CHAPTER 1- MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDING

MATTER:

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

CONSTITUENT OF MATTER ACCORDING TO EARLY INDIAN

PHILOSOPHERS:

According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and non-living thing is
made of five basic elements called the Panchtatva – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and
Fire.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER:

I. Matter is particulate in nature: i.e., matter is made up of particles and

these particles have spaces between them.
Activity:
Take some water in a beaker and note its level. Dissolve some salt or
sugar in it with the help of a glass rod. The salt dissolves in the water but
the level of water does not change. This is because the particles of salt get
into the space between the particles of water. This shows that matter is
made up of particles and particles of matter have spaces between them.

II. The particles of matter are very small.

Activity:
Dissolve 2 – 3 crystals of potassium permanganate in 100ml of water in a
beaker. Take 10ml of this solution and dissolve in 100ml of water. Repeat
 this process consecutively 5 – 6 times. This shows that a few crystals of
potassium permanganate can colour a large volume of water because
there are millions of tiny particles in each crystal.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLES OF MATTER:

A. PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE CONTINUOUSLY MOVING:

Activity:
Take some water in a beaker and put a drop of blue or
red ink slowly along the sides of the beaker. Leave it
undisturbed for a few hours. The ink spreads evenly
throughout the water due to the movement of the
particles of water and ink.

• Particles of matter are in motion all the time. Hence, they possess
kinetic energy.
• Kinetic Energy – It is the energy possessed by virtue of motion.
• The particles of a matter intermix on their own
with other particles of a matter. For Example,
Salt in water, Various gases in the air, Ink in
water.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXGfS0XA_Hg
DIFFUSION –

• The process of spontaneous mixing of two different type of

particles is called diffusion. Diffusion becomes faster on heating.
• Factors affecting rate of diffusion are:
1. Temperature
2. Density
3. Molecular mass
• The kinetic energy of particles is directly proportional to
temperature.

Example:

When the food is hot, the particles of food have high kinetic energy, due to
which they easily get diffused into the air and reaches our nose with the
movement of air. On the other hand, if the food is cold, the smell does not reach
us as fast because of less kinetic energy of food particles.

OTHER EXAMPLES:

• When perfume is sprayed, the particles of perfume get diffused into

the air so we can smell it from a distance.
• Fizzy drinks have carbon dioxide diffused into water.
• Aquatic animals survive by breathing oxygen diffused in water.
• Aquatic plants survive due to carbon dioxide diffused in water.
• When you write on paper with a pen, the ink gets diffused in paper.

B. PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM:

When we make tea, coffee or
lemonade, particles of one type of
matter get into the spaces between
particles of the other. This shows
that there is enough space
between particles of matter. This
space is called intermolecular
space. It varies in the three states
of matter. The order being-
Gas > Liquid > Solid
 C. PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER:

Activity:
Take an iron nail, a piece of chalk and a rubber band. Try breaking them
by hammering, cutting, or stretching. It is easier to break the chalk, less
easy to break the rubber band and difficult to break the iron nail. This is
because the particles in the iron nail are held together with greater force
than in the rubber band or chalk.
• The above activity suggest that particles of matter have force
acting between them.
• This intermolecular force keeps the particles together.
• The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of
matter to another.
• The order being-
Solid > Liquid > Gas

Textbook – Page-3

STATES OF MATTER:

Matter exists various states- Solid, Liquid and Gas. Besides there are other
states of matter like Plasma, Bose Einstein condensate (BEC), etc
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS:

• Solids have definite shapes and fixed volume.

• Space between particles is minimum.
• The force of attraction between the particles is maximum.
• The movement of the particles is minimum.
• They are least compressible.
• Their rate of diffusion is least.
• Solids do not have fluidity.
• Kinetic energy of particles is minimum.

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS:

• Liquids do not have a definite shape but have fixed volume. But they
take shape of the container.
• Space between particles is intermediate.
• Force of attraction between particles is intermediate.
• Movement of particles is intermediate.
• They are less compressible.
• Their rate of diffusion is more than solids.
• Kinetic energy of particles is more than solids but less than gases.
• Liquids have fluidity, i.e., they can flow

PROPERTIES OF GASES:

• Gases have no definite shape or fixed volume.

• Gases occupy the whole space of the container.
• Space between particles is maximum.
• Force of attraction between particles is minimum.
• The movement of the particles is maximum.
• They are most compressible.
• Their rate of diffusion is more than solids and liquids.
• Kinetic energy of particles is maximum.
• Gases have maximum fluidity
SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THREE STATES OF MATTER:
TEXTBOOK PAGE-6
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS:

RESEARCH WORK:

Research and find information about Plasma, Bose Einstein condensate.

CHANGE IN STATE:

Matter is found as solid, liquid or a gas. Matter can also move from one phase to
another when heat is added or removed.

TEMPERATURE & TEMPERATURE-SCALE:

Physical quantity that expresses hotness and coldness or is a measure of the

average kinetic energy of particles in the system.

Temperature can be measured in degree Celsius or Kelvin.

Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature,

00C =273.16 K.

For convenience, after rounding off, we take :

00C = 273 K
PRACTICE QUESTION:

Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:

a) 298 K
b) 200 K
c) 573 K.

Convert the following temperature to Kelvin:

a) 0o C
b) -27o C
c) 500o C

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE:

On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles

increases. Due to the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with
greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction
between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and start moving
more freely. A stage is reached when there is a change in state.

So, we infer that the state of matter can be changed into another state by
changing the temperature.
EFFECT OF CHANGE IN PRESSURE:

Increasing or decreasing pressure can

change the state of matter. By applying
pressure, particles of matter can be brought
close together.

Gases can be liquified by applying pressure

and reducing temperature.

INTERCONVERSION OF STATE OF MATTER:

BOILING POINT:

• The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the liquid

boils.
• At boiling point, liquid’s vapor pressure comes becomes equal to
atmospheric pressure and the liquid changes its state from liquid state to
vapor state.
• At a given pressure, different liquids will have different boiling points.
No two liquids can have same boiling point.

MELTING POINT:

• Melting point of a substance can be defined as the temperature at which

the substance changes its state from solid to liquid at a given atmospheric
pressure.
 • The melting point of ice is zero degree Celsius where the ice begins to
change into the water.
• Melting point is used to differentiate between different substances.
• It is used to check the purity of substances.

LATENT HEAT:

• While a solid is melting or while a liquid is boiling there is no

temperature change.
• The amount of heat provided to weaken the intermolecular forces of
attraction and hence change the state of a substance (without changing
temperature) is known as latent heat.
• 'Latent` which means ‘invisible’ or 'to lie hidden’.
• The units for specific latent heat are joules/kilogram (J/kg).

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION-

The amount of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at
atmospheric pressure at its melting point is known as the Latent Heat of Fusion.

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION-

The amount of heat energy that is

required to change 1 kg of liquid into
vapor at atmospheric pressure at its
boiling point is known as Latent Heat of
Vaporization.
HEATING AND COOLING CURVES:

• Heating curves show how the temperature changes as a substance

is heated up.
• Cooling curves are the opposite. They show how the temperature changes
as a substance is cooled down.

• On heating a solid, it changes to liquid and on further heating liquid

changes to gas.
• The temperature stays constant during a change of state (melting or
boiling), even though heat energy is still being continuously absorbed.
FUSION:

The process of conversion of solid into liquid on heating is known as fusion.

SOLIDIFICATION:

The process of conversion of liquid into solid on cooling is known as

solidification.

VAPORIZATION:

The process of conversion of liquid into vapors on heating is called

vaporization.

CONDENSATION:

The process of conversion of vapors into liquid on cooling is known as

condensation.

SUBLIMATION:

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas
state, without passing through the liquid state.

DEPOSITION:

The reverse process of Sublimation is called Deposition in which the gaseous

state directly changes to the solid by cooling.

Examples of some sublimable substances are- Ammonium chloride, Camphor,

Iodine, Dry ice, Naphthalene, etc

EVAPORATION:

• The change of a liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling
point is called evaporation.
• Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.
• Particles from the surface gain enough energy to overcome the forces of
attraction and changes to vapor state.
FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION:

The rate of evaporation depends upon following factors:

Surface area: Increase in the surface area increases the rate of evaporation,

Temperature: Increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation since

the particles at higher temperature possess more kinetic energy and move faster.

Humidity: Increase in humidity decreases the rate of evaporation since air has a
capacity to hold the moisture when already enough moisture is present there is
no place for more vapors to be held.

Wind speed: Increase in wind speed increases the rate of evaporation Wind
carries away moisture with itself, making conditions dry, leaving scope for
evaporation to take place.

BOILING AND EVAPORATION:

EVAPORATION BOILING

evaporation is a surface phenomenon boiling is a bulk phenomenon

it occurs at any temperature below the boiling occurs only at the boiling
boiling point of the liquid point of a liquid
no external source of heat is required external source of heat is required
for evaporation

it is a slow process it is a fast process

evaporation causes cooling effect boiling does not cause any cooling
How does water kept in earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?

People in villages keep water in earthen pots because it is porous and allows
water to come out on its surface through pores, therefore evaporation takes
place, keeping the water cool inside.

Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?

A desert cooler works better on a hot dry day because on hot dry day
temperature is high and there is no humidity which favors more evaporation and
therefore more cooling.

Why do People sprinkle water on the roof or open ground?

Because during evaporation water absorbs heat energy to compensate the loss of
energy in evaporation, which makes the hot surface cool.

We see droplets of water on the surface of a glass when cool water is kept
inside, why?

Because the glass becomes cool and therefore the water vapors from air
condense on its surface, forming small droplets.