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MUCLecture 2022 82533529

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1 views5 pages

MUCLecture 2022 82533529

Uploaded by

zynmalk531
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Class: 2st‬‬

‫‪Subject: Strength of Materials Lab.‬‬


‫‪Lecturers: M.Sc Murtadha Al-Masoudy & Huda Abd Al-Elah‬‬
‫‪E-mail: Murtadha_Almasoody@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq‬‬

‫‪Shear and Torsional Test‬‬


‫‪Introduction‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺛﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺑﻤﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﺗﺤﻈﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺷﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺺ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‪ ,‬ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺝ )‪ (Couple‬ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻲ)‪ (Twist‬ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻮﺍء )‪(Torsion‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻧﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ )‪ (OA‬ﻳﻠﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (θ‬ﻭ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )‪ (CA‬ﻭ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ( ﻫﻲ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺺ )‪ (Pure Shear‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ)‪.(γ‬‬

‫‪Al-Mustaqbal University College‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/‬‬


‫‪Class: 2st‬‬
‫‪Subject: Strength of Materials Lab.‬‬
‫‪Lecturers: M.Sc Murtadha Al-Masoudy & Huda Abd Al-Elah‬‬
‫‪E-mail: Murtadha_Almasoody@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء‬


‫ﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻦ )ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪-‬ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ(‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﻳ ٌ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎءﺓ )‪ (Modulus of rigidity‬ﺍﻭ )‪ (G‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ )‪ (E‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء‬


‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ً ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻗﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺄﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻗﺺ ﻧﻘﻲ )‪ (Pure Shear‬ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪Al-Mustaqbal University College‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/‬‬


‫‪Class: 2st‬‬
‫‪Subject: Strength of Materials Lab.‬‬
‫‪Lecturers: M.Sc Murtadha Al-Masoudy & Huda Abd Al-Elah‬‬
‫‪E-mail: Murtadha_Almasoody@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﻣﺴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻁﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﻘﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻷﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ‪ ,‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء)‪ (θ‬ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺃﻁﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺑﺴﻠﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء‬

‫ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪-:‬‬


‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻁﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺟﺮﺍء ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺮ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ )ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺘﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻐﻢ( ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺮﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻧﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ )‪ (θ‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻂ ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﻷﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‪ً.‬‬

‫‪Al-Mustaqbal University College‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/‬‬


‫‪Class: 2st‬‬
‫‪Subject: Strength of Materials Lab.‬‬
‫‪Lecturers: M.Sc Murtadha Al-Masoudy & Huda Abd Al-Elah‬‬
‫‪E-mail: Murtadha_Almasoody@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ) ‪(Failure mode‬‬


‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺺ ﻑ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻱ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﺩﻧﺎﻩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺸﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬

‫‪Al-Mustaqbal University College‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/‬‬


‫‪Class: 2st‬‬
‫‪Subject: Strength of Materials Lab.‬‬
‫‪Lecturers: M.Sc Murtadha Al-Masoudy & Huda Abd Al-Elah‬‬
‫‪E-mail: Murtadha_Almasoody@mustaqbal-college.edu.iq‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺎءﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ؟‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ )ﻫﺸﺔ( ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﻴﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺫﻛﺮ ﺍﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ؟‬
‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪L= 30cm,‬‬ ‫‪d= 1cm,‬‬ ‫‪D= 2cm‬‬

‫‪Al-Mustaqbal University College‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪http://www.mustaqbal-college.edu.iq/‬‬

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