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Outline
I. Introduction to open channel
1. Resistance flow formula

2. Equivalent roughness coefficient

3. Velocity coefficients
4. Uniform flow in rigid boundary channel
5. Uniform flow in mobile boundary channel

Uniform flow
 Resistance flow formula
Manning’s equation to define an equation that applies average
roughness

K = channel conveyance
Q = discharge
Sf = friction slope

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Uniform flow

Φ = unit conversion (Eng = 1.486 and SI = 1.000)

K = channel conveyance
n = roughness coefficient;

Uniform flow
Chezy`s constant
Assume the uniform flow of water in a channel,
W = γ*A*L
γ; specific weight of water
A*L; volume of water
W along the direction of flow =
W sin i = γ AL sin i
Friction resistance against
Motion = f*P*L*V2

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Uniform flow
The forces in the direction of flow
γ AL sin i – f*P*L*V2 = 0
Where
V2 = γ AL sin i / f*P*L = γ /f *A/P * sin i or
V = √(γ /f) * √(A/P)sin i
Hydraulic mean depth or hydraulic radius m (R) = A/P
Chezy’s constant C = √(γ /f)
Therefore
V = C√R sin i

Uniform flow
For small values of i, sin i ≈ tat i ≈ i
Therefore
V = C√R i
Q = A* V = A * C√R i
Example 1
A rectangular channel of 6m wide and 3m deep, when it is running
full. The channel is having bed slope as 1 in 2000, and Chezy’s
constant C=55.
Find the velocity and rate of flow of water
V = C√R i = 1.506 m/s
Q = A*V = 27.108 m3/s
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Uniform flow
Example 2
A rectangular channel of 5m wide and depth of water 2m, the rate of
flow is given as 20 m3/s and Chezy’s constant C=50
Find the slope of the bed of channel
i = Q2 / A2 C2 R = 1/694.44

Example 3
A flow of water 100 liters per second flows down in a rectangular
flume of width 600 mm and depth 300 mm, Chezy’s constant C=56
Find the slope of the bed of channel and find the conveyance K of the
flume.
i = Q2 / A2 C2 R = 1/1524
K = AC√R = 3.9 m3/ s
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Uniform flow
Example 4
A trapezoidal channel of width 8m and side slope of 1 horizontal to 3
vertical and the depth of flow 2.4m, Chezy’s constant C=50. Slope
of the bed of the channel is 1 in 4000
Find the discharge
Q = A C √Ri = 21.23 m3/ s
Example 5
A trapezoidal channel of width 6m, depth of water 3m and side slope
of 3 horizontal to 4 vertical and the discharge through the channel is
30 m3/s, Chezy’s constant C=70
Find bed slope of the channel
i = Q2 / A2 C2 R = 1/6133
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Uniform flow
Example 6
A channel shown in Fig below. The Chezy’s constant = 60 and
channel bed slope 1 in 2000

Find the discharge of water through the channel

Q = A C √Ri = 9.585 m3/ s

Uniform flow
Example 7
A channel shown in Fig below. The Chezy’s constant = 55 and
channel bed slope 1 in 2000.

Find the discharge of water through the channel

Q = A C √Ri = 16.066 m3/ s

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Uniform flow
Empirical formula for the value of Chezy’s constant
Unit of the Chezy’s constant
V = C√Ri
C = V/√Ri = (L/T)/√(A/P)i = (L/T)/√(L2/L)i = L/T√Li
√L/T = √m / sec (i is dimensionless)

Bazin formula
C = 157.6 / (1.81 + K/√R)
K = Bazin’s constant and depends upon the roughness of the channel

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Uniform flow
Ganguillet-Kutter formula
C = (23 + 0.00155/i + 1/N) / [1 + ( 23 + 0.00155/i)N/√R]
N = Kutter’s constant or roughness coefficient

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Uniform flow
Manning’s formula
C = (1/ N)R1/6
N = Manning’s constant

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Uniform flow
 Equivalent roughness coefficient

By the Manning’s equation,

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Uniform flow
From equation above where v = vi and R = A/P

Example
An earthen trapezoidal channel (n = 0.025) has a bottom width of 5.0
m, side slopes of 1.5 horizontal: 1 vertical and a uniform flow depth of
1.10 m. In an economic study to remedy excessive seepage from the
canal two proposals, a) to line the sides only and, b) to line the bed
only are considered. If the lining is of smooth concrete (n = 0.012),
calculate the equivalent roughness in the above two cases
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Uniform flow
Solution
a): Lining on the sides only,
For the bed → n1 = 0.025 and P1 = 5 m.
For the sides → n2 = 0.012 and
P 2 = 2*1.1 √(1 + 1.52) = 3.97m
P= P1 + P2 = 5 + 3.97 = 8.97m

0.02

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Uniform flow
b): Lining on the bottom only
P1 = 5.0 m → n1 = 0.012
P2 = 3.97 m → n2 = 0.025 →P = 8.97 m

0.018

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Uniform flow
 Velocity coefficients

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Uniform flow
 Uniform flow in rigid boundary channel
Channels with immovable bed and sides
 Not deformable
Constant roughness
velocity and shear stress distribution is not major scouring

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Uniform flow
Example 1
A rectangular concreted channel 2.5m wide, having depth of water
1.5m and bed slope 1 in 2000, n = 0.014 in Manning`s formula.

Find the discharge of water through the channel

Q = A C √Ri = 4.64 m3/ s

Example 2
A rectangular concreted channel 14m wide, having depth of water 3m
and bed slope 1 in 1500, n = 0.012 in the Kutter’s formula.

Find the discharge of water through the channel

Q = A C √Ri = 141.11 m3/ s
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Uniform flow
Circular channel
P = 2πR*2θ/2π = 2Rθ

A = Area of sector OADBO – Area of ∆ABO

A = πR2 * 2θ/2π - (AB * CO)/2 = R2 θ - (2BC * CO)/2
= R2 θ - (2R sinθ * R cosθ)/2 = R2 θ - R2(sin2θ)/2 = R2 (θ - sin2θ/2)

m = A/P = [R2 (θ - sin2θ/2)] / 2Rθ = R/2θ (θ - sin2θ/2)

Q = AC√mi

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Uniform flow
Example 1
A circular pipe of diameter 3m, depth of water in the pipe is 1m and
pipe is laid at a slope of 1 in 1000, the Chezy`s constant is 70.
Find the discharge.
P = 2Rθ
A= R2 (θ - sin2θ/2)
m = R/2θ (θ - sin2θ/2)
Q = AC√mi = 3.41 m3 /s

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Uniform flow
Example 2
If in the problem above depth of water in the pipe is 2.5m.
Find the discharge.
P = 2πR*2θ/2π = 2Rθ
A= R2 (θ - sin2θ/2)
m = R/2θ (θ - sin2θ/2)
Q = AC√mi = 13.303m3 /s

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Uniform flow
 Uniform flow in mobile boundary channel
Channels with movable bed and sides
 Depth of flow, bed width, longitudinal slope of channel changes
Resistance, sediment, channel geometry all depends on interaction
of flow with channel boundaries
velocity and shear stress distribution in major scouring

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Uniform flow
Example 1
A rectangular gravel channel 2m wide, having depth of water 1.5m
and bed slope 4 in 8000, N = 0.022 in the Manning’s formula.

Find the discharge of water through the channel

Q = A C √Ri = 2.18 m3/ s
Example 2
A trapezoidal gravel channel of bed width 4m, having depth of water
3m and side slope 2 horizontal to 3 vertical, when the discharge
through the channel is 20 m3/s, N = 0.022 in the Manning’s formula.
Find the bed slope of the channel
i = Q2 / A2 C2 R = 1/3137
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Assignment #2
1. A rectangular channel of 6m wide and 3m deep, when it is running full. The
channel is having bed slope as 1 in 2000, and Chezy’s constant C=55. Find the
velocity and rate of flow of water.
2. A rectangular channel of 5m wide and depth of water 2m, the rate of flow is
given as 20 m3/s and Chezy’s constant C=50. Find the slope of the bed of channel.
3. A flow of water 100 liters per second flows down in a rectangular flume of
width 600 mm and depth 300 mm, Chezy’s constant C=56. Find the slope of the
bed of channel and find the conveyance K of the flume.
4. A trapezoidal channel of width 8m and side slope of 1 horizontal to 3 vertical
and the depth of flow 2.4m, Chezy’s constant C=50. Slope of the bed of the
channel is 1 in 4000. Find the discharge.
5. A trapezoidal channel of width 6m, depth of water 3m and side slope of 3
horizontal to 4 vertical and the discharge through the channel is 30 m3/s, Chezy’s
constant C=70. Find bed slope of the channel.

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Assignment #2
6. A channel shown in Fig below. The Chezy’s constant = 60 and channel bed
slope 1 in 2000. Find the discharge of water through the channel.

7. A channel shown in Fig below. The Chezy’s constant = 55 and channel bed
slope 1 in 2000. Find the discharge of water through the channel.

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Assignment #2
8. An earthen trapezoidal channel (n = 0.025) has a bottom width of 5.0 m, side
slopes of 1.5 horizontal: 1 vertical and a uniform flow depth of 1.10 m. In an
economic study to remedy excessive seepage from the canal two proposals, a) to
line the sides only and, b) to line the bed only are considered. If the lining is of
smooth concrete (n = 0.012), calculate the equivalent roughness in the above two
cases:
9. A rectangular concreted channel 2.5m wide, having depth of water 1.5m and
bed slope 1 in 2000, n = 0.014 in Manning`s formula. Find the discharge of water
through the channel.
10. A rectangular concreted channel 14m wide, having depth of water 3m and bed
slope 1 in 1500, n = 0.012 in the Kutter’s formula. Find the discharge of water
through the channel.
11. A circular pipe of diameter 3m, depth of water in the pipe is 1m and pipe is
laid at a slope of 1 in 1000, the Chezy`s constant is 70. Find the discharge.
12. If in the problem above depth of water in the pipe is 2.5m. Find the discharge.

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Assignment #2
13. A rectangular gravel channel 2m wide, having depth of water 1.5m and bed
slope 4 in 8000, N = 0.022 in the Manning’s formula. Find the discharge of water
through the channel.
14. A trapezoidal gravel channel of bed width 4m, having depth of water 3m and
side slope 2 horizontal to 3 vertical, when the discharge through the channel is 20
m3/s, N = 0.022 in the Manning’s formula.
Find the bed slope of the channel.

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