Matter in our surroundings

Topics to be covered;
• Matter
1. Physical nature of matter
2. How small are these particles of matter?
3. Change the temperature K to degree 0C
 MATTER

• What is Matter?
• Air, water, stones, sand, clouds, pencils, books – Everything
is made up of matter. Matter is everything in this universe
that occupies space and has mass.
• Constituents of Matter
• According to the early Indian philosophers, every living and
non-living thing is made of five basic elements called
the Panchtatava – Air, Water, Earth, Sky, and Fire.
Therefore, matter is a composition of these five
constituents.
 Physical Nature of Matter

Is matter continuous or particulate?

Matter is particulate in nature. This means that
matter consists of particles as you can see in the
microscopic image of a cube above.
 Size of the particles
• For Example, If we put a drop of red colour in water the colour of
the water turns red. This happens because the particles of red
colour mix with the particles of water.
• What is the size of these particles?
• The size of the particles of matter is very small.
• They can be broken into further particles as well. For Example,
On dilution of a colourful solution, as shown in the figure below,
we can still see the colour. This means there are millions of
particles present in the colour which just divide themselves on
dilution.
 Types of matter
The Five States of Matter
By far we have discussed the three
states of matter – Solid, Liquid,
Gas.

But, scientists have discovered that

there are two more states of
matter –

Plasma

Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Topics to be covered
• Define mixture
• Types of mixtures
• Solutions
• Alloys
• Information about metals and their properties
• Mixtures
It is made up of two or more elements or
compounds mixed in any ratio/proportion.
• Properties:
• It may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
• The properties of constituent substances are
retained.
• No new compound is formed.
• Elements can be separated by simple physical
processes.
• It does not have a fixed melting and boiling point.
 Types of mixtures

Separation of Mixtures:
 solution
• Solution
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
Types of solution
Concentration of the solution and
suspension
 Tyndall effect

• Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by the

colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect.

• It can be observed when:

• A fine beam of light enters a room through a

small hole.
• Sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense
forest.
• IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED- Page 3
Question 1. Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-
drink, smell of perfume.
Answer: Chair, air, almonds, and cold-drink.
• Question 2. Give reasons for the following observation:
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several meters
away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go
close.
Answer: The smell of hot sizzling food reaches several
meters away, as the particles of hot food have more kinetic
energy and hence the rate of diffusion is more than the
particles of cold food.
• Question 3. A diver is able to cut through water in a
swimming pool. Which property of matter does this
observation show?
Answer: A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming
pool. This shows that the particles of water have
intermolecular space and has less force of attraction.
• Question 4. What are the characteristics of the particles of
matter?
Answer. The characteristics of the particles of matter are:
(1) Particles have intermolecular space.
(2) Particles have intermolecular force.
(3) Particles of matter are moving continuously.
• NCERT Textbook – Page 6
Question 1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called
density.(density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density: air, exhaust from
chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Answer: Increasing density:
air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron.
• Question 2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states
of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity,
filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and density.
Answer: (a) Difference in the characteristics of 3 states of matter.
• (b) Comment on:
(i) Rigidity: The tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their
shape when subjected to outside force.
(ii) Compressibility: The matter has intermolecular space. The
external force applied on the matter can bring these particles closer.
This property is called compressibility. Gases and liquids are
compressible.
(iii) Fluidity: The tendency of particles to flow is called fluidity. Liquids
and gases flow.
(iv) Filling of a gas container: Gases have particles which vibrate
randomly in all the directions. The gas can fill the container.
(v) Shape: Solids have maximum intermolecular force and definite
shape. Whereas liquids and gases takes the shape of container.
(vi) Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by particles due to their
motion is called kinetic energy. Molecules of gases vibrate randomly
as they have maximum kinetic energy.
(vii) Density: It is defined as mass per unit volume, the solids have
highest density.
• Question 3. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
• (a) The molecules of gas have high kinetic energy due to which they keep
moving in all directions and hence fill the vessel completely in which they
are kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
• (b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because the
molecules of the gas are in constant random motion due to high kinetic
energy. These molecules constantly vibrate, move and hit the walls of the
container thereby exerting pressure on it.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
• (c) The molecules/particles of wooden table are tightly packed with each
other, there is no intermolecular space, it cannot be compressed, it cannot
flow, all these characteristics are of solid. So wooden table should be called
a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid
block of wood we need a karate expert.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid
block of wood we need a karate expert. It is because the molecules of air
has less force of attraction between them and a very small external force
can separate them and pass through it. But in case of solids, the molecules
have maximum force of attraction, the particles are tightly bound due to
this force. Hence large amount of external force is required to pass through
solid.
• Question 4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But
you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Answer: Ice is a solid but its density is lower than water due to its structure.
The molecules in ice make a cage like structure with lot of vacant spaces,
this makes ice float on water.
• NCERT Textbook – Page 9
Question 1. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K
Answer. (a) 300 – 273 = 27°C (b) 573 – 273 = 300°C
• Question.2. What is the physical state of water at:
(a) 250°C (b) 100°C
Answer: (a) 250°C = gas (b) 100°C liquid as well as gas.
• Question 3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain
constant during the change of state?
Answer: During the change of state of any matter heat is supplied to the
substance. The molecules of this matter use heat to overcome the force of
attraction between the particles, at this period of time, temperature
remains constant. This extra heat is acquired by the molecules in the form
of hidden heat called latent heat to change from one state of matter to the
other state.
• Question 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric
gases?
Answer: The atmospheric gases are taken in a cylinder with
piston fitted on it. By cooling and applying pressure on
them, the gases can be liquefied.
• NCERT Textbook Questions – Page 10
Question 1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Answer: The outer walls of the cooler get sprinkled by water constantly.
This water evaporates due to hot dry weather. Evaporation causes cooling
of inside air of cooler. This cool air is sent in the room by the fan.
• Question 2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become
cool during summer?
Answer: The earthen pot is porous with lot of pores on it, the water oozes
out through these pores and the water gets evaporated at the surface of
the pot thereby causing cooling effect. This makes the pot cold and the
water inside the pot cools by this process.
• Question 3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or
petrol or perfume on it?
Answer: Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate when they come into
contact with air. The evaporation causes cooling sensation in our hands.
• Question 4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer
rather than a cup?
Answer: Tea in a saucer has larger surface area than in a cup. The rate of
evaporation is faster with increased surface area. The cooling of tea in
saucer takes place sooner than in a cup. Hence we are able to sip hot tea or
milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup.
• Question 5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?
Answe: We should wear light coloured cotton clothes in summer.
Light colour because it reflects heat. Cotton clothes because it has
pores in it, which absorbs sweat and allows the sweat to evaporate
faster thereby giving cooling effect.
• Questions From NCERT Textbook for Class 9 Science
• Question 1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale.
(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
Answer: (a) 293 K into °C
293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K into °C 470 – 273 = 197°C
• Question 2. Convert the following temperatures to the Kelvin scale.
(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Answer: (a) 25°C into K
25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C into K 4 373 + 273 = 646 K
• Question 3. Give reason for the following observations.
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any
solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Answer: (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving
any solid, because naphthalene balls sublime and directly changes
into vapour state without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away
because perfume contain volatile solvent and diffuse faster and can
reach people sitting several metres away.
• Question 4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of
forces of attraction between the particles—water, sugar, oxygen.
Answer: Oxygen —> water —> sugar.
• Question 5. What is the physical state of water at—
(a) 25°C (bj 0°C (cj 100°C
Answer: (a) 25°C is liquid (b) 0°C is solid or liquid
(c) 100°C is liquid and gas
• Question 6. Give two reasons to justify
(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Answer: (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because
its freezing point is 0°C and boiling point is 100°C.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because
melting point of iron is higher than room temperature.
• Question 7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling
than water at the same temperature?
Answer: Ice at 273 K will absorb heat energy or latent heat
from the medium to overcome the fusion to become water.
Hence the cooling effect of ice is more than the water at
same temperature because water does not absorb this
extra heat from the medium.
• Question 8. What produces more severe bums, boiling water or
steam?
Answer: Steam at 100°C will produce more severe bums as extra heat
is hidden in it called latent heat whereas the boiling water does not
have this hidden heat.
• Question 9. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram
showing change in its state

• Answer: A —> Liquefication/melting/fusion

• B —> Vaporisation/evaporation
• C—>Condensation
• D—> Solidification
• E —> Sublimation
• F —> Desublimation/Deposition