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    Matter

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    Nishu Garg

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Matter

    Uploaded by

    Nishu Garg
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    3 views10 pages

    Matter

    Uploaded by

    Nishu Garg

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Define the process of Diffusion

    Diffusion is the process of movement of molecules under a concentration


    gradient. It is an important process occurring in all living beings. Diffusion
    helps in the movement of substances in and out of the cells. The
    molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
    concentration until the concentration becomes equal throughout.

    Liquid and gases undergo diffusion as the molecules are able to move
    randomly.

    Example:

    Take water in a beaker. Add a few copper sulfate crystals in one place and
    leave it as it is for some time without disturbing it. After some time we can
    see that the beaker contains a uniformly coloured solution. Here, both
    water and copper sulfate diffuse independently. With this experiment, we
    can infer that solutes move from a higher concentration to a lower
    concentration in a solution.

    How does Evaporation cause cooling?

    Solution
    Evaporation produces cooling as the particles at the surface of
    the liquid gain energy from the surroundings and change into
    vapour, thereby producing a cooling effect.

    Define latent heat of fusion

    Solution

    The amount of heat energy released or absorbed when a solid


    changing to liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is
    known as the latent heat of fusion.
    Ex:
    The latent heat of fusion of water is 79.72 cal/gram (or) 334.0
    kJ/Kg

    Question

    Define Latent heat of vaporization. [2 MARKS]

    Solution
    Definition: 2 Marks

    The latent heat of vaporization of a liquid is the quantity of heat


    in joules required to convert 1 kilogram of the liquid (at its boiling
    point) to vapour or gas, without any change in temperature. For
    example, the latent heat of vaporization of water is 22.5 ×
    105 joules per kilogram (or 22.5 × 105 J/kg).
    Question

    What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

    Solution

    Steam causes severe burn than water:

    1. Steam is in a gaseous state of water.

    2. Water is in a liquid state.


    3. Steam has more warmth and vitality than water.

    4. Due to its dormant warmth of vaporization, it will produce


    more burn than boiling water.

    5. Steam contains the heat energy of boiling water as well as


    the latent heat of vaporization.

    6. The amount of heat energy required to change the phase


    from liquid to vapor is known as latent heat of vaporization.

    7. The heat energy and latent heat of vapor cause severe


    burns on the skin.

    Question

    What are the factors affecting evaporation?

    Solution
    Evaporation:

     Evaporation is the process of conversion of a liquid from its


    surface into a gaseous phase below its boiling point.
     This process happens in the presence of heat energy.

    Factors affecting evaporation:


    1. Temperature:

     On increasing the temperature the rate of evaporation also


    increases.
     At higher temperatures, the molecules are moving faster;
    therefore, it is more likely for a molecule to have enough
    energy to break away from the liquid to become a gas.

    2. Wind speed:

     Wind speed and rate of evaporation are directly proportional


    to each other.
     As the wind speed increases, the rate of evaporation also
    increases.

    3. Surface area:

     As the surface area increases, the rate of evaporation also


    increases.
     The more area is exposed to air, allowing water molecules to
    acquire more heat energy from the surroundings.

    4. Humidity:

     Humidity and rate of evaporation are in inverse relation to


    each other.
     As the humidity decreases, the rate of evaporation
    increases.

    Question

    Describe an activity to show that particles of matter have spaces


    between them.

    Solution

     Take a glass of water, add sugar/salt and stir.

     You will observe that there is no rise in the water level.

     This shows that particles of matter have spaces between


    them. When sugar/salt is added to the water, the sugar
    particles adjust themselves in the space between the water
    particles.

    Hence, we can say that particles of matter have space between


    them.

    Question
    Properties of solid, liquid , gas

    Solution
    ♣ Properties of Solids:
    1) Solid has a fixed shape and a fixed volume.
    2) Solid cannot be compressed.
    3) Solids have a high density.
    4) Force of attraction between the particles in a solid is very
    strong.
    5) The space between the particles of solids is negligible.
    ♣ Properties of Liquids:
    1) Liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
    2) Liquids can be slightly compressed. large pressure is required
    to compress them.
    3) Liquids have lesser densities than solids.
    4) Intermolecular forces of attraction is weaker than solids.
    5) They have considerable space between the particles.
    ♣ Properties of Gases:
    1) Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.
    2) Gases can be compressed easily.
    3) Gases have the least density among the three.
    4) Intermolecular forces of attraction are weakest.
    5) The space between the gas particles is large.

    Question

    With an help of an activity demonstrate that particles of matter are


    continuously moving

    Solution
    There are several examples and activities that show particles of
    matter are continuously moving. Few of them are:
    Aim - To demonstrate that particles of matter are continuously
    moving
    Apparatus - Beaker , water , and potassium permanganate
    crystals
    Procedure -
    (i) Take a beaker and fill it with 100 ml of water
    (ii) Add 5 gm of potassium permanganate crystals to water.
    (iii) Observe the changes.
    Observation -
    When potassium permanganate is added to water slowly the color
    of water changes to pink as both the particles of water and
    potassium permanganate are moving , hence they are mixed
    without stirring.
    Conclusion - This mixing of potassium permanganate without
    stirring into water shows that particles of matter moves
    continuously.

    2. Place a bottle containing concentrated aqueous solution of


    ammonia in a corner of the room. Remove the stopper.
    It is observed that ammoniacal smell can be sensed sitting at a
    distance.
    It demonstrates that the particles of ammonia are moving. Due to
    this motion they are able to reach the observer.
    Similarly, if an incense stick is lighted and placed in one comer of
    a room, its pleasant smell spreads in the whole room quickly. It
    demonstrates that the particles of matter possess motion. A
    burning incense stick produces some gases (vapour) having
    pleasant smell. The particles of these gases due to motion spread
    in the entire room and their presence can be felt by sensing the
    smell.

    3. Aim -To demonstrate motion of particles in water and ink:


    Materials required - Beaker , water , blue ink
    Method
    1. Take a 250 cm3 beaker and add about 100 cm3 of water to it.
    2. Put a drop of blue ink to the water taken in the beaker.
    Observation -
    It is observed that the blue ink gets evenly distributed in the
    water.
    Conclusion -
    This demonstrates that the particles of water and ink possess
    motion.
    Due to motion of the particles, the particles of the two liquids are
    able to mix with each other.

    Which energy is involved when particles of matter are in motion and which energy is involved when
    they are at rest

    Kinetic energy is a form of energy that is possessed by the particles by virtue of


    motion. The particles of matter, since they are in constant motion possess kinetic
    energy. Potential energy is energy possessed by the virtue of the position and
    state.

    Question

    ___ is the process by which a gas changes into solid.


    Solution

    The correct option is B


    Deposition

    Deposition is the process by which a gas skips the gaseous state


    and changes directly into solid. For example, iodine vapours on
    cooling solidify to iodine crystals.

    Question
    What is the process called when gas is converted to liquid?
    Solution

    Condensation - gas to liquid. If a gas is cooled, its particles will


    eventually stop moving about so fast and form a liquid. This is
    called condensation and occurs at the same temperature as
    boiling.

    Question

    Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?


    Solution

    The correct option is C


    Cotton provides better air circulation and a good absorber.

    Cotton easily absorbs sweat from the body. Cotton clothes have
    fine threads which easily allow air to pass through when
    compared to woollen clothes. With more air flowing through the
    clothes, the sweat from the body and clothes gets evaporated
    easily, which leaves the cooling effect.

    Question

    Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.


    Give reason

    Solution
    Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid
    because they undergo sublimation( they directly changes from
    solid to gaseous without passing through the liquid state).

    Question

    Sponge is solid and can highly compressed why

    Solution
    Sponge is compressible because it is having minute pores in
    which air is trapped .on presssing the air is expelled. it is still
    considered as a solidbecause it has a definite volume and shape
    does not changes unlessscompressed.

    Question

    A rubber band can change its shape on stretching.will u classify it as


    solid or not?why?

    Solution
    A rubber band is a solid.
    It has good elastic properties which enable it to stretch and
    regain its shape, however during this process its mass remains
    constant and hence it is definitely a solid.

    Give reasons
    (b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
    Solution

    b. A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the


    particles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As
    a result, the particles hit each other and also hit the walls of the
    container with force. These collisions of the gas particles with the
    walls of the container exert pressure on the walls of the
    container.

    Question

    What is the process called when gas is converted to liquid?


    Solution

    Condensation - gas to liquid. If a gas is cooled, its particles will


    eventually stop moving about so fast and form a liquid. This is
    called condensation and occurs at the same temperature as
    boiling.
    Question
    Define the following terms:
    a) melting point b) boiling point
    Solution

    Melting point:Melting point is the temperature at which a


    solid becomes a liquid at normal atmospheric pressure.

    Boiling point: Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the


    liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and liquid
    change to vapor (and vice versa).

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