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Stas111 - Finals

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STAS111- FINALS

➢ Printing Press
- In 1436 Johannes
Chapter 13: The Social Media Revolution
Gutenberg, a German
(Information Age)
goldsmith, began designing a
machine capable of
● Computer Age, Digital Age, New producing pages of text at an
Media Age. incredible speed—a product
that he hoped would offset
● a historic period in the 21st century losses from a failed attempt
characterized by the rapid shift from to sell metal mirrors.
traditional industry that the Industrial
Revolution brought through - By 1440 Gutenberg had
industrialization, to an economy established the basics of his
based on information technology. printing press including the
use of a mobile, reusable set
The Evolution of Traditional to New Media of type, and within ten years
he had constructed a working
● Pre-Industrial Age prototype of the press.
- About 2.5 million years
before writing was - In 1454 Gutenberg put his
developed, technology began press to commercial use,
with the earliest hominids producing thousands of
who used stone tools, which indulgences for the Church.
they may have used to start
fires, hunt, and bury their ➔ Which in turn created
dead. ❖ The Renaissance
- Examples: ❖ Science
❖ Cave Paintings ❖ Mass culture
(35000 BC) ❖ The Enlightenment
❖ Clay Tablets (2400 ❖ Mass democracy
BC) ❖ The media

➔ What did this mean for society? ➔ But more than this, Gutenberg
➢ Religion cemented a marriage between
➢ Feudal Monarchies content and distribution.
➢ Control via stories
➢ Control via hierarchy ➔ And distribution was the dominant
partner in this relationship.
➔ Then came Johannes Gutenberg
- He gave content a means of ➔ Think about it. Content surrendered
distribution. its name and became known only by
its means of distribution (newspaper
article, radio programme, TV show
etc). ❖ 1st Programmable digital
computer
❖ 1st electronic digital
computer
Industrial Age (1700-1930) ❖ Electromechanical computer
❖ Transistor
❖ Transistor radios
● Period of history that encompasses ❖ Televisions (1941)
the changes in economic and social ❖ The First IC (1958)
organization that began around 1760 ❖ UNIVAC commercial
in Great Britain and later in other computer
countries, characterized chiefly by ❖ 1st computer game-
the replacement of hand tools with spacewar
power-driven machines such as the ❖ Microprocessor
power loom and the steam engine, ❖ Floppy Disk
and by the concentration of industry ❖ 1st video game
in large establishments. ❖ 1st microcomputer
❖ Apple 1 computer
❖ Typewriter (1800) ❖ AppleMacintosh
❖ Telephone (1876) ❖ Laser printer
❖ Telegraph (1800)
❖ Punch Cards
❖ Mechanical Calculator
❖ The Babbage Engine (2002)
Information Age (1900-2000)

● People advanced the use of


Electronic Age (1930-1980) microelectronics with the invention of
personal computers, mobile devices,
and wearable technology.
● The electronic age began when
electronic equipment and large ● Moreover, voice, image, sound and
technologies, including computers data are digitized. We are now living
came into use. in the information age.

● The invention of the transistor ❖ Portable Computers


ushered in the electronic age. ❖ Laptops (1980)
People harnessed the power of ❖ smartphones,
transistor radio, electronic circuits, ❖ Tablets (1993)
and early computers. - use as a medium for
communication, can
● In this age, long distance store and spread
communication became more information efficiently.
efficient.
- A sum total of all different species of
❖ Wordpress (2003) animals, plants, fungi, and microbial
❖ Skype (2003) organisms living on earth and the
variety of habitats in which they live.

- Used as a measure of the health of


the biological system.

Biodiversity at Different Levels

- UN Biodiversity convention: Diversity


of all living organisms, habitats, and
ecosystems on land, in freshwater,
in the ocean and in the air.

● Genetic Diversity
- Genetic differences within a
single population and among
geographically separate
populations.

● Species Diversity
- All different species or kinds
of organisms on our planet.

● Ecosystem Diversity
- The variety of interactions
within and among Earth’s
Chapter 14: Biodiversity and GMO
different ecosystems.
● Biodiversity

- “Biological diversity”
Species by the Numbers
- “The measure of the number of
● According to Census of Marine Life:
species on the planet or in a
➔ 8.7 million total number of
specified area (Clarke, 2013).
estimated species on Earth
- “The variation of life forms makes
➔ 6.5 million species on land
the world a beautiful and exciting
place to live (Cunningham &
➔ 2.2 million species in oceans.
Cunningham, 2013).
● Approximately 1.2 million – 1.6
million species have been identified:
❖ 950,000 species of insects
❖ 270,000 species of plants
❖ 19,000 species of fish
❖ 9,000 species of birds
❖ 4,000 species of mammals

● There are still millions yet to be


classified and named (National
Geographic Society).

● Insect and other vertebrates make


up more than half of the known Importance of Biodiversity
species. ● Biodiversity boosts ecosystem
productivity where each species, no
matter how small, all have an
important role to play.
Philippines – Megadiverse Country
● A larger number of plant species
● Contains two-thirds of the earth’s means a greater variety of crops
biodiversity and between 70% and
80% of the world’s plant and animal ● Greater species diversity ensures
species. natural sustainability for all life forms

● Ranks fifth (5th) in the number of ● Healthy ecosystems can better


plant species and maintains 5% of withstand and recover from a variety
the world’s flora. of disasters

● More than 9,250 vernacular plants


(33% of which are endemic).
Benefits of Biodiversity
● There are 612 species of birds of
which, 194 are endemic. ● Ecosystem functions
● Ecosystem services
● 111 amphibian species and 270 ❖ Supporting
reptile species live here. ❖ Provision
❖ Cultural and aesthetic
services
❖ Regulating
❖ Hunting and overharvesting
❖ Habitat loss
❖ Pollution
❖ Invasive species
❖ Climate change
❖ Human impacts

● Extinction and population reductions


- refers to the termination of a
species caused by habitat
destruction, introduction of
nonnative species, over-
exploitation, pollution or even
climate change.

1. Elephas sp.
● Food sources 2. Elephas maximus
❖ Crop and vegetables 3. Stegodon luzonensis
❖ Poultry, meat, & fish products 4. Panthera tigris sp.
5. Rhinoceros philippinensis
● Raw materials 6. Sus cebifrons cebifrons
● Medicines 7. Bubalus cebuensis
❖ Herbal plants 8. Megalochelys sondaari
❖ Philippine setting 9. Bubalus sondaari
➔ DOH approved 10. Cuon alpinus
medicinal plants

➔ Proclamation No.
689, s. 2004
(November as the
Traditional and
Alternative Health
Month)

Threats to Biodiversity

● Extinction and population reductions


➔ This creates combinations of
● Endangered plant, animal, bacterial and
➔ Population is low but virus genes that do not occur
extinction is less imminent in nature or through
traditional crossbreeding.
➔ In immediate danger of
becoming extinct

● Threatened
➔ species most at risk of
becoming extinct in the near
future when not protected

● Hunting and over harvesting


● Habitat loss
● Pollution
● Invasive species
● Climate change
● Human Impacts

What's a GMO?

● GMO
➔ Or genetically modified
organism, is a plant, animal,
microorganism or other
organism whose genetic
makeup has been modified in
a laboratory using genetic
engineering or transgenic
technology.
Chapter 15: Introduction to
Nanotechnology

Definition
➔ “The branch of technology that deals
with dimensions of less than 100
nanometres, especially the
manipulation of individual atoms and
molecules.”

➔ "Nano-technology” mainly consists


of the processing of separation,
GMO’s Impact to Biodiversity consolidation, and deformation of
materials by one atom or one
● An insect resistant GM crop could molecule. By Norio Taniguchi
have direct toxic effects on
non-target species. Nanometer Scale

● A GM crop could have an indirect


effect on other species by reducing
the source of food for other wildlife
such as birds.

● Pest resurgence could result from


insects which become resistant to
chemicals when used on pest
tolerant GM crops repeatedly and
may increase the number of insect
pests.
● Creating an imbalance in nature by
changing the predator/prey ratio. History of Nanotechnology

● The first ever concept was


presented in 1959 by the famous
professor of Dr. Richard Feynman in
the lecture “There’s plenty of rooms
at the bottom” and The Nobel prize
was awarded in 1965.

● The term “Nanotechnology” was


coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
● Gives the idea of “Molecular ● One Dimensional :
Machinery Manufacturing and ➔ These materials are long
Computation” in the 1980's. (several micrometers in
length) but with a diameter of
only a few nanometres.
Different Approaches to Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology can be:


● Top-down:
➔ Etching a block of material
down to the desired shape

➔ Chips and processors

● Bottom-up:
➔ Building materials atom by
atom-like lego ● Two Dimensional :
➔ These include different kinds
➔ Nanoparticles such as C60, of Nano films such as
carbon nanotubes, quantum coatings and thin-film-
dots multilayers, Nano sheets or
Nano-walls. The area of the
Nano films can be large
Classification Of Nanomaterial (several square micrometer),
but the thickness is always in
● Zero Dimensional : Nano scale range
➔ These nanoparticles are
spherical in size and the
diameter of these particles
will be in the 1-50 nm range.

● Three Dimensional :
➔ These include bulk materials
composed of the individual
blocks which are in the
nanometre scale (1- 100
nm).
● Electrical Properties :
➔ metallic nanotubes can carry
an electric current density of
4 × 109 A/cm2, which is
more than 1,000 times
greater than those of metals
such as copper, where for
copper interconnects current
densities are limited by
electro migration. It acts as
Superconductivity up to 12 K.
Carbon Based Nanotubes
● Thermal Properties :
➔ SWNT has thermal
Types Of Carbon Nanotubes:
conductivity 3500 W/ m.K
while Copper has 385 W/m.
● Single Walled Nanotube (SWNT)
● Multi Walled Nanotube (MWNT)
➔ Thermal stability in vacuum
up to 3100 K and 1000 K in
air.

Some Ancient Nano Material

● 1000 years ago different size “Gold


Nanoparticles' 'were used to
Properties of Nanotubes
produce stained glass windows.
● Tensile & Compressive Strength :
● 2000 years ago “Sulphide
➔ The tensile strength of”
Nanocrystals” were used by the
carbon nanotubes is
Greek and Roman for dyeing the
approximately 100 times
hair.
greater than that of steel of
the same diameter”.
● Lycurgus Cup(Roman 4th Century)
➔ The glass contains
● Hardness :
gold-silver alloyed
➔ SWNT nanotube hardness
nanoparticles, which are
about 25× 109 Pa. It is higher
distributed in such a way to
than Diamond and Prepared
make the glass look green in
under high pressure and
reflected light but, when light
temperature. Nanotube is
passes through the cup, it
super hard phase and they
reveals a brilliant red.
have bulk modulus of
465-546 GPa (1GPa=10 9)
produce electricity plus clean
Nature And Nanotechnology water.

➢ The colors of beetle and butterfly ● Anode Reaction:


wings come from the scattering of C12H22O11 + 13H2O ---> 12CO2 +
light. Light hits the nanostructures on 48H+ + 48e-
their scales. ● Cathode Reaction:
4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O
➢ These nanostructures are typically
smaller than the wavelengths of
visible light (smaller than 400
nanometres).

How sticky? As sticky as a ...Gecko?

➢ “On the sole of a gecko’s toes there


are some one billion tiny adhesive
hairs, about 200 nanometres in both
width and length. The shape of the
fibers is also significant; for example,
spatula-shaped ends on the hairs
provide particularly strong
adhesion.”

Color Can Be Iridescent, Too!


● Hydrogen Fuel cell :
➢ Thin films are made of ➔ A fuel cell is a device that
nanoparticles, smaller than 400 converts the chemical energy
nanometers, that produce iridescent from a fuel into electricity
(rainbow-like) colors when light through a chemical reaction
strikes them. Iridescent colors of positively charged
change when you look at the object hydrogen ions with oxygen or
from different angles. another oxidizing agent.

➔ Hydrogen fuel cells power


Application of Nanotechnology the shuttle's electrical
systems, producing a clean
Energy Source : by- product - pure water,
which the crew drinks. A fuel
● Microbial Fuel Cell : cell combines hydrogen and
➔ Microbial fuel cell is a device oxygen to produce electricity,
in which bacteria consume heat, and water.
water-soluble waste such as
sugar, starch and alcohol and
ADVANTAGES OF NANO SPONGES
Health Sector :
● Nano Robotics : ● Targeted site specific drug delivery.
➔ His first useful applications of
Nano machines may be in ● This Technology offers entrapment
Nanomedicine. For example, of a wide variety of ingredients and
biological machines could be reduced side effects.
used to identify and destroy
cancer cells. ● Improved Stability, increased
elegance and enhanced formulation
➔ Another potential application flexibility.
is the detection of toxic
chemicals, and the Security:
measurement of their ● Bullet Proof Clothing :
concentrations, in the ➔ "When a bullet strikes body
environment armor, the fibers of these
materials absorb and
disperse the impact energy
to successive layers to
prevent the bullet from
penetrating"

● Electro chromic Camouflage :


➔ Scientists are manipulating
● Nano Sponges : light so soldiers seem to
➔ The development of new disappear.
colloidal carriers called Nano
sponges has the potential to ➔ Scientists are also working
solve these problems. Nano on "electro chromic
sponge is a novel and camouflage" – fabric which
emerging technology that changes colors instantly to
can precisely control the blend in with the
release rates of controlled surroundings.
drug delivery for topical use.
➔ Nano paint is currently being
developed by scientists to ● Chemical Sensor:
make missile aircraft so it is ➔ Incorporates capacitive
difficult to detect. readout cantilevers and
electronics for signal analysis
● Nano Sensor : ➔ sensitive enough to detect
➔ A substance found in the single chemical and
shell, called chitosan, is a biological molecules.
key component used in a
Nano sensor, a “system on a ● Aerospace:
chip” at the Nanoscale - Nano sensors can pass
developed at the “University through membranes and into
of Maryland” white blood cells, called
lymphocytes, to detect early
➔ Detects minute quantities of radiation damage or infection
explosives, bio agents, in astronauts.
chemicals, and other
dangerous materials in air
and water
OTHER APPLICATIONS
➔ This could lead to security 1. Catalysts
and safety developments for - EnviroxTM cerium oxide
airports, hospitals, etc.
2. Nanoremediation
● Blue Crab Nano sensors : - SAMMS technology to
remove mercury.
What is Chitosan?
➔ A biological compound that readily 3. Paper
binds to negatively charged - Photographic paper
surfaces.
4. Filters
➔ It can interact with a wide variety of - Nanofibers
substances and works well in
complex, sensitive devices, such as 5. toothpaste
Nano sensors - To remineralize teeth

● Bio sensor : 6. Food


➔ DNA molecules attach to the - Packaging
ends of vertical carbon
nanotubes that are grown on 7. Paint
a silicon chip. - Improved adhesion and
antifungal
➔ These detect specific types qualities/anti-graffiti
of DNA in an analysis.
8. Clothes ● It has very high initial investment
- Non-staining and costs along with high manufacturing
anti-radiation costs.
● If any damage is done at the
9. Batteries molecular level then it is not possible
- (Black & Decker) phosphate to revert it.
nanocrystal technology

10. Cleaning products Chapter 16: Climate Change & Global


Warming

Future Challenges in Nanotechnology


● 15-4 How Might the Earth’s
● Reducing the cost of materials and Climate Change in the Future?
devices.
- Concept 15-4 Considerable scientific
● Improving reliability evidence indicates that emissions of
greenhouse gasses into the earth’s
● Implication of nanotechnology in atmosphere from human activities
society. Environmental problems can will lead to significant climate
be solved. change during this century.

● Innovation of Nano drugs which will


have less side effects and be more Past Climate Changes
effective.
● Glacial and interglacial periods

Disadvantages ● Global cooling and global warming

● The engineered robots will perform ● Measurement of past temperature


jobs instead of people which will changes
result in a loss of jobs. – Rocks and fossils
– Ice cores from glaciers
● The wastes released while making – Tree rings
the materials nanotechnology is – Historical measurements since 1861
released into the atmosphere and
can even penetrate human and
animal cells and affect their
performance.

● Agricultural countries will lose their


income as nanotechnology will take
over.
● Sea level rise in this century 4–8
inches

The Greenhouse Effect


CO2 Is the Major Culprit
● Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
● 1850: 285 ppm
● Natural greenhouse gasses – Water ● 2009: 388 ppm
vapor (H2O) ● Over 450 ppm is tipping point
● 350 ppm as intermediate goal
– Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Methane (CH4)
– Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Evidence to Support Global Warming (1)

● Intergovernmental Panel on Climate


Change

● 2007 IPCC report

● Rise in average global surface


temperature Science Focus: Scientific Consensus about
Future Global Temperature Changes?
● 10 warmest years on record since
1970 ● Temperature as a function of
greenhouse gasses

Evidence to Support Global Warming (2) ● Mathematical models


● Model data and assumptions
● Annual greenhouse gas emissions
up 70% between 1970 and 2008 ● Predictions and model reliability

● Changes in glaciers, rainfall ● Recent warming due to human


patterns, hurricanes activities
● 15-5 What Are Some Possible
Effects of a Projected Climate
Change?

- Concept 15-5 The projected change


in the earth’s climate during this
century could have severe and long-
lasting consequences, including
increased drought and flooding,
rising sea levels, and shifts in
locations of agriculture and wildlife
habitats.

Potential Severe Consequences

● Rapid projected temperature


increase

● 2 Co inevitable

● 4 Co possible

● Effects will last for at least 1,000


years

What Role for Oceans in Climate Change?

● Absorb CO2

● CO2 solubility decreases with


increasing temperature

● Upper ocean getting warmer


Harmful Effects of Global Warming (1)

● Excessive heat
● Drought
● Ice and snow melt
● Rising sea levels
● Extreme weather
Options to Deal with Climate Change
Harmful Effects of Global Warming (2)
Two approaches:
● Threat to biodiversity
● Food production may decline 1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas
● Change location of agricultural crops emissions
● Threats to human health
2. Develop strategies to reduce its
harmful effects

➢ Mix both approaches

➢ Governments beginning to act

● 15-6 What Can We Do to Slow


Projected Climate Change?

- Concept 15-6 To slow the rate of


projected climate change, we can
increase energy efficiency, sharply
reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
rely more on renewable energy
resources, and slow population
growth.

Reducing the Threat of Climate Change (1)

● Improve energy efficiency to reduce


fossil fuel use

● Shift from coal to natural gas


● Improve energy efficiency Science Focus: Is Capturing and Storing
CO2 the Answer? (2)
● Shift to renewable energy sources
● Preserve natural forests
Reducing the Threat of Climate Change (2)
● Seed oceans with iron to promote
● Transfer appropriate technology to growth of phytoplankton
developing countries
● Sequester carbon dioxide
● Reduce deforestation underground and under the ocean
floor
● Sustainable agriculture and forestry

● Reduce poverty

● Slow population growth

Reducing the Threat of Climate Change (3)

● Decrease CO2 emissions

● Sequester CO2
– Plant trees
– Agriculture
– Underground
– Deep ocean Government Roles in Reducing the Threat
of Climate Change (1)
● Repair leaking natural gas lines
● Regulate carbon dioxide and
● Reduce methane emissions from methane as pollutants
animals
● Carbon taxes

● Cap total CO2 emissions


Science Focus: Is Capturing and Storing
CO2 the Answer? (1) ● Subsidize energy-efficient
technologies
● Global tree planting
● Restore wetlands ● Technology transfers
● Plant fast-growing perennials
Government Roles in Reducing the Threat - Concept 15-7A Widespread use of
of Climate Change (2) certain chemicals has reduced
ozone levels in the stratosphere and
● International climate negotiations allowed more harmful ultraviolet
radiation to reach the earth’s
● Kyoto Protocol surface.

- Concept 15-7B To reverse ozone


● Act locally depletion, we need to stop producing
– Costa Rica ozone-depleting chemicals and
– U.S. states adhere to the international treaties
– Large corporations that ban such chemicals.
– Colleges and universities

Human Impact on the Ozone Layer

● Location and purpose of the ozone


layer
– Blocks UV-A and UV-B

● Seasonal and long-term depletion of


ozone

● Threat to humans, animals, plants

● Causes
– chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Individuals Matter: Banning of


Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

● Chemists Rowland and Molina


– Nobel Prize in 1995

● Called for ban


– Remain in atmosphere
● 15-7 How Have We Depleted – Rise into stratosphere
Ozone in the Stratosphere and – Break down into atoms that
What Can We Do About It? accelerate ozone depletion
– Stay in stratosphere for long
periods
● Defended research against big
industry

Former Uses of CFCs

● Coolants in air conditioners and


refrigerators

● Propellants in aerosol cans

● Cleaning solutions for electronic


parts

● Fumigants

● Bubbles in plastic packing foam

Reversing Ozone Depletion

● Stop producing ozone-depleting


chemicals
● Slow recovery
● Montreal Protocol
● Copenhagen Protocol
● International cooperation

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