- provided critique of morality of the middle class society
- focused on aesthetics, rather than societal issues
- upheaval seen in society as a result of WWI.
- Marcel Proust the “stream of consciousness”
Modernism Works of Note:
• Virginia Woolf: A Room of One’s Own, Mrs. Dalloway
• James Joyce: Ulysses, Finnegan’s Wake
• Marcel Proust: Remembrance of Things Past
• George Orwell: Animal Farm
• Franz Kafka: The Metamorphosis, The Trial, The Warden of the Tomb
• William Butler Yeats: The Tower
• Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness
• Alfred Doblin: Berlin Alexander platz
• William Golding: Lord of the Flies
• Albert Camus: The Stranger

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POST-MODERNISM (1965—Present)
- societal response to the elitism of high modernism, as well as the WWII
- strange mix of high and low culture
- modern consumer-driven, technologically based society
Post-Modernism Works of Note:
• Rahld Dahl: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
• Alasdair Gray, Lanark: A Life in Four Books
• Alan Moore: Watchmen
• Dmitry Galkovsky: The In nite Deadlock
• Umberto Eco: Foucault’s Pendulum
• Vladimir Nabokov: Mother Night
• John Fowles: The French Lieutenant’s Woman
• Venedikt Erofeev: Moscow-Petushki
• Walter Abish: How German Is It
• Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
• George Perec: Life: A User’s Manual
• Italo Calvino: If on a winter’s night a traveler

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21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

African Literature

LESSON 4

ETYMOLOGY
• Africa Terra – Land of the afri
• Afri (Plural)
• Afer (Singular)
- from Phoenician Afar – dust or
- from Afridi – tribe of northern Africa
• Greek Aphrike – without cold
• Latin Aprica – sunny

AFRICA
- 2nd largest continent next to Asia
- covers more than one- fth of Earth’s surface
- 46 countries and territories
• Suez Canal, The Gulf of Suez, The Red Sea
- separates Africa from Asia
• Straits of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea
- separates Africa from Europe
• Atlantic Ocean
- West
• Indian Ocean
- East

FIVE MAJOR LANGUAGES:

1) Afro – asiatic
2) Click
3) Niger – congo
4) Sudanic
5) Austronesian

RELIGION:
• Islam
- dominant religion of northern Africa
- replaced Christianity in 17th century
LITERATURE:
• Orature
- Oral literature
- coined by Pio Zirimu
• Pio Zirimu
- Ugandan scholar

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 • Prose
- mythological, historical, written, or spoken
• Call–and–response
- spontaneous verbal and non-verbal interaction between speaker and listener
PRE – COLONIAL LITERATURE:
• Epic of Sundiata
- Medieval Mali
• Epic of Dinga
- old Ghana Empire
• Kebra Nagast / Book of Kings
- best known work in this tradition
• Trickster Story
- one of popular form of traditional African folktale
COLONIAL LITERATURE:
• Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford
- 1st African novel written in English (Ethiopia Unbound)
• Herbert Isaac Ernest Dhlomo
- 1st English-language African play (The Girl Who Liked to Save)
• Ngugi Wa Thiong’o
- 1st East-African drama (Black Hermit)
- 1st two novels (Weep Not, The Child and the River Between)
- most important east African novelist
• Chinua Achibe
- Nigerian novelist and poet
- his rst novel received critical acclaim (Things Fall Apart)
- co-editor of Okike (Africa's most in uential literary magazines)
- The Arrow of God, A Man of the People, Girls at War, Christmas in Biafra
• Leopoid Sedar Senghor
- president of Senegal
- 1st anthology of French language poetry (Anthology of the New Black and Malagasy
Poetry in the French Language)

POST – COLONIAL LITERATURE:

• Ali A. Mazrui
- mentioned 7 con icts as themes

AFRICAN WRITERS AND POETS:

• Wole Soyinka
- english language poet
- 1st Nobel Prize for Literature (1986)
• Nadine Gordimer
- 2nd Nobel Prize (1991)
- The Swamp Dwellers (1st play)
• John Pepper Clark
- Nigerian poet, dramatist, and literary critic
- plays are (Ozidi, Song of Goat)
- poetry (A Decade of Tongues)

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 THINGS FALL APART
CHARACTERS:
• Okonkwo
- protagonist
- leader of Umuo a
- respected, in uential, brave
• Unoka
- okonkwo’s father
• Ikemefuna
- given to the village as a peace o ering by neighboring mbaino
• Nwoye
- okonkwo’s son
• Ojiugo
- youngest wife of okonkwo
• Ekwi
- second wife of okonkwo
• Ogbue Ezeudu
- oldest man in the village
• Obierika
- okonkwo’s bestfriend
• Ezinma
- daughter of okonkwo and his wife ekwe
• Egwugwu
- nine clan leaders, also represent nine villages of Umuo a
• MgBafo
- severely beaten by her husband
• Chielo
- told caves okonkwo that agbala needs to see ezinma
• Agbala
- oracle of the hills and caves
• Uchendu
- uncle of okonkwo, village elder of mbanta
• Chi
- personal spirit
• Efulefu
- 1st recruits of the missionaries, weak and worthless men of the village
• Mr. Brown
- white missionary
• Reverend James Smith
- new head of the christian church

VOCABULARY:
• Volatile
- liable to change rapidly and unpredictably , especially for the worse
• Apt
- having a tendency to do something
• Provocation
- action or speech that makes someone annoyed or angry, especially deliberately

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 • Exile
- expel, banish, drive out, throw out; to be away from one’s home
• Kinsman
- man who is one of person’s blood relations
• Machete
- broad knife used as an implement or weapon
• Beheads
- form of execution
• Clansman
- male member of a clan
• Oracle
- authority, mentor, and adviser
• Squandered
- waste something in a reckless and foolish manner

SETTINGS:
• Umuo a
- located in Eastern Nigeria
• Mbanta
- native village of okonkwo’s mother
-

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 21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

American Literature (Latin and North)

LESSON 5

NORTH AMERICA
- third largest continent
- Amerigo Vespucci

THE COLONIAL AND EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD (17th century to 1830)

• John Smith
- Histories of Virginia
- president of Jamestown Colony
- 1608 and 1624
- earliest works of American literature
• Nathaniel Ward and John Winthrop
- books on religion
• Anne Bradstreet
- The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650)
- earliest collection of poetry published in England
- 1776 (US independence)
NOTABLE WRITERS OF THIS ERA:
• Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay
- The Federalist Papers (1787–1788)
• Benjamin Franklin
- Autobiography (1770's and 80’s)
- quintessentially American life story
• Phillis Wheatley
- African woman enslaved in Boston
- rst black poet
- poems on Various Subjects, Religious, and Morals (1773)
• Philip Freneau
- Philip Morin Freneau
- “poet of the American Revolution”
• William Hill Brown
- The Power of Sympathy (1789)
- rst American novel
• Olaudah Equiano
- The Interesting Narrative (1789)
- autobiography (slave narratives and forceful abolition)
• Washington Irving
- The Sketch Book of Geo rey Crayon, Gent. in 1819–1820
- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle
- earliest American short stories
• James Fenimore Copper
- Frontiersman Natty Bumppo

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 - Leatherstocking Tales (1823–1841)
- realistic and highly romanticized ways

THE ROMANTIC PERIOD (1830–1870)

• Romanticism
- values individual over the group, subjective over objective, and a person's emotional
experience over reason

NOTABLE WRITERS OF THIS ERA:

• Edgar Allan Poe (1830 - 1849)
- The murders in the Rue Morgue (1841)
- The Raven (1845) gloomy depiction of lost love
- The fall of the House of Usher (1839) and The Cask of Amontillado (1846) short stories
about gripping tales of horror
• James Russell Lowell
- humor and dialect in verse and prose
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Oliver Wendell Holmes
- upper-class Brahmins
The Transcendentalists:
• Ralph Waldo Emerson —wrote in uential essays
• Henry David Thoreau —Walden (1854)
• Margaret Fuller — editor of The Dial

THREE MEN
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
- Young Goodman Brown (1835)
- The Scarlet Letter (1850)
- The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
• Herman Melville
- Moby Dick ( 1851)
- culmination of Melville’s early life of traveling and writing
• Walt Whitman
- New York City
- Leaves of Grass (1855) free verse
- frankness in subject matter and tone
• William Wells Brown
- Clotel (1853) rst Black American novel
- The Escape (1858) rst African-American play to be published
• Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Harriet E. Wilson (1859)
- rst Black women to publish ction in US
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Uncle Tom's cabin (1851—1852)
- raising oppositions in the North to slavery
• Emily Dickinson
- 1886 (death)
- lived largely in seclusion
- sharped-edged and emotionally intense poems

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 Five notable poems:
• I’m Nobody! Who are you?
• Because I could not stop for Death
• My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun
• A Bird, came down the Walk
• Safe in their Alabaster Chambers

REALISM AND NATURALISM PERIOD (1870 – 1910)

• Realism
- detailed and unembellished vision of the world as it truly was
• Naturalism
- intensi ed form of realism. After the grim realities of a devastating war, they became
writers’ primary mode of expression.

NOTABLE WRITERS OF THIS ERA:

• Samuel Clemens
- typesetter, journalist, riverboat captain, and an itinerant laborer
• Mark Twain
- The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
- The Innocents Abroad (1869) , Roughing It (1872), Life on the Mississippi (1883)
- Jim Baker's Blue-Jay Yarn (1880), The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1899)
• Theodore Dreiser
- His Sister Carrie (1900) American naturalist novel
• Stephen Crane
- Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)
- The Red Badge of Courage (1895)
• Frank Norris
- McTeague (1899)
- The Octopus ( 1901)
- The Pit (1903)
- depicts reality of urban life, war, and capitalism
• Paul Laurence Dunbar
- African-American writer
- Possum, When de Co'n Pone's Hot (Black dialect)
- We Wear the mask, Sympathy (exposed reality of racism in America during
Reconstruction and afterward)
• Henry James
- 19th-century realism and naturalism and 20th-century modernism
- The American (1877)
- The Portrait of a Lady (1881)
- What Maisie Knew (1897)
- The Wings of the Dove (1902)
- The Golden Bowl (1904)

THE MODERNIST PERIOD (1910–1945)

- advances in science and technology (20th century)
- World War I and the Great Depression
• Modernism
- radical break from the past
- richest and most productive in American Literature

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 NOTABLE WRITERS OF THIS ERA:
• F. Scott Fitzgerald
- skewered the American Dream in The Great Gatsby (1925)
• Richard Wright
- exposed and attacked American racism in Native son (1940)
• Zora Neale Hurston
- Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) black woman's three marriages
• Ernest Hemingway
- The Sun Also Rises (1924)
- A Farewell to Arms (1929)
- disillusionment of the Lost Generation
• Willa Cather
- hopeful stories of the American frontier mostly on the Great Plains
- O Pioneers! (1913)
- My Ántonia (1918)
• William Faulkner
- stream of consciousness monologues
- The Sound and the Fury (1929)
• John Steinbeck
- Of Mice and Men (1937)
- The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
- di culties of migrant workers
• T.S. Eliot
- The Waste Land (1922) quintessential modernist poem
• Robert Lee frost
- rural life, 4 Pulitzer Prizes For Poetry
- A Patch of Old snow
- A Time to Talk
- Nothing Gold Can Stay
- The Road Not Taken
Harlem Renaissance
- Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and Alice Dunbar Nelson
Harriet Monroe
- founded Poetry magazine in Chicago (1912)
Drama
- prominence in US (early 20th Century)

• Eugene O’Neill
- foremost American playwright
- Long Day’s Journey into Night (1939–1941, performed 1956)
- Beyond the Horizon (1920)
- The Iceman Cometh (written 1939, performed 1946)
• Lillian Hellman, Cli ord Odets, and Langston Hughes (1930s)
- plays that exposed injustice in America
• Thornton Wilder
- realistic vision of small-town America
- Our Town (1938)

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 THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945 to present)
- 1950s and 1960s brought cultural shift driven by the civil rights movement and the
women’s movement
- Richard Wright
- autobiography Black Boy (1945)
NOTABLE WRITERS OF THIS ERA:
• Ralph Ellison
- Invisible Man (1952)
• James Baldwin
- Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953)
• Lorraine Hansberry
- A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
• Toni Morrison
- The Bluest Eye (1970), Song of Solomon (1977), Beloved (1987)
• Alice Walker
- The Color Purple (1982)
• Norman Mailer
- The Naked and the Dead (1948), The Executioner’s Song (1979)
• Vladimir Nabokov
- Lolita (1955)
• Jack Kerouac
- On the Road (1957)
• Thomas Pynchon
- The Crying of Lot 49 (1966)
• Kurt Vonnegut
- Slaughterhouse-Five (1969)
• Sandra Cisneros
- The House on Mango Street (1983)
• Jamaica Kincaid
- Annie John (1984)
• Maxine Hong Kingston
- Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book (1989)
• David Foster Wallace
- In nite Jest (1996)
• Eudora Welty
- The Optimist’s Daughter (1972)
• Philip Roth
- Portnoy’s Complaint (1969), American Pastoral (1997)
Beat Movement (1950)
• Allen Ginsberg
- Howl (1956)
- raucous, profane, and deeply moving
Important poets:
• Anne Sexton
• Sylvia Plath
• John Berryman
• Donald Hall
• Elizabeth Bishop

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 • James Merrill
• Nikki Giovanni
• Robert Pinsky
• Adrienne Rich

American Drama
• Three men
- Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, and Edward Albee
- Miller’s Death of a Salesman (1949)
- Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955)
- Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962)

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 21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

21st Century Literary Genres, Traditions and Forms

from Di erent Cultures

LESSON 6

CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
- re ects current trends in life and culture, and because these things often, contemporary
literature changes often as well
- re ects authors perspective and can be cynical
- questions facts, historical perspectives
- began in the 1940s
CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE QUALITIES:
- reality-based stories with strong characters and a believable story
- well-de ned, realistic, highly-developed characters in realistic sometimes harsh
environment
- character-driven
21ST CENTURY READER
- technology as a primary learning tool
- capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and media messages
- possesses literacy skills which includes technological abilities

POETRY
- imaginative awareness of experience through meaning
- known to employ meter and rhyme
- can be free form such as epic, narrative, romantic, dramatic and lyric
MELODRAMA
- dramatic work in which events, plots, and characters are sensationalized to elicit strong
emotional reactions from the audience

TRAGEDY
- narrative that shows the downfall of the protagonist and does not have a happy ending
COMEDY
- storytelling genre that uses laughter and humor
ODE
- formal lyric poem that is written in celebration, appreciation, or dedication
SONNETS
- traditionally love poems

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BALLAD
- type of poem that tells a story and set in music
- ABCB rhyme scheme
SONG
- expression of a poet's personal emotions, meant to be sung
EPIC
- long narrative poem in a digni ed style about the deeds of a traditional or historical hero
or heroes
- Iliad or the Odyssey
SPOKEN WORD POETRY
- poetry written to be performed
- utilizes concrete language, word play, and rhythm
DRAMA
- composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime
CREATIVE NON-FICTION
- uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives
FIVE KINDS OF CREATIVE NON-FICTION:
• MEMOIR
- narrowly focused on a single event in a person’s life
• BIOGRAPHY
- detailed account of a person’s life written by another person
• AUTOBIOGRAPHY
- written account of a person’s life written by his/herself
• DIARY
- collection of discrete accounts of a person’s experiences and thoughts
everyday
• ESSAY
- any subject that the writer personally comments about or describes
FICTION
- created from the imagination
- novel, short story, and novella
MOST NOTABLE LITERARY GENRE IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:
1) Hyper Poetry/ Hyper Text
- poetry/text that uses links by hypertext markup
2) Illustrated Novel
- story through text and illustrated images
3) Digi-Fiction
- combines three media: book, movie/video, and internet website
4) Graphic Novel
- narrative in comic book formats
5) Manga
- Japanese word for comics
6) Doodle Fiction
- incorporates doodle writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics

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7) Text-Talk Novels
- stories told almost completely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges
8) Chick Literature
- modern womanhood, often humorously, and lightheartedly
9) Flash Fiction
- extreme brevity
- range from word to a thousand
10) Six Word Flash Fiction
- Consists of only six words
11) Science Fiction
- imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology
12) Blog
- website containing short articles

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 21st Century Literature From the Philippines and the World

Media Format (Multimedia Skills in Interpreting Text)

LESSON 7

MEDIA
- plural form of medium
- any channel of communication
MULTIMEDIA
- use of computer to present and combine text, graphics, audio, and video
4 COMPONENTS ESSENTIAL TO MULTIMEDIA:
1) There must be a computer to coordinate
2) There must be links that connect the information
3) There must be navigational tools that let you traverse the web of connected information
4) There must be ways to gather, process, and communicate your information and ideas

AUDIO
- sound heard on a recording or broadcast
PODCAST
- digital audio le that you can stream or download, usually pre-recorded and edited
- audio programme
VISUAL MEDIA
- pictures produced by a camera, artist, mirror
MOTION MEDIA
- series of drawings, computer graphics, frames or photographs that create the appearance
of movement

MULTIMEDIA SKILLS YOU NEED TO BECOME A COMPETENT ARTIST

• Creativity
• Communication Skills
• Management Skills
• Problem-Solving Skills

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