XII Activity 1 Aug 20, 2024

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ACT |VIT Y A2

AIM

To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac) and check


circuit using multimeter.
continuity of a given

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED


A multimeter with test leads, three carbon resistors, a
battery eliminator with tappings of 2 V, 4 V
and 6 V, a step-down transformer with output tappings of 6 V and 12 V, aresistance box, a
bridge, a plug key, a microammeter, connecting wires. metre
THEORY
Colour Code of Resistors. A colour code is used to indicate the resistance value ofacarbon resistor and i:
percentage accuracy. The colour code used throughout the world is shown in Table A3.
Table A3: Resistor colour code

Letter as an
Colour Number Multiplier Colour Tolerance
aid to memory
Black B 0 100 Gold 5%
Brown B 1 10! Silver 10%
Red R 2 102 No fourth band 20%
Orange 3 103
Yellow Y 4 104
Green G 5 105
Blue B 6 106
Violet 7 107
Grey G 108
White W 9 10
How to remember colour code:
BBROY of Great Britain had Very
Good Wife
0 12 3 4 5 6 7 ’
8
Aset of coloured co-axial rings or bands is a9
printed on the resistor which reveals the followng
1. The first band indicates the first
2. The second band indicates the
significant figure. First significant figure
second significant figure. Second significantfigure
3. The third band
indicates
the above two significant
the power of ten with which Decimal multiplier
figures
to get the resistance value in ohms. must be multiplied Tolerance

4. The fourth band


indicates the tolerance or possible
variation in percent of the indicated value. If the
fourth band is absent, it implies a
tolerance of +20%. Fig. 5
96
Fig. 6
WORKING DIAGRAMS
Carbon resistor
6V dc 6Vac

Black Red Red Black Black Red


probe probe probe probe probe probe
Multimeter
leads
(a) Multimeter as ohm meter (b) Multimeter as a dc voltmeter (c) Multimeter as an ac voltmeter

6V ac 10k2 Metre bridge


R
RB.

A
A

Black Red Open


probe probe key

(d) Multimeter as an ac anmmeter (e) Multimeter for checking continuity of a circuit.


Fig. 7 Different uses of a multimeter.

PROCEDURE
(a) Measurement of resistance
1. Mark the given carbon resistors as R,, Ry and Rq.
2. Note the colours of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ring of each carbon resistor and record them in the
observation table.
3. Using the colour code table for carbon resistors, determine the values of Rj, R, and R, in
ohms and write their tolerance limits.
4. To measure resistance with the multimeter, plug in the black and red probes in common (
and positive (+) terminals respectively. Set the multimeter in resistance mode and select an
appropriate range. Directly touch the metallic ends of the two probes and adjust the zero
adiustment knob so that the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero ohm.
ctment has to be made each time when we select
98
(e) (d) (c) (6)
Similarly
check27. 26. 25. 24. 23. To 22. 21. 20. 19.
Measurement 18. 17. 16. 15. 14.
Measurement 13. 12. 11. 10. Measurement9. 8. 7. Repeat 6. S.
NOTE
indicatesscalemicroammeter, automatically Set gets Insert
Set check valuesIntroduce
Repeat Energise Insert Select Takestep-down Repeat thEnergise
e 6 Insert Select Take reading Repeat
eliminator Touch Switch Insert Set Take tabular
form. too
Separate
shown Notein
KeepingA V
and up the ac on the small,
While deflection an continuity the ofthe the the a
step-down voltage it. the the a and th e a
B multimeter th e step-down forsteps onselector battery step
a the
ofelectrical black current a
the black
switch Connect the black
selector black
discontinuity
checking the activity
resistance
transformer of
transformer activity of de and press the of doFig. the
plug ac transformer ac dc
(very circuit,
the and probe on probe voltage 10 battery probe
that eliminator
switch for
5 the 7(a). ends
out
probe of on ofcurrent voltage and the voltage
connected. in fo r transformer selecting the the transformer switch activity
the of
the continuity
low circuit
aresistance metre the in t he in of in the
plug in resistances of in 11 metallic
eliminator
black
continuity, in
full the of multimeter common
6 and
multimeter
multimeterleads common
at for common of he
resistance)
indicates scale consisting commonbridge k2 12 by of each the
having measurement again rcadingtprobes
the key key connect a of
V. connecting the tappings probe
from range end multimeter PHYSICS-XI
MANUALLAB
between (-) with Record the multimeter () having case. by
circuit. deflection K, K. mode
scale. and ( and
the touch (circuit
-) multimeter socket
scale.
of the thsocket e to its of with of socket variable choosing onnect
battery of andsocket resistance 8 measure of th e s et of the of
points a transformer,
k2 tapping the 0-50 its tappings
and metre
select: and and input and 4 its red its and to
V
indicates and observations V to negative tapping measure de resistances pointer
of press on to measure red and probe red output a them
tcontinuity
he B 10
red ac
at resistance
and box theleads probe of
circuit the
bridge, range a red
k2 probecurrent
a 6 the 6 6 probe on to
Cthe probe and
resistance V. multimeter output V terminal. V with at dc in R, the the
and metallic from of
should continuity. an of in in
to in acand th e in
voltage. and
while then
note positive
and positive
acvoltage. the the positve steps scale
resistance two
auxiliary M2. in the aterminals mains. 12 minimum
ends r ed the box select tabular battery positive R.
be zero The resistance V. Note of of ends
in between current and 2 Record
(+ ) and (+) Select )
(+Select (+Select
) smaller
switched deflection of
battery, cell socket a socket the V.
the socket. form.
setting of eliminator SOcket scale.caseIntheof
the range th e terminalvalue, a
points t w o within in an a
reading. range the
multimeter
box the
of ofrange of
range. carbon
off transformer.
the output observations
(high resistai a the and the of the say the
mode. probes multmetermultimeter. 0-250mA. output and of of resistor
the asR
Cand multimeter. of th emulimet V,
2 0-10
multimeter record voltage 0-10 reading
resistance) at in note
D. Senes of Note hat v
Full points ue the V. the in
of a in
Resistance
OBSERVATIONS
S.No. S.No. Ra
3 2. 1
(d) 2 1. (c) (b) (a)
S.No. LeastRange LeastRange Least
Range LeastRange
3. 2, 1. Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement
Yellow
Violet
count count count 1st cOunt
of Output of of of
Resistance ac voltage
Output
marked voltage resistance
ac transformer
step-down eliminator
batteryon Colour
of of
voltage of of
current 2nd
the voltage Table the the the
Table of (volt)V% of (volt)V% Table of code Table of
scale 12V 6V scale 6 4 2 scalescale scale
inserted ac V V V dc resistance
scale
A7: scale ac A6selected A5: Brown
current marked voltage voltage
selected 3rd of A4
= = = =
k2 selected : rings
6 R
10 8Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement : selected
(k2) from
k2 k2 on
on Gold 4th
the MA. V.
multimeter V. on Section
on the on
resistance the Resistance the
multimeter A
of measured
Voltagesby of measured
Voltagesby of per of
multimeter
multimeter 47tolerance as ACTIVITIES :
ac ac panel dc xcolour resistance
multimeter voltage voltage 10'
boxcurrent (volt) V multimeterV V,
(volt) -V (2) value
and
=0 panel t
5% code
Current with panel with to with with panel
=0
multimeter =0 multimeter multimeter to multimeter =0
measured V. Resistance
measured
to to
multimeterby
(mA) I
V.
by mA. (2) Q.
Difference Difference
multimeter (Volt) -VV (Volt)

Difference
(2)
99
LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

(e) To check continuity between different points of a circuit


MO2.
Kange of resistance scale sclected on the multimeter penal =0 to
Least count of the scale =
points
Table As : Checking continuityof the circuit between different
S.No. Checking continuity Resistance readingNature of resistance
in multimeter
Nature of circuit
between pionts
1 A and B Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous
B and C Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous
3 Cand D Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous

RESULT
1. Within the allowed limits of tolerance, the values of resistance measured by the multimeter
are equal to the corresponding decoded values.
2. The values of dclac voltages measured by the multimeter are equal to the marked values
indicated by the battery eliminator/step-down transformer.
3. The values of ac have been correctly measured by the multimeter.
4. As the multimeter shows zero resistance between different pairs of points on the given open
circuit, the circuit is continuous between those pairs of points.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Instructions manual of the multimeter should be read thoroughly before handling it.
2. For measuring voltage, current and resistance, an appropriate selection of function switch
and range switch should be made.
3. Red and black probes should be connected to the proper polarities for measuring dc
and current.
voltage
4. Whenever the meter is used as ohm meter or switched to anew range,short-circuit its test
probes and set the pointer at zero with the zero adjustment knob.
5. Never use an ohm meter to measure resistance in an
energised circuit.
6. Before using the meter for resistance measurement, check that the
instrument cells are
functioning properly.
7. If range of voltage, current or resistance to be measured is not
known, start with maximum
range and then go decreasing the range till easily observable deflection is obtained in the
multimeter.

SoURCES OF ERROR
1. The scale used for measuring
voltage/current may not be proper.
2. Zero adjustment done for measuring resistance with
analog multimeter may not be accurate.

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