Durga Prasad Vitya Niketan

sLS-tectPDrpprasdDbey lMlarg Qipihi,ngur

Durcaprasad Vigyankean

Phåsics
Electromagnetic
induction

PROJECT FILE
Session:-2024-2025

Bubmitted by Subwitted to:

Shrasti gautam "Mr. Abhishek Shukla sir
Roll no 26
INDEX
Certificate

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

Faraday's Experiment

APPLICATIONS OF EMI

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
Thisis to certify that shrasti gautam a student of class
12" has successfully completed the research on the
topic "Study of phenomenon of Electromagnetic
Induction", under the guidance of Mr Abhishek shukla
during the year 2024-2025 in partial fulfilment of Physics
practical examination of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE)

Principal External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement
and timely suggestions offered by our dear Principal
Mrs Jaya Gaur I extend my hearty thanks for
giving me the opportunity to make use of the facilities
available in the campus to carry out the project
successfully.
Iam highly indebted to Mr Abhishek shukla for the
constant supervision, providing necessary information
and supporting in completing the project. I would like
to express my gratitude towards them for their kind
cooperation and encouragement.
Finally, I extend my gratefulness to one and all who are
directly or indirectly involved in the successful
completion of this project work.
 INTRODUCTION
The word electromagnetic Induction is made up of two words
Electromagnet + Induction. So let's understand the meaning of these
two words :

Electro Magnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current. The magnetic field disappears when
the current is turned off.

Induction
The process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.

So we can define electromagnetic induction as

It is the production of a potential difference (voltage) across a

conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecule in another object to flow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an emf is induced when
the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
PRINCIPLE

Electromagnetic induction is a process where a conductor

placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving
through a stationary magnetic field) causes the production of
a voltage across the conductor. This process of
electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical
current it is said to induce the current.

B
 THEORY

Electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael

Faraday, published in 1831. It was discovered independently
by Joseph Henry in 1832
If magnetic flux through a coilis altered then an E.m.f. willbe
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either
by,
(a) moving the coilor the source of flux relative to each other
or by
(b)changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux in
Some way.

Drection of Movement
Coil or Loop

Magnet

Gavan ometer
 Faraday's Experiment
Michael Faraday performed series of experiments and based
on the results he gave law on induction.
Magnetic field is capable of producing current in a conductor
Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.
As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source
of current.

He brought the magnet near the coil.

When the magnet is movedtowards the coil galvanometer
showed deflection.
Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the opposite
direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.
When magnet was not moved there was no deflection in the
galvanometer.
This show current is related to magnet.
Direction of Movement
Coll or Loop

WN Magnet
S

Galvanometer

Faster the magnet is moved the more is the deflection in the

galvanometer. This showed more and more current flows if
the magnet is movedvery fast.
Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the
magnet was not moved,
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that whenever
there is relative motion betweena conductor and amagnetic
field, the flux linkage with a coil changes and this change in
flux induces a voltage across acoil.
MichaelFaraday formulated two laws on the basis of the
above experiments. These laws are called Faraday's laws of
electromagnetic induction

Faraday'sFirst Law
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an EMF
gets induced across the conductor (called as induced emf), and if the
conductor is a closed circuit then induced current flows through it.
Magnetic field can be varied by various methods
1. By moving magnet
2. By moving the coil
3. By rotating the coilrelative to magnetic field

emf
 Faraday's Second Law
Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction
states that, the magnitude of induced emf is equal to
the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. The
flux linkages is the product of number of turns and
the flux associated with the coil.

N=number of loops
¬ =-N
At
Aoy change in
magnetic flux
Faraday's Law
At =change in time

[ =induced voltage
(also known as emf)
 Lenz Law
Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz was a Russian physicist of Baltic
German descent who gave his law on electromagnetic
induction. His law was important because it states that
when avoltage is created by a change in magnetic flux, the
induced voltage must create a current whose magnetic field
is in opposition to the change which produces it.

LENZ'S LAW
An induced Current always flows in a direction such
that it opposes the change which produced it.
The Coll Repulses the Magnet The Col Attracts the Magnet

SN SN

Fig 1A Fig 1.B

When the "N" Pole of the magnet is moved When the "N" Poles of the magnet is moved
towards the coil, end of the coil becomes "N" Pole. away from the coil, end of the coil becomes "S" Pole.
 Faraday's
Law

Emf At
Lenz's
Applications Of
Law

Electromagnetic Induction
" Electrical Generator
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative
movement of acircuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force
is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load, current
willflow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy

Magnetic Poles

Magnetic Flux
N
S

Slip-rings Wire LOop

(the conductor)

Carbon
Axis of Brushes
Rolation

Card READERS
When you swipe the card, the credit card machine's coil of wires
causes a change in the magnetic field. The change in magnetic field
induces a voltage that creates a current that is used to signal your
account information to the machine