Chem test study guide

Glossary:
Sections:
Molecular and Formula Masses: pg 1
Percent Composition of Compounds: pg 1
Chemical Equations: pg 1
Combustion Analysis: pg 2-4
Limiting Reactants: pg 4-5
General Properties: pg 5
Precipitation Reactions: pg 6-8
Oxidation- Reduction Reactions: pg 10-12
Concentration of solutions: pg 12-13

Chapter 3
- Molecular mass: sum of the atomic masses in a molecule
- Formula mass: sum of the atomic masses in a formula unit of an ionic compound
o A list of the percent by mass of each element in a compound is known as the
compound’s percent composition by mass.
n ×atomic mass of element
- percent by mass of an element= × 100 %
molecular or formula mass of compound
o Ex: H202
2 1.008 amu H
%H  100% 5.926%
 34.02 amu H O
2 2

2 16.00 amu O
%O  100% 94.06%
 34.02 amu H 2O 2
- Interpreting and writing chemical equations:
o NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
 Ammonia and hydrogen chloride react to produce ammonium chloride
- The mole: a counting group, defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12

- Avogadros number: A
N 6.0221418 1023 objects
- The molar mass of a substance is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the substance
- Molecular mass: sum of the atomic masses in a molecule
-

- Empirical formula from percent composition:

o Percent composition of an element in a compound
n molar mass of element
 100%
o molar mass of compound
o n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound
o C2H6O molar mas = 46.06 g/mol

2 12.01g 
%C  100% 52.14%
o 46.07 g
6 1.008 g 
%H  100% 13.13%
o 46.07 g
116.00 g 
%0  100% 34.73%
o 46.07 g
o 52.14%  13.13%  34.73% 100.0%
- Combustion analysis:
o Suppose that in one such experiment the combustion of 18.8 g of glucose
produced 27.6 g of C O2 and 11.3 g of H2O.
o We can calculate the mass of carbon and hydrogen in the original 18.8-g sample
of glucose as follows:
o
1 mol C O2 1 mol C 12.01 g C
mass of C=27.6 g C O2 × × × =7.53 g Cmass of H=11.3 g H
44.01 g C O2 1 mol C O2 1 mol C
o The remaining mass [18.8 g − (7.53 g + 1.26 g) =10.0 g] is oxygen.
 1mol C
moles of C 7.53 g C  0.627 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
moles of H 1.26 g H  1.25 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
moles of O 10.0 g O  0.626 mol O
o 16.00 g O
o C 0.627 H 1.25 O0.626
o C 1 H 2 O1
o Empirical Formula: CH2O
o The molar mass of glucose, C6H12O6 is about 180 g.
o The empirical-formula mass of CH2O is about 30 g

 12.01g + 2 1.008 g  +16.00 g  .

o  
o To determine the molecular formula, first divide the molar mass by the empirical-
formula mass: 180 g/30 g = 6
o CH2O x 6 = C6H12O6
- Amounts of Reactants and Products
o 1. Write a balanced chemical equation
o Covert quantities of known substances into moles
o Use coefficients in a balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the
sought quantity

o
o Moles of Reactants and Products:
o How many moles of CO2 are produced from the reaction of 3.82 moles of C O?
 moles C O 2 produced :
2 mol C O2
 3.82 mol CO × =3.82 mol C O2
2 mol CO
o How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 3.82 moles of C O?
 moles O2 needed =¿
1 mol O 2
 3.82 mol CO × =1.91 mol O2
2 mol CO
o Strategy:
 Looking at the balanced equation, how do we compare the amounts of
C6H12O6 and CO2?
 We can compare them based on the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
Starting with grams of C6H12O6, how do we convert to moles of C6H12O6?
 Once moles of CO2 are determined using the mole ratio from the balanced
equation, how do we convert to grams of CO2?
o Solution:
 We follow the preceding steps and Figure 3.8.
 Step 1: The balanced equation is given in the problem.
 Step 2: To convert grams of C6H12O6 to moles of C6H12O6, we write
1 mol C6 H12 O 6
856 g C6 H12 O6  4.750 mol C6 H12O 6
180.2 g C6 H12 O6

 Step 3: From the mole ratio, we see that


1 mol C6 H12 O6 ¦ 6 mol CO 2
 Therefore, the number of moles of CO2 formed is
6 mol CO 2
4.750 mol C6 H12 O 6  28.50 mol CO 2
1 mol C6 H12 O 6

 Step 4: Finally, the number of grams of CO2 formed is given by
44.01 g CO 2
28.50 mol CO 2  1.25 103 g CO 2

1 mol CO 2
 After some practice, we can combine the conversion steps grams of
C6H12O6 → moles of C6H12O6 → moles of CO2 → grams of CO2
 Into one equation

1 mol C6 H12 O 6 6 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2
mass of CO 2 856 g C6 H12 O 6   
180.2 g C6 H12 O 6 1 mol C6 H12 O 6 1 mol CO 2
3
 1.25 10 g CO 2
- Stoichiometric ratio: set ratio used to make compounds (ex: if you make a grilled cheese
w two pieces of bread and one slice of cheese, you wouldn’t change the recipe)
- Limiting Reactants: the element runs out before the other causing it to limit the amount
of compound made
o Determining the Limiting Reactant:
 Ther reactant used up first in a reaction is called the limiting reactant,
because the amount of this reactant limits the amount of the product that
can be formed.
 When all the limiting reactant has been consumed no more product can be
formed
 Excess reactants are those present in quantities greater than necessary to
react with the quantity of the limiting reactant
  When you use stoichiometry to calculate the amount of product formed in
the reaction, you are calculating the theoretical yield of the reaction.
 The theoretical yield is the amount of product that forms when all
the limiting reactant reacts to form the desired product.
 It is the max obtainable yield, predicted by the balanced equation.
 Reaction yield
 In practice, the actual yield – the amount of product actually
obtained from a reaction- is almost always less than the theoretical
yield
 The percent yield tells what percentage the actual yield is of the
theoretical yield.
actual yield
 % yield= ×100%
theoretical yield
 Pretty please review sample problems of this !!!!
- Types of chemical reactions:
o Combination synthesis:
 A reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single
product is known as a combination reaction
o Decomposition:
 A reaction in which two or more products form froma single reactant is
known as a decomposition reaction
o Combustion:
 A combustion reaction is one in which a substance burns in the presence
of oxygen
o Ex: Determine whether each of the following equations represents a combination
reaction, a decomposition reaction, or a combustion reaction:
H 2  g  + Br2  g   2HBr  g 

2HCO 2 H l  + O 2  g   2CO 2  g  + 2H 2O l 

2KClO3 s   2KCl s  + 3O 2  g 

 Solution:
o 1. Combination: they combined together
o 2. Combustion: one substance turned into a gas from liquid
in the presence of oxygen causing it to be a combustion
reaction
o 3. Decomposition: the reactant was together then split up

Chapter 4:
- General Properties of Aqueous Solutions:
o A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
o The solute is the substance present in smaller amounts
o The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

 Ex:
- Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes

o
 An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a
solution that can conduct electricity
 List of molecular compounds that are strong electrolyters
o

A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a solution

that does not conduct electricity
o Solubility guidelines for ionic compounds in water:
 An insoluble solid product that separates from a solution is called a
precipitate
  Precipitate: insoluble solid that separates from solution
- A chemical reaction in which a precipitate forms is called a precipitation reaction
 Ex:
precipitate

Pb(NO3 ) 2 ( aq)  2NaI( aq)  PbI 2 ( s)  2NaNO3 ( aq)

Pb 2 (aq )  2NO3 ( aq )  2Na  ( aq )  2I  ( aq )  PbI 2 ( s)  2Na  ( aq)  2NO3 ( aq )


Pb 2 (aq)  2I  ( aq)  PbI 2 ( s) ---- net ionic
equation


Na  and NO3 are spectator ions
 The Hydration process: when an ionic substance such as sodium chloride
dissolves in water, the water molecules remove individual ions from the
three-dimensional solid structure and surround them
 Solubility: is defined as the max amount of solute that will dissolve in a
given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature
 (not all ionic compounds will dissolve in water)


 Ions that appear on both sides of the equation arrow are called
spectator ion
o Ex:
 Molecular equation: Na2SO4(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) →
BaSO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
  Ionic equation:
+
2Na aq  + SO24 aq  + Ba 2+ aq  + 2OH  aq  
+ 
2 Na aq  + 2OH aq  + BaSO4 s 
 Net Ionic equation:
Ba 2+ aq  + SO 2-
4 aq   BaSO 4  s 
 Net ionic equation:
o The steps necessary to determine the molecular, ionic, and
net ionic equations for a precipitation reaction are as
follows:
 1. Write and balance the molecular equation,
predicting the products by assuming that the cations
trade anions
 2. Write the ionic equation by separating strong
electrolytes into their constituent ions.
 3. Write the net ionic equation by identifying and
canceling spectator ions on both sides of the
equation
- Acid- base reactions:
o Strong acids and bases:

o
o A Bronsted acid is a proton donor and a Bronsted base is a proton accepter
 In this context, the word proton refers to a hydrogen atom that has lost its
electron – also known as a hydrogen ion


 
 The Bronsted definitions of acids and bases are not restricted to species in
aqueous solutions
HCl  g  + NH 3  g   NH 4Cl s 

 Classify these examples:

 HBr Strong acid


NO 2 strong base


HCO3
o The bicarbonate ion is a Bronsted acid because it ionizes in
solution as follows:
HCO3 aq   H + aq   CO32 aq 

o It is also a Bronsted base because it can accept a proton to
form carbonic acidL
HCO3 aq   H + aq   H 2CO3 aq 

 The HCO3- species is said to be
amphoteric because it possesses both acidic
and basic properties. The double arrows
show that this is a reversible reaction
 Types of acids
 Monoprotic
o HCl  H   Cl strong electrolyte, strong acid

o
HNO3  H   NO3 strong electrolyte, strong acid
 
o CH 3COOH  H  CH 3COO weak electrolyte, weak acid
 Diprotic
 
o H 2SO 4  H  HSO 4 strong electrolyte, strong acid
  2
o HSO 4  H  SO 4 weak electrolyte, weak acid
 Triprotic:
o
H 3PO 4  H   H 2 PO 4 weak electrolyte, weak acid
 o
H 2 PO 4  H   HPO 42 weak electrolyte, weak acid

o
HPO 24  H   PO34 weak electrolyte, weak acid
o Acid Base neutralization
 A neutralization reaction is a reaction between an acid and a base. An
aqueous acid-base reaction produces water and a salt, which is an ionic
compound made up of the cation from a base and the anion from an acid
 Ex:
o Molecular equation:
HCl aq  + NaOH aq   H 2O l   NaCl aq 
o Ionic equation:
H + aq  + Cl aq  + Na + aq  + OH  aq  
H 2 O l  + Na + aq  + Cl  aq 
o Net Ionic equation:
H + aq  + OH  aq   H 2O l 
 Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak Electrolyte:
 Weak acid + base  salt + water
o Ex:
 Molecular equation:
HCN (aq)  NaOH (aq)  NaCN ( aq)  H 2O(l )
 Ionic equation:

HCN(aq )  Na  (aq )  OH  (aq )  Na  (aq )  CN  (aq )  H 2 O(l )

 Net Ionic equation:

HCN(aq)  OH  ( aq)  CN  ( aq)  H 2O(l )
- Oxidation-reduction reactions:
o Oxidation numbers:
 An oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction is a chemical reaction
in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another
 Ex:
Zn s   Cu 2+ aq  Zn 2 aq   Cu s 
o
 In this example, zinc atoms are oxidized (they lose
electrons) and coper ions are reduced (they gain
electrons)
 Redox half-reactions:
 Ex:
 o

o Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and the gain of electrons

is called reduction
o Zn is called the reducing agent because it donates electrons
causing Cu2+ to be reduced. Cu2+ is called the oxidizing
agent because it accepts electrons, causing Zn to be
oxidized
 Ex:
H 2  g  + F2  g   2HF  g 

o Flourine does not gain an electron and hydrogen does not
lose one.
o Experimental evidence shows that there is a partial transfer
of electrons from H to F
o Oxidation numbers provide us with a way to “balance the
books” with regard to electrons in a chemical equation. The
oxidation number / oxidation state, is the charge of an
atom would have if electrons were transferred completely

o
o The elements that how an increase in oxidation number- H
– are oxidized while the elements show a decrease in
oxidation number – F and N- are reduced
 Compounds are electrically neutral which causes the oxidation numbers in
any compound will sum to 0
 For a poly ion, oxidation numbers must sum to the charge ion (the
oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to its change)
 The oxidation numbers of any element, in its elemental form, is 0
 The oxidation numbers in any chemical species must sum to the overall
charge on the species. Oxidation numbers must sum to 0 for any molecule
 and must sum to the charge on any polyatomic ion. The oxidation number
of a monatomic ion is equal to the charge on the ion.
 The table below shows elements with reliable oxidation numbers in
compounds or poly ions


 Ex:
 Determine the oxidation number of each atom in the following
compounds and ions:

o How to solve: for each compound, assign an oxidation

number first to the element that appears higher in table 4.5.
Then use rule 2 to determine the oxidation number of the
other element

 A. B.

 C. D.
 Ex: Assign oxidation numbers to all the elements in the following
compounds and ion:
o Li2O
  Solution: by rule 2 we see lithium has an oxidation
number of +1 (Li+) and oxygen’s number is -2 (O2-)
o HNO3
 Solution:

o
Cr2 O72
 Solution: