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ekul”kkL= ch- ,- Hkkx&1  izdj.k 5 v/;;u

Lej.k( Memory )
LEkj.k Eg.kts dk; \
Lej.k ;kl usgehP;k O;ogkjkr vki.k vkBo.ks y{kkr jkg.ks ;klkj[ks “kCn okijhr vlrks ;kykp
ekul”kkL=h; Hkk’ksr Le`rh fdaok Lej.k vls Eg.krkr ,[knh xks’V fdaok ,[kknk izlax ikghY;kuarj rks tlkP;k
rlk fdaok R;kpk dkagh va”k vki.k y{kkr Bsow “kdrks- gh ,d egRokph ns.kxh ekuokyk feGkysyh vkgs- Lej.k
{kerseqGsp vkiys ftou vr;ar lqlg; >kkys vkgs- nSuanhu ftoukrhy vuqHko vi.kkl tru d#u Bsork ;srkr-
vuqHko] f”kdysys “kCn R;kaps vFkZ] O;Drh R;kaph ukao]s “kgjkrhy jLrs] jgkrs ?kj ;k loZ xks’Vh y{kkr Bsork ;srkr-
fofo/k ekul”kkL=Kkauh Lej.k Eg.kts dk; gs [kkyhy O;k[;kaP;k Lkkg;kus Li’V dsys vkgs
LVkÅV ;k ekul”kkL=KkP;k ers ^ iqokZuqHkokps iqu#Tthou Eg.kts Le`rh fdaok Lej.k*
,Mxsy ;kaP;k ers ^Le`rh Eg.kts /kkj.k”kDrh*
oqMoFkZ ;kaP;k ers ^eukoj ?kMysY;k laLdkjkapk izR;{k mi;ksx dj.ks Eg.kts Le`rh gks;*

ojhy loZ O;k[;ko#u vls y{kkr ;srs dh ekuoh Le`rh gh ,d “kDrh vlwu v/;;uk}kjs ts vuqHko
izkIr gksr vlrkr R;kauk mtkGk ns.ks rs vuqHko iqUgk xksGk dj.ks Eg.ktsp Lej.k gks;- rlsp vkysys vuqHko
tru dj.ks o R;kaps tru dj.;kph {kerk Eg.ktsp Lej.k gks;- ,[kknk izlax fdaok ?kV.kk vki.k igkrks R;kps
esanwojrh fo”kh’V laLdkj gksrkr- vls vuqHko vkiY;k eu%iVykoj dks#u Bsoys tkrkr v”kk vuqHkokaph tsOa gk
vki.kkl xjt Hkklrs rsOa gk rs ijr cksykoys tkrkr- v”kk vuqHkokauk ijr cksyko.ks Eg.ktsp Lej.k gks;-
Vqyfoax ;k ekul”kkL=Kkus Le`rhph fru vaxs lkaxhryh vkgsr-

 xr vuqHko
 e/;arjhpk “kkar vlk /kkj.kk dkG
 izR;{k vkBo.;kph fØ;k”khy izfØ;k

,[kknh xks’V f”kdY;kuarj R;krhy tks va”k dk;eLo#ikr fVdwu jkgrks R;kpk vki.kkl Leqrh}kjs izR;;
;srks ;kpkp vFkZ Le`rhlkBh v/;;ukph vko”;drk vlrs- v/;;ukf”kok; Lej.k “kD; ulrs- v/;;ukuarj
esanwi`’BkP;k jp.ksr lq{e vls cny ?kMwu ;srkr- R;keqGsp gs v/;;u] vuqHko vo”ks’k #ikus fVdwu jkgrkr-
^^HkqrdkGkrhy v”kk vo”ks’k#ih vuqHkokauk orZekudkGkr ijr cksykfo.ks Eg.ktsp Lej.k gks;**
v/;;ukuarj ekuoh orZukr cny gksrkr- gs cny ekiu dj.;klkBh Lej.kkph O;k[;k iq<hyizekus dsyh
tkrs ^^ vuqHko vFkok Ikz;RukeqGs O;DrhorZukr ts ekiu ;ksX; cny gksrkr rs deh&vf/kd dkG fVdqu jkg.ks
Eg.ktsp Lej.k gks;**
FkksMD;kr Lej.k gh mPp v”kk izdkjph ekufld izfØ;k vlqu ekuokyk feGkysyh rh ,d ns.kxh vkgs- Le`rh
gh dsoG “kkCnhd Lo#ikphp vlrs vls ukgh rj n`’; Le`Rkh] Li”kZ Le`Rkh] oklkph Le`Rkh] pohckcrph Le`Rkh] vls
Le`rhps osxosxGs izdkj vk<Gwu ;srkr-
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

LEkj.k izfØ;k ( Memory Process )

v/;;uk uarjph egRokph ik;jh Eg.kqu Le`rhdMs ikghys tkrs- Lej.kke/;s [kkyhy egRokP;k eqyHkqr izfd;k
vk<Gqu ;srkr-
1- ladsru
2- lkBo.k fdaok Le`rhlap;
3- iqu%izki.k
1- ladsru ( Encoding )
Ekkuoh Le`rhe/;s Bsoyh tk.kkjh ekfgrh gh ladsrkaP;k Lo#ikr lkBoqu Bsoyh Tkkrs- fofo/k fpUgs]
[kk.kk&[kq.kk] vkdkj] jp.kk] Bls] ;kaP;k lkg;kus vkysY;k vuqHkokaph lkBou dsyh Tkkrs- ;krhy ,d tjh fpUg
vkBoys rjh R;k ekxksekx laiw.kZ izlax vkBorks- loZlk/kkj.kr% ikfgysY;k ?kV.ksps vuqHkokps #ikarj d#u th
fpUgs fdaok [kq.kk ekuoh Le`rhr tru d#u BsoY;k tkrkr R;kauk ladsru vls Eg.krkr- gkWVZu vkf.k VusZt ;k
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ekul”kkL= ch- ,- Hkkx&1  izdj.k 5 v/;;u

ekul”kkL=KkaP;k ers ^ ?ksrysY;k vuqHkokaps #ikarj dj.ks [kquxkB cka/k.ks R;kaph tqGoktqGo d#u Le`rh #ikr
lkBo.k dj.ks Eg.kts ladsru gks;
ladsrukps [kkyhy fru miizdkj iMrkr-
v- y?kqdj.k ladsru %& ykacypd vksG y{kkr Bso.ks vMp.khps gksr vlsy rj R;kph v|k{kjs QDr
y{kkr Bsoyh tkrkr mnk- banz/kuq’;ke/khy lkr jax y{kkr Bso.;klkBh
^rkukfighfuiktk* vls y?kq#ikarj dsys tkrs- dkagh eqys gs #ikarj ^tkrkuk gh ikuh ih* vls djrkr-
UNO, MPSC, UPSC, ;k lkj[;k v|k{kjko#u R;kapk laiq.kZ foLrkj y{kkr Bso.ks lksis Tkkrs-
c- foLrkj ladsru %& foLrkj ladsruke/;s ,[kknk “kCn y{kkr Bso.;klkBh brjgh dkagh “kCn
foLrkj #ikus y{kkr Bsoys Tkkrkr- mnk- o;kP;k 2 vkBoMs rs 2 o’kZ ;k
dky[kaMkl f”k”kq voLFkk vls EgaVys tkrs- gs ukao y{kkr Bsok;ps vlsy rj T;k o;kr eqykauk ^”kh*
vkf.k ^“kq* foltZukoj fu;a=.k Bsork ;sr ukgh rh voLFkk Eg.kts f”k”kq voLFkk foLrkj d#u gs ukao
y{kkr Bsork ;srs=
d- cgqmÌs”kh; ladsru %& fparu euu d#u i/nr”khj i.ks ladsru dsys vlsy rj Lej.k Pkakaxys gksrs-
cgqmÌs”kh; ladsrukr ,[kk|k izlaxkps iSyq R;kph fofo/k vaxs] mi;ksx] egRo
;k lkj[;k xks’Vh fopkjkr ?ksowu ladsru dsysys vlsy rj rs fn?kZdkG Lej.kkr jkgrs- mnk- ^flag* gk
“kCn y{kkr Bsorkuk R;kps fnl.ks] R;kpk jax] R;kps [kkus] ;k lkj[;k ckjhd lkjhd ri”khy y{kkr
?ksrY;keqGs lhagkph ,d fo”kh’B ladYiuk r;kj gksrs-
2- lkBo.k fdaok Le`rhlap; (Storage)
Lej.k izfØ;srhy egRokpk VIik Eg.kqu Le`rhlap;kdMs ikghys tkrs- fofo/k Kkuafs nz;kdMwu th laons us
xzg.k dsyh tkrkr- R;k losanukoj ;ksX; rs laLdj.k gksowu R;kaps ladsru dsys Tkkrs o R;k ladsrukpk lap; dsyk
tkrks R;k ekfgrhph lqO;oLFkhr jhR;k lkBo.k dsyh tkrs- gk Le`rhlkBk fofo/kkaxh vlrks- ukd] dku] MksGs]
Ropk] ftHk ;kaP;kdMqu vkysY;k osnfud ekfgrhps ladsru dsys tkrs o rh ekfgrh O;oLFkhr jhR;k lkBoyh tkrs-
ekfgrh lkBoyh tkr vlrkuk R;k ekfgrhps oXkhZdj.k dsy s s tkrs o lqO;oLFkhri.ks R;k ekfgrhph lkBo.k fdaok
Le`rhlap; dsyk tkrks-
3- iqokZuqHko vkBo.ks@iqu%izki.k (Retrival )
Le`rhlap;kP;k VII;kuarj ;s.kkjk rhljk VIik Eg.kts iqokZuqHko vkBo.ks fdaok iqu%izki.k gks;- QDr
iqokZuqHko vkBo.ks ,o<kp ;kpk e;kZnhr vFkZ gksr ukgh rj Le`rhlapkr nMysyh ekfgrh ckgsj dk<wu fopkjkr
?ks.ks vlk O;kid vFkZ ;k izfØ;spk gksrks- ;kykp xrvuqHkokaps iqu%izki.k vls Eg.krkr- mnk- ,[kk|k O;Drhps ukao
vkBorkuk vki.k R;kps diMs] psgjsiV~Vh] cksy.;kph ydc ;k loZ [kk.kk&[kq.kk utjsleksj mH;k jkgrkr-
iqu%izki.kklkBh mi;ksxh iM.kkÚ;k lqpd fpUgkapk vkxksnj ekxksok ?ksryk Tkkrks o lqrko#u LoxZ XkkBY;kizek.ks
;k lqpd fpUgkaP;k vk/kkjs gO;k R;k ekfgrhi;Zar vki.k iksgprks- Le`rhlap; vkf.k iqu%izki.kkph lqpd fpUgs
;krhy lac/k ftrdk ?kfu’B rhrds iqu%izki.k lksis gksrs- iqu%izki.kkph {kerk pkaxyh vlsy rj Le`rhlap;krqu
vki.kkl goh rh ekfgrh goh rsOa gk ckgsj dk<rk ;srs-
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

Le`rhps izdkj ( Types of Memory )

vkiY;kyk izkIr >kysyh ekfgrh d/kh d/kh dkagh lsd
a nkiqjrhp vkiY;k y{kkr jkgrs rj d/kh
d/kh dkagh vuqHko fn?kZdkG y{kkr jkgrkr- gsc ;k ekul”kkL=KkP;k ers Le`rh fofo/k Lo#ikph vlrs- Le`rhps
Lo#i Eg.ktsp Le`rhps izdkj gksr- Le`rhps izdkj iq<hyizek.ks
v- osnfud uksan ( Sensory register ) %& ckg; mÌhidkaps vkiY;k Kkusna zh;koj lkrR;kus vk?kkr
gksr vlrkr- Kkusna zh;kaukgh vYidkG Le`rh ykHkysyh vlrs- dkagh {k.k ekfgrhph lkBo.k Kkusna zh;kae/khy uksan.kh
cqdkr (Register ) gksr vlrs- ukd] dku] MksG]s Ropk] ftHk ;k Kkusna zh;kauk lrr fofo/k Lo#ikph ekfgrh
izkIr gksr vlr]s osxosxGs laLdkj izkIr gksr vlrkr- R;kiSdh cjspls laLdkj u’V gksrkr dkj.k izR;sd laLdkjkdMs
vki.k vo/kku nsr ukgh- T;k laLdkjkdMs vki.k vo/kku nsr ukgh vls laLdkj u’V gksrkr o T;k laLdkjkdMs
vki.k vo/kku dsna zhr djrks vls laLdkjp iq<s vYidkyhu Le`rhe/;s ikBoys tkrkr- TkkWtZ LiyhZax ;k
ekul”kkL=Kkus dsysY;k iz;ksxkrwu vls fnlqu vkys dh dkagh lsdankiqjrhp gh ekfgrh Kkusna zh;kr fVdqu jkgrs-
n`’Vhosnusna zh;ke/;s 11 rs 16 oLrqaph ekfgrh ,d lsdan jkgrs o ,dk lsdankuarj rh ekfgrh u’V ikors - dkj.k
osnusna zh;koj uohu uohu mÌhidkaps laLdkj lkrR;kus gksrp vlrkr- ufou ekfgrhyk osnusna zh;kr LFkku
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ekul”kkL= ch- ,- Hkkx&1  izdj.k 5 v/;;u

feG.;klkBh iqfoZph ekfgrh u’V gksr vlrs- Kkusna zh;krhy xzkgd is”khojrh izrhek meVrkr o R;k izrhek vxnh
vYidkG fVdwu jkgrkr- Le`rh izfØ;sph gh vxnh izkFkfed voLFkk vkgs- ;k voLFksrp cjhp ekfgrh xGw.k
tkrs-
c- vYidkyhu Le`rh ( Short Term Memory ) %& vYidkyhu Leqrh gh ukokizekusp vYidkG
fVd.kkjh vlrs- o yxspp rh ukgh”kh gksrs- osnusna zh;kdMwu vkysyh ekfgrh Qkjp FkksM;k dkyko/khlkBh ;k
Lej.kd{ksr jkgrs- vYidkyhu Le`rh HkkaMkjkr ekfgrh lkBo.;kpk dkyko/kh tkLrhr tkLr 20 rs 30 lsdankpk
vlrks- R;kuarj R;k ekfgrhps foLej.k gksrs- gh Le`rh ,[kk|k ygku”kk isVhizek.ks vlrs- o rhph lkBo.k {kerk
Qkjp e;kZnhr vlrs- ;k Le`rhe/ks ,dkp osGsl dhrh ?kVd jkgrkr ;kfo’k;h dsysY;k iz;ksxkrwu vls fnlqu
vkys vkgs dh pkj o’kZ o;kP;k eqykpk Le`rh foLrkj TkkLrhr TkkLr pkj ?kVd brdk vlrks rj 15 rs 16
o’kkZP;k eqykapk Le`rh foLrkj tkLrhr TkkLr lkr ?kVd vlrks vYidkyhd Le`rhe/;s tkLrhr tkLr lkr
?kVdkaph /kkj.kk gksow “kdrs Eg.kwup VsyhQksups uacj lkr vadkis{kk tkLr ulrkr- vYidkyhu Le`rhrhy ekfgrhph
eukrY;k eukr mtG.kh dsyh tkrs R;kuarj rh ekfgrh fn?kZdkyhu Le`rhr ikBoyh tkrs-
d- fn?kZdkyhu Le`rh ( Long Term Memory ) fn?kZdkyhu Le`rh gh ukokizekusp fn?kZdkG
fVd.kkjh vlrs- v/;;ukrwu >kysys laLdkj] vkysys vuqHko] ?kVuk] izlax] gs o’kkZuqo’ksZ foljys tkr ukghr- ;k
Le`rhd{ksph lkBo.k{kerk ve;kZn vlrs- vYidkyhu Le`rhe/;s vkysY;k ekfgrhojrh laLdkj dsys tkrkr o rh
ekfgrh fn?kZdkyhu Le`rh d{ksr ;srs- fn?kZdkyhu Le`rh gs ,d izpaM HkkaMkj vlrs- ;k Le`rhe/khy ekfgrh gh
foLdGhr Lo#ikr vlr ukgh rj xzaFkky;kr T;kizek.ks iqLrds fo’k;okj] ys[kdkaP;k ukokizek.ks lqO;oLFkhr jpwu
Bsoysyh vlrkr R;kizek.ks fn?kZdkyhu Le`rhrhy ekfgrh vlrs-

M- izklaxhd Le`rh %& xrthoukr fof”k’V LFkGh vkf.k fof”k’V dkGh ?kMysY;k ?kVuk o izlaxkP;k
Le`rhyk ^izklaxhd Le`rh* vls Eg.krkr- vkiY;k thoukr ?kMysys ygku&eksBs vusd izlax ;k Le`rhr lkBoys
tkrkr- dkagh izlax vxnh rkjh[k] okj] osGls g ;k Le`rhr lkBoys tkrkr- mnk o;kP;k folkO;k o’khZ eh jktkjke
egkfo|ky;kr f”k{k.k ?ksr gksrks- ekxhy jfookjh eh fp=iV ikfgyk- vkiY;k fto.kkr ?kMysY;k vusd izlaxkaph
uksan ;k Le`rhr dsyh tkrs-