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Atomic Structure

chemistry atomic structure

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Maro Halawany
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10 views11 pages

Atomic Structure

chemistry atomic structure

Uploaded by

Maro Halawany
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subatomic Particle

Subatomic Relative Relative mass/


Particle Charge a.m.u

Protons (P) +1 1

Neutrons (n) 0 1

Electrons (e-) -1 1/1840

Protons, neutrons and electrons


• Mass concentrated within center, nucleus.

• An atom is electrically neutral; P+ = e-

• Atomic no. or proton no. (Z) = no. of protons

• Atomic mass or nucleon no. (A) = no. of P + N

• Isoelectronic ions: ions having same no. of e-s.

• Isotopes: are atoms of the same element with the same proton

number but different number of neutrons


o Isotopes have similar chemical properties since they have

same number of protons and electrons (so chemical

interactions are similar)

o Isotopes have different physical properties since they have

different numbers of neutrons, causing them to have

different masses and therefore different physical

interactions.

Behavior of a Beam of Subatomic Particles

• Protons: positively charged ∴∴ deflected to -ve pole

• Neutrons: no charge ∴∴ not deflected

• Electrons: negatively charged ∴∴ deflected to +ve pole


• e- lighter than P+ ∴∴ deflected at greater angle.

Electronic Configuration
• Electrons are arranged in energy levels called shells.

• Each shell is described by a principal quantum no. (P.Q)

• As the P.Q. increases, energy of shell increases

• Inside the shell there are subshells: s, p, d and f.

• Orbital: region in space where there is a maximum probability

of finding an electron

• Each orbital can hold 2e-s in opposite directions.

• When e-s are placed in a set of orbital of equal energy, they

occupy them singly and then pairing takes place.

• e-s placed in opposite direction: both -vely charge & if placed in

same direction, they’d repel. In opposite direction they create a

spin to reduce repulsion


• Filled or half filled (i.e. one e- in each orbital) are more stable

(reduced repulsion)

Examples of this method are shown below:

In certain cases (e.g: period 3 elements), an electron would prefer the

4s orbital over 3d while filling up. For example, 2 electrons in

Titanium would be filled into the 4s orbital before 2 electrons are

filled in the 3d orbital. This is because the 4s orbital has a more

stable (lower) energy level than the 3d orbital.

However, while losing electrons, the electrons from the 4s orbital

would be lost first and then those from 3d orbital will be lost. This is

because the 4s orbital is outer than the 3d orbital.

Subshells
s p d f

Orbitals 1 3 5 7

Max e-s 2 6 10 14
• Aufbau’s principle: method of showing how atomic orbitals is

filled in a definite order to give lowest energy arrangement

possible.

• Energy difference between 4s & 3d very small ∴ an

e- from 4s can be promoted to half-fill or full-fill 3d orbital, to

make atom more stable.

• When filling, fill 4s before 3d and when removing, also remove

first from 4s.

Orbitals
s orbitals are spherical with the nucleus at the center

p orbitals are dumbbell shaped


A free radical is a species with one or more unpaired electrons.

Note: ions and free radicals are different.

Ionization Energies (I.E)


• 1st I.E: energy needed to remove 1 mole of e-s from 1 mole of

gaseous atom to form 1 mole of unipositive ions.

• Each successive I.E is higher than previous one because as e-s are

removed, protons > e-s ∴∴ attraction between protons and

remaining electrons increases.

• Successive I. Es have large jump in their value when e-s

removed from lower energy shell.

• Deduce group no. by checking when 1st big jump occurs.


Factors affecting Ionization Energy
• Nuclear charge

o +ve charge due to protons in nucleus.

o Greater nuclear charge greater ionization energy

• Shielding effect

o Inner shells of e-s repel outermost e-s, thus shielding them

from +ve nucleus. The more e- shells, the greater the

shielding effect.

o Greater effect lowers I.E because less attractive force

between nucleus & outer e-s.

• Atomic radius

o Distance from the Centre of the nucleus to the outermost

orbit
o As number of electron shells increases, atomic radius

increases.

o As number of electrons in outermost shell increases,

atomic radius decreases as the electrostatic attraction

between nucleus and outer electrons increases.

o Greater radius lower I.E; distance of outermost e- to

nucleus is large ∴∴ less energy needed to remove e-

• Stable config.

o High I.E needed to remove e-s from completely or half-

filled orbitals.

General 1st Ionization Energy Trends


• Down a group (decreases):

o New shells added.

o Attraction of nucleus to valence e-s decreases

o Shielding effect increases

• Across a period (increases):

o Shell no. remains same

o Proton no. increases

o Effective nuclear charge increases

o Atomic radius decreases


Trend in 1st I.E across 3rd Period

• I.E of Al lower than Mg: e- removed in Al is from higher energy 3p

orbital which is further away from nucleus than 3s e- being

removed from Mg. Nuclear attraction is less for 3p than

3s ∴∴ I.E of Al is lower than Mg.

• I.E of S lower than P: e- being removed in P is in a half filled,

more stable 3p orbital whereas in S, the pairing of electrons in

3p results in increased repulsion ∴ less energy needs to remove

an e-
Ionic Radius
• Ionic radius: describes the size of an ion.

• Positive ion: smaller radius than original neutral atom because

shell no. decreases, screening effect decreases but the

attraction of nucleus increases.

• Negative ion: larger ionic radius than neutral atom because e-s

added while nuclear charge remains same

Groups 1 to 3 5 to 7

Ion Positive Negative

No. of shells
n−1 n

Across the period:


• Proton no. and effective nuclear charge increases
• Ionic radius decreases
• Negative ions are always larger than positive ions in the same

period as they have one more shell.

• Ionic radius increases down the group since number of electron

shells increases.

• As negative charge on anion increases, ionic radius increases

since the number of electrons gained increases such that the

number of electrons exceeds the number of protons.

• As positive charge on cation increases, number of electrons lost

increases, so electrostatic attraction between nucleus and

outer electrons increases.

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