INTERNAL-RESISTANCE-OF-CELL

A PROJECT REPORT
ON THE TITLE
“
INTERNAL-RESISTANCE-OF-CELL”
FOR
AISSCE 2024-2025 EXAMINATION
As a part of the Physics (042)
SUBMITTED BY:
Under the guidance of
Mr / Mrs ……………………………
PGT in Physics
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
ADITHYA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
.NO 222, Lakshmi Nagar, Senamanickenpalayam, Road,

Idigarai, Coimbatore- 641022.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project / Dissertation entitle “INTERNAL-

RESISTANCE-OF-CELL” is a bonafide work done by Mr./Ms………………………
Of class XII in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2024-25 and has
been carried out under my direct supervision and guidance. This report or a similar
report on the topic has not been submitted for any other examination and does not form
a part of any other course undergone by the candidate.
Signature of Student Signature of Teacher/Guide
Name: Name: Mr/Mrs………………….

Roll No.: Designation: PGT in Physics
Place: Idigarai, Coimbatore

Date: / / (Mrs.ATHIYA PARVEEN BABI)
Signature of Principal
Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that my project on the title “INTERNAL-RESISTANCE-

OF-CELL” Is submitted in partial fulfillment of CBSE’s AISSCE Examination 2024-
25 and has been carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of
Mr/Mrs……………………….
Idigarai, Coimbatore
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I bow down before the God Almighty for his blessings without
which I would not have completed this endeavor successfully.
I am thankful to Mrs.ATHIYA PARVEEN BABI Principal, Adithya

international school, idigarai, for his approval of the project and his valuable guidance
I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to my guide ……………………........,

for her meticulous guidance and constant encouragement throughout my project. I would
also extend my thanks for all the technical support to put forwarded my work. I would
like to extend my wholehearted gratitude to the Management and all those who have
directly and indirectly helped me during the course of work.
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it , and hence
make it more reliable.
OBJECTIVE :-
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
Apparatus :-
A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way keys , a rheostat of
low resistance , a galvanometer , a high resistance , an ammeter , a cell , a
Jockey , a set square , connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0-100°C) ,
burner , tripod stand , wire gauge .
theory :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to
the flow of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
 is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
 decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
 is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
   
r=( 
)R
where  ,  are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance
(shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given
cell.
procedure :-
Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and see that
e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of given cell ,otherwise null or
balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat resistance
small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections (insert the plug in the key
 and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm resistance plug
from resistance box. Place the jokey first at the end P of the wire and
then at the end Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key  adjust the rheostat so that a
null point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box and by
slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position of null
point, obtain null point position accurately, using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length  between the point and the end P of the
wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B. introduce
plugs in the key  ,as well as in key  . Take out small resistance
(1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R connected in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if necessary make
further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length  from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at  and  .Wait for some time and for the
same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R repeating each
observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above relation for r.
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine
the internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on
internal resistance by :-
Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of electrolyte
by adding the distilled water and determine internal resistance of cell in
each case .
observations :-
S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt r=(   ⁄ )R

Reading cm ) Resistance
(A) With R (l1 Without R(Ω) Ω
) R ( l2 )
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3. 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
Table for effect of separation between electrodes :-
S.No. Separation Balancing Balancing r=(   ⁄ )R r/d

between length length
Electrodes-d (cm) (cm) ( l1 ) (cm) (l2) (Ω)
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
table for effect of temperature :-

 
S.No. Temper- l1 l2 Resistan r=(  )R Tr

ature ce
(T) °C (cm) (cm) R (Ω) (Ω) (ΩK)
1. 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.44
2. 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.96
3. 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.87
Conclusions :-
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to

E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
Precautions :-
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations are
to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all be
connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of the either
of the two cells.
7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out from resistance box
before the jockey is moved along the wire.
8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain constant.
10. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the null
point.
11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point lies on last wire of
the potentiometer.
12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.
sources of error :-
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and material
density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.

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A PROJECT REPORT

AISSCE 2024-2025 EXAMINATION

As a part of the Physics (042)

Under the guidance of

ADITHYA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

.NO 222, Lakshmi Nagar, Senamanickenpalayam, Road,

This is to certify that the project / Dissertation entitle “INTERNAL-

Signature of Student Signature of Teacher/Guide

Name: Name: Mr/Mrs………………….

Place: Idigarai, Coimbatore

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Internal Examiner

I hereby declare that my project on the title “INTERNAL-RESISTANCE-

I am thankful to Mrs.ATHIYA PARVEEN BABI Principal, Adithya

I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to my guide ……………………........,

S.No. Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt r=(   ⁄ )R

Table for effect of separation between electrodes :-

S.No. Separation Balancing Balancing r=(   ⁄ )R r/d

table for effect of temperature :-

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to

1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

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